David Birch: A new way to stop identity theft

譯者: Sherry Chen 審譯者: Muyun Zhou

So I thought I'd talk about identity.

我來談談身份這回事。

That's sort of an interesting enough topic to me.

對我來說，這算是個 相當有趣的話題。

And the reason was, because when I was asked to do this,

原因就在於，當我被要求 談論“身份”這件事時，

I'd just read in one of the papers, I can't remember,

我就會讀某篇文章， 我不記得具體哪篇，

是某篇臉書好友分享的，文章說：

something from someone at Facebook saying,

"Well, we need to make everybody use their real names,

「我們需要讓每個人 都用他們的真名。」

然後基本上所有問題就會迎刃而解。

and then that's basically all the problems solved."

這真是大錯特錯。

And that's so wrong,

that's such a fundamentally reactionary view of identity,

這種對個人資料的傳統看法，

and it's going to get us into all sorts of trouble.

會讓我們陷入各種各樣的困境。

And so what I thought I'd do is,

所以我想，

我會解釋這種觀念的四大問題，

I'll explain four sort of problems about it,

然後我會提出一個解決辦法，

and then I'll suggest a solution,

希望你們會認為這個辦法有趣。

which, hopefully, you might find interesting.

我們來設定一下問題，

So just to frame the problem:

What does "authenticity" mean?

真實性意味著什麼？

That's me,

那是我，是一張用手機拍攝的照片，

that's a camera phone picture of me looking at a painting.

我正看著一幅繪畫。

[What's the Problem?]

「問題出在哪兒？」

那幅圖由一位知名偽造家繪製而成，

That's a painting that was painted by a very famous forger,

and because I'm not very good at presentations,

由於我不太擅長演講，

我也不記得我寫在卡片上的 那位畫家的名字了。

I already can't remember the name that I wrote on my card.

And he was incarcerated in, I think, Wakefield Prison,

他被囚禁于威克菲爾德監獄中，

for forging masterpieces by, I think, French Impressionists.

罪名就是偽造了法國 印象派畫家的傑出作品。

他對此相當擅長，當他入獄時，

And he's so good at it that when he was in prison,

everybody in prison, the governor and whatever,

監獄裡的每個人，包括省長之類的人，

都想讓他畫一幅大師的傑作， 以掛在自家牆頭，

wanted him to paint masterpieces to put on the walls

because they were so good.

因為他畫得太好了。

那是一幅大師的傑作，

And so that's a masterpiece, which is a fake of a masterpiece,

一幅傑出的贗品，

and bonded into the canvas is a chip which identifies that as a real fake,

陷在帆布上的一小塊芯片 用來標記這的確是一幅真正的贗品，

如果你理解我的意思的話。

if you see what I mean.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So when we're talking about authenticity,

因此當我們談論真實性的時候，

it's a little more fractal than it appears,

它其實比表面來的更為複雜， 而那就是一個很好的例子。

and that's a good example to show it.

I tried to pick four problems that will frame the issue properly.

我嘗試用四個問題 來合適地描述這個議題。

So the first problem, I thought, chip and PIN, right?

那麼第一個問題，我認為，

芯片和密碼，對嗎？

[Banks and legacies bringing down the system from within]

「銀行與數據元系統 從內部令系統崩潰」

「線下解決方法 無法在線上運作」

[Offline solutions do not work online]

Everyone's got a chip and PIN card, right?

我猜每個人都有帶芯片 和密碼卡，對嗎？

那為什麼這是個好例子呢？

So why is that a good example?

這個例子展現了 銀行對身份的看法

That's the example of how legacy thinking about identity

subverts the security of a well-constructed system.

如何顛覆一個堅固系統的安全性。

That chip-and-PIN card that's in your pocket

你口袋裡的那張帶芯片密碼卡

has a little chip on it that cost millions of pounds to develop,

上面有一塊小芯片， 它要花上幾百萬英鎊來研發，

is extremely secure,

它相當的安全，

you can put scanning electron microscopes on it,

你可以將掃描電子顯微鏡放上去，

you can try and grind it down, blah blah blah.

你可以試著磨損它，諸如此類。

Those chips have never been broken, whatever you read in the paper.

那些芯片從未被破壞， 不管報紙上怎麼說。

講個笑話，我們將那超級安全的芯片

And for a joke, we take that supersecure chip,

and we bond it to a trivially counterfeitable magnetic stripe.

安裝在一個可被稍許偽造的磁條上，

而針對那些很懶的罪犯， 我們仍然在磁條上刻劃圖案。

And for very lazy criminals, we still emboss the card.

So if you're a criminal in a hurry and you need to copy someone's card,

如果你是個很心急的罪犯， 而你需要複製他人的卡，

你可以粘一張紙在這張芯片上， 用鉛筆在上面塗畫，

you can just stick a piece of paper on it and rub a pencil over it

以此加快犯罪進程。

just to speed things up.

更搞笑的是，我自己的儲蓄卡也一樣，

And even more amusingly, and on my debit card, too,

我們在卡的正面打印上 名字、SALT碼和其他信息。

we print the name and the sort code and everything else on the front.

為什麼呢？

Why?

There is no earthly reason why your name is printed on a chip-and-PIN card.

沒有什麼理由可以解釋 為什麼你的名字被印在

一張帶芯片的密碼卡上。

And if you think about it,

如果你仔細想想，

it's even more insidious and perverse than it seems at first.

這件事比第一眼粗看 更為有問題和反常。

Because the only people that benefit from having the name on the card

因為唯一從卡上寫有的名字中獲益的， 正是罪犯。

are criminals.

你知道自己叫什麼名字的，不是嗎？

You know what your name is, right?

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

當你走進一家商店買些東西，

And when you go into a shop and buy something,

密碼才是關鍵，人家才不在乎 你叫什麼名字呢。

it's a PIN -- he doesn't care what the name is.

The only place you ever have to write your name on the back

要求你必須在卡背面 寫上自己名字的地方

is in America.

目前只有美國。

Whenever I go to America,

每次我去美國，

我必須用卡背面的磁條付款，

and I have to pay with a magstripe on the back of the card,

反正每次簽名我都寫 "卡洛斯•特瑟"，

I always sign it "Carlos Tethers" anyway, just as a security mechanism,

就算是一個安全機制，

因為如果轉賬有爭議，

because if a transaction ever gets disputed,

付款被退回， 上面的名字寫著戴維•波奇，

and it comes back and it says "Dave Birch,"

我就知道那肯定是罪犯幹的，

I know it must have been a criminal,

因為我從來不會簽自己的真名。

because I would never sign it "Dave Birch."

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So if you drop your card in the street,

所以如果你在街上弄丟了自己的卡，

it means a criminal can pick it up and read it.

那就意味著罪犯能撿到你的卡， 並且讀取它上面的信息。

他們知道持卡人的姓名，

They know the name, from the name, they can find the address,

通過姓名他們能找到你的住址，

然後他們就能開始 用你的卡在網上買東西。

and then they can go off and buy stuff online.

我們為什麼要把名字寫在卡上呢？

Why do we put the name on the card?

Because we think identity is something to do with names,

因為我們認為身份和名字有關，

and because we're rooted in the idea of the identity card,

因為我們對身份證 有著根深蒂固的想法，

它糾纏著我們。

which obsesses us.

And I know it crashed and burned a couple of years ago,

我知道這類事情 在幾年前鬧得熱火朝天，

但如果你是個從政 或是在家工作這類的人，

but if you're someone in politics or the Home Office or whatever,

and you think about identity,

你想想身份這回事，

you can only think of identity in terms of cards with names on.

就只能以卡上的名字來定義它。

這在現代社會是十分具有顛覆性的。

And that's very subversive in a modern world.

So the second example I thought I'd use

所以我想要舉的第二個例子

is chat rooms.

就是聊天室。

[Chatrooms and Children]

「聊天室與兒童」

I'm very proud of that picture.

我對這張圖感到十分自豪， 那是我的兒子，

That's my son playing in his band with his friends

他正和他朋友的樂隊 進行第一次現場表演，

for the first-ever gig, I believe you call it, where he got paid.

我相信你們管它叫現場表演， 他有收入進賬的。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I love that picture.

我愛死那張圖了。

I'll like the picture of him getting into medical school a lot better,

我更喜歡那張 他進醫學院的照片，

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

不過我現在還是喜歡那張圖的。

I like that one for the moment.

為什麼我要用那張圖呢？

Why do I use that picture?

因為那非常有趣， 作為一個長者來看待這個經歷。

Because that was very interesting, watching that experience as an old person.

他和他的朋友們，

So him and his friends,

they get together, they booked a room, like a church hall,

他們聚到一起，訂了個房間， 像是個教會禮堂，

然後他們召集到了 所有玩樂隊的朋友們，

and they got all their friends who had bands, got them together,

把他們也聚到了一起，

and they do it all on Facebook,

這一切都是在臉書上完成的，

然後他們開始賣票， 而那上面的第一支樂隊——

and then they sell tickets, and the first band on the --

I was going to say "menu," that's probably the wrong word for it, isn't it?

我剛才想要說”菜單“上面，

不過這個詞可能不太合適，對吧？

樂隊列表上寫著的第一支樂隊

The first band on the list of bands

常在某些公眾音樂表演節目上出現，

that appears at some public music performance of some kind

gets the sales from the first 20 tickets,

他們從前 20 張售票中獲利，

then the next band gets the next 20,

然後下一支樂隊獲得 接下來 20 張售票收益，

and so on.

以此類推。

They were at the bottom of the menu, like, fifth,

我兒子的樂隊在這張列表的最尾端，

大概是第五支樂隊， 我以為他們沒啥機會了。

I thought they had no chance.

他竟然賺了 20 英鎊。 太棒了，不是嗎？

He actually got 20 quid. Fantastic, right?

我的重點是， 這一切都進行得很完美，

But my point is, that all worked perfectly,

除了在網路上的時候。

except on the web.

So they're sitting on Facebook,

他們當時正在臉書上，

發送這些信息，為演出安排事情，

and they're sending these messages and arranging things,

而他們不認識上面的 任何一個人，不是嗎？

and they don't know who anybody is, right?

That's the problem we're trying to solve.

那正是我們要是這解決的大問題。

要是他們用真名就好了，

If only they were using real names,

那你就不會擔心那些網路上的人了。

then you wouldn't be worried about them on the internet.

因此當他跟我說，

So when he says to me,

「喔，我想去聊天室談談吉他」 這類的事情，

"Oh, I want to go to a chat room to talk about guitars" or something,

我就會說，「噢，好吧， 我不想讓你去聊天室裡

I'm like, "Oh, well, I don't want you to go into a chat room

to talk about guitars,

談論吉他，因為那些人 不全是你的朋友，

because they might not all be your friends,

而聊天室中的有些人

and some of the people that are in the chat room

可能會是變態、老師、或者牧師。」

might be, you know, perverts and teachers and vicars --"

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I mean, they generally are, when you look in the paper, right?

我的意思是，他們表面上看 基本上都是這樣的人，不是嗎？

所以我想知道聊天室裡的 那些人都是誰。

"So I want to know who all the people in the chat room are.

So, OK, you can go in the chat room,

好吧，你可以去聊天室，

除非聊天室裡所有人都用真名，

but only if everybody in the chat room is using their real names,

並且他們要提交一份完整的案底。

and they submit full copies of their police report."

(Laughter)

But of course, if anybody in the chat room asked for his real name,

但是，當然啦，如果聊天室中 有人問起他的真名，

我就會說不。 你不能告訴他們你的真名。

I'd say, "No. You can't give them your real name,

因為萬一他們其實是變態怎麼辦呢，

because what happens if they turn out to be perverts

或是老師，隨便什麼啦。

and teachers and whatever?"

So you have this odd sort of paradox

所以就有了這麼一個奇怪的悖論，

我會為他進入聊天室而感到高興的，

where I'm happy for him to go into this space

但前提是我知道大家都是誰，

if I know who everybody else is,

but I don't want anybody else to know who he is.

可我又不想任何人知道 我兒子到底是誰。

And so you get this sort of logjam around identity,

因此，圍繞著身份出現了一個僵局，

你希望所有其他人都坦白，

where you want full disclosure from everybody else,

但你自己卻免於暴露。

but not from yourself.

這樣無法取得任何進展， 我們陷入了困境。

And there's no progress, we get stuck.

所以聊天室沒能合理地運作，

So the chat room thing doesn't work properly,

而那也是對身份 一種非常糟糕的思考方式。

and it's a very bad way of thinking about identity.

Cheerleading ... so, on my RSS feed, I saw this thing about --

所以在我的簡訊訂閱單上， 我看到這件事情——

I just said something bad about my RSS feed, didn't I?

我剛才說簡訊訂閱單 的壞話了，對嗎？

我不該繼續那樣講話了。

I should stop saying it like that.

出於某些亂七八糟的原因， 我無法想像，

For some random reason I can't imagine,

something about cheerleaders turned up in my in-box.

一則關於啦啦隊的內容 出現在我的收件夾裡。

我閱讀了這則關於啦啦隊的故事，

And I read this story about cheerleaders, and it's a fascinating story.

這真是個精彩絕倫的故事。

這個故事好幾年前在美國發生。

This happened a couple of years ago in the US.

一個美國高中的一支隊伍中 有一些啦啦隊員，

There were some cheerleaders in a team at a high school in the US,

她們對啦啦隊教練 說了些很刻薄的話，

and they said mean things about their cheerleading coach,

我確定小孩對他們 所有的老師都會這麼做，

as I'm sure kids do about all of their teachers all of the time,

一直以來都是這樣，

and somehow, the cheerleading coach found out about this.

不知怎麼的，啦啦隊 教練發現了這回事。

她感到非常憤怒。

She was very upset.

因此她去找了其中一個女孩，說：

So she went to one of the girls and said,

「你必須給我你的臉書密碼。」

"You have to give me your Facebook password."

我老是讀到這種東西， 甚至是在某些大學，

I read this all the time,

where even at some universities and places of education,

某些教育機構中，

kids are forced to hand over their Facebook passwords.

孩子們會被逼迫交出 他們的臉書密碼。

那你就不得不給他們 你的臉書密碼了。

So you have to give them your Facebook password.

So the kid -- she was a kid! -- what she should have said is,

她只是個孩子！

她當時應該說的話是：

「我的律師會打電話給你，

"My lawyer will be calling you first thing in the morning.

明早頭一件事就來找你。

這是令人無比氣憤的壓迫，

It's an outrageous imposition on my Fourth Amendment right to privacy.

侵犯了第四修正法中我的隱私權，

而你將被起訴， 賠上你所有的錢！」

You'll be sued for all the money you've got!"

那是她當時應該說的話。

但她只是個孩子，

That's what she should have said.

於是她就交出了自己的密碼。

But she's a kid, so she hands over the password.

那位老師無法登入她的臉書賬號，

The teacher can't log in,

因為學校的網路禁止登入臉書。

because the school has blocked access to Facebook.

因此那個老師要等到回家 才能登入臉書。

So the teacher can't log into Facebook till she gets home.

於是那個女孩告訴了她的朋友們，

So the girl tells her friends,

你猜怎麼了？

她知道那個老師登入了臉書，

"Guess what happened? The teacher logged in. She knows."

於是所有的女孩都在她們的手機上 登入了臉書，

並且刪除了她們自己的檔案。

So the girls all logged into Facebook and deleted their profiles.

因此當那個老師登入時， 裡面空無一物。

So when the teacher logged in, there was nothing there.

我要強調的是，那些身份， 他們不再以相同的方式思考身份了。

My point is: those identities, they don't think about them the same way.

Identity is -- especially when you're a teenager -- a fluid thing.

尤其當你是個青少年時， 身份是充滿流動性的。

You have lots of identities, you experiment with them.

你擁有許多重身份。

如果其中有個身份你不喜歡，

And if you have an identity you don't like because it's subverted in some way

因為它在某些方面被腐壞， 或是不安全、不得當，

or it's insecure or it's inappropriate,

你就可以刪除它， 並且獲得一個新的身份。

you just delete it and get another one.

這種你的身份來自他人授予的觀念，

The idea that you have an identity that's given to you by someone,

the government or whatever,

不論是來自政府或是誰，

and you have to stick with that identity and use it in all places

你必須一直沿用那個身份 並且在所有場合使用它，

這個觀念大錯特錯。

is absolutely wrong.

你為什麼會想知道 臉書上某個人究竟是誰呢？

Why would you want to really know who someone was on Facebook,

除非你是想用某種方式 虐待或是騷擾他們？

unless you wanted to abuse them and harass them in some way?

這運作方式根本不合理。

It just doesn't work properly.

And my fourth example is,

我的第四個例子是，某些情況下，

there are some cases where you really want to be --

你真的很想成為——

in case you're wondering, that's me at the G20 protest.

你可能在好奇這幅圖， 這是我在G20的抗議活動上。

我並沒有真的參與G20抗議活動， 但我在一家銀行有個會議，

I wasn't actually at the G20 protest,

but I had a meeting at a bank on the day of the G20 protest.

就在G20抗議活動當天， 而我收到銀行的一封郵件，

And I got an email from the bank, saying,

說請不要穿正裝出席， 因為那會激怒示威者。

"Please don't wear a suit, because it'll inflame the protesters."

I look pretty good in a suit, frankly,

說實話，我穿正裝挺好看的，

so you can see why it would drive them into an anticapitalist frenzy.

所以你就會明白，

為什麼這會讓他們 陷入反對資本主義的狂熱中。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

所以我就想，你看，

So I thought, "Well, if I don't want to inflame the protesters,

如果我不想激怒示威者的話，

顯然我要做的事情

the obvious thing to do is go dressed as a protester."

就是穿得像示威者一樣。

So I went dressed completely in black, you know, black balaclava ...

所以我一襲黑衫就出發了，

帶著一頂巴拉克拉法帽，

I had black gloves on but took them off to sign the visitors' book.

我還戴了黑手套，

但在訪問者名單上簽名時 我把黑手套脫了。

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

我穿了黑褲子，黑靴子，

I'm wearing black trousers and boots, I'm dressed completely in black.

全身上下都是黑色。

我10點鐘走進銀行，

I go into the bank at 10am and go, "Hi, I'm Dave Birch,

說道，「嗨，我是戴維•波奇，

我3點鐘和某某人有個會議。」

I've got a 3 o'clock with so-and-so."

沒問題。他們就簽我進去了。

這是我的訪客胸牌。

"Sure!" And they sign me in. There's my visitor's badge.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So this nonsense about "you've got to have real names on Facebook" and whatever,

所以這些胡言亂語說，

你必須在臉書 和其他社交網路上用真名，

會給你帶來安全。

that gets you that kind of security.

那樣做會帶你進入一個安全大廳， 而那裡世界上毫無安全可言，

That gets you "security theater,"

where there's no actual security,

but people are sort of playing parts in a play about security,

但人們似乎在一出關於安全的戲中 扮演著各自的角色。

只要每個人都記得他們的臺詞，

and as long as everybody learns their lines,

每個人都會滿意。

everyone's happy.

但那並非真正的安全。

But it's not real security, right?

尤其因為我本人比G20抗議者們 更加討厭銀行，

Especially because I hate banks more than the G20 protesters do,

因為我就在銀行供職。

because I work for them.

我知道事情其實比這些人 想的還要糟糕。

I know that things are actually worse than these guys think.

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

但假設一下，我在銀行工作時， 身邊的那位同事

But suppose I worked next to somebody in a bank

正在做某件事。

who was doing something --

you know, they were like people who take the money from banks and don't ...

you know, they take the money ...

假設我正坐在一個流氓交易員旁邊，

Oh -- "traders." That's the word I was thinking of.

Suppose I was sitting next to a rogue trader,

我想把這個人報告給銀行老闆。

and I want to report it to the boss of the bank.

So I log on to do a little whistleblowing.

所以我登上網路，打算告密。

我發送了一條訊息， 這傢伙是個流氓交易員。

I send a message, "This guy's a rogue trader."

這條消息毫無意義，

That message is meaningless

如果你不知道我是 這家銀行的交易員的話。

if you don't know that I'm a trader at the bank.

如果那條訊息只是來自不知名的某人，

If that message just comes from anybody,

那麼它的信息價值為零。

it has zero information value.

There's no point in sending that message.

發送那條訊息毫無意義。

You have to know that I'm ...

But if I have to prove who I am,

但如果我必須證明自己是誰，

I'll never send that message.

我永遠不會發送那條訊息。

這就像是醫院裡的護士 要告發一個喝醉了酒的手術醫生。

It's just like the nurse in the hospital reporting the drunk surgeon.

That message will only happen if I'm anonymous.

只有當我匿名的情況下， 這條訊息才會被發送出去。

So the system has to have ways of providing anonymity in it,

所以體系必須擁有 能夠提供匿名的方式，

otherwise, we don't get where we want to get to.

否則我們無法達成自己的目的。

因此就有了四大問題。 那麼我們對此該怎麼辦呢？

So, four issues.

So what are we going to do about it?

我們對此傾向於做的，

Well, what we tend to do about it

是思考一下奧威爾空間。

is we think about Orwell-space.

And we try to make electronic versions of the identity card

我們試著製作電子版本，

以用於我們1953年銷燬的身份證。

that we got rid of in 1953.

我們認為，如果我們當時有張卡，

So we think if we had a card --

call it a Facebook login --

稱它為臉書登入卡，

能用它證明你的身份，

which proves who you are,

and I make you carry it all the time,

而我讓你隨身攜帶這張卡，

那就能解決問題了。

that solves the problem.

當然啦，出於我剛才 羅列出的種種原因，

And of course, for all those reasons I've just outlined, it doesn't,

它並不能真的解決問題， 實際上，它可能會

讓一些問題變得更糟。

and it might make some problems worse.

你越頻繁地被逼著 使用自己的真實身份，

The more times you're forced to use your real identity,

當然是在交易過程中，

certainly in transactional terms,

the more likely that identity is to get stolen and subverted.

你的身份越有可能被偷竊和摧毀。

解決問題的目標是 阻止人們不要使用自己的身份，

The goal is to stop people from using identity

in transactions which don't need identity,

當那些交易並不需要身份認證時，

which is actually almost all transactions.

而那其實適用於幾乎所有交易。

你所做出的幾乎所有交易，

Almost all of the transactions you do are not "Who are you?"

並不是在於，「你是誰？」

而是在於，你能不能開那輛車，

They're "Are you allowed to drive the car?"

你是否被允許進入那幢大樓，

"Are you allowed in the building?" "Are you over 18?"

你是否年滿 18 歲，

etcetera, etcetera.

諸如此類。

So my suggestion -- I, like James,

所以我的建議是——正如詹姆斯一樣，

think that there should be a resurgence of interest in R and D.

我認為重拾研究與創新

I think this is a solvable problem.

我認為這是一個可以解決的問題。

我們能夠對此做些什麼。

It's something we can do about.

Naturally, in these circumstances, I turn to Doctor Who.

自然而然，在那些情況下，

我會向「神秘博士」求助，

Because in this --

因為在這部劇中，

(Laughter)

正如在生活的各行各業中，

as in so many other walks of life,

Doctor Who has already shown us the answer.

神秘博士早已告訴過我們答案。

So I should say, for some of our foreign visitors:

因此我應該說，

對於我們某些外國訪客而言，

Doctor Who is the greatest living scientist in England --

「神秘博士」是英格蘭 在世的科學家中最偉大的，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

是指明真相的燈塔， 是我們所有人的啟示。

and a beacon of truth and enlightenment to all of us.

And this is Doctor Who with his "psychic paper."

而這位就是神秘博士， 手握著他的特異功能紙。

Come on, you guys must have seen Doctor Who's "psychic paper."

你們肯定見過神秘博士的 特異功能紙的嘛。

You're not nerds if you say yes.

不然你們怎麼證明你們是書呆子呢。

Who's seen Doctor Who's psychic paper?

誰見過神秘博士的特異功能紙？

好吧，我猜你可能 一直都在圖書館裡學習。

Oh right, you were in the library the whole time studying, I guess.

你是不是要這麼告訴我們？

Is that what you're going to tell us?

神秘博士的特異功能紙是

Doctor Who's psychic paper is:

當你舉起這張紙時，

when you hold up the psychic paper,

這個人，在他們的大腦中，

the person, in their brain,

sees the thing that they need to see.

會看到他們需要看見的東西。

So I want to show you a British passport,

我想要給大家展示一張英國護照，

I hold up the psychic paper,

我舉起這張特異功能紙，

you see a British passport.

你就會看見一張英國護照。

我想參加一個派對，

I want to get into a party,

I hold up the psychic paper,

我便舉起特異功能紙，

然後就會出現一張派對邀請函。

I show you a party invitation.

You see what you want to see.

你會看到你想看到的東西。

So what I'm saying is, we need to make an electronic version of that,

我要說的是，我們需要 把這個過程電子化，

but with one tiny, tiny change,

但有一個小小的變化，

那就是它會為你提供英國護照，

which is that it'll only show you the British passport

if I've actually got one.

如果你的確有一張。

It'll only show you the party invitation if I actually have one.

它會為你提供派對邀請函，

如果你的確有一份。

It will only show you that I'm over 18 if I actually am over 18.

它會展示我已年滿十八歲， 如果我的確已年滿十八歲。

沒有其它資訊。

But nothing else.

So you're the bouncer at the pub, you need to know that I'm over 18.

你是這間酒吧的保安， 需要知道我是否年滿十八，

Instead of showing you my driving license,

我並不需要想你出示我的駕駛證，

which shows you I know how to drive,

因為那樣就告訴你我會開車，

what my name is, my address, all these kind of things,

還告訴了你我的姓名、住址 以及其他這類型細節，

我向你展示我的特異功能紙，

I show you my psychic paper,

and all it tells you is, am I over 18 or not.

它告訴你的唯一信息就是 我是否已年滿十八歲。

沒錯。

Right.

Is that just a pipe dream?

那樣的想法只是個白日夢嗎？

Of course not, otherwise I wouldn't be here talking.

當然不是啦，不然我不可能 站在這裡為你們演講。

為了製造出這個東西， 並讓它能夠正常運作，

So, in order to build that and make it work,

I'm only going to name these things, I'll not go into them:

我會告訴大家所需要的東西有哪些， 但我就不具體解釋了，

我們需要一個計劃，

we need a plan,

which is, we're going to build this as an infrastructure

也就是，我們要把這個東西造出來，

作為基礎設施以供所有人使用，

for everybody to use to solve all of these problems.

來解決這樣或那樣的問題。

We're going to make a utility.

我們要製造出一種功用，

The utility has to be universal, you can use it everywhere.

這種功用必須是普遍的，

你隨處都可以使用它，

我會提供大家關於 這項技術的一些閃回，

I'm just giving you little flashes of the technology as we go along.

那是一台日本自動提款機，

That's a Japanese ATM,

the fingerprint template is stored inside the mobile phone.

指紋模板安裝在移動電話內部。

So when you want to draw money out,

當你想要取出現金時，

你將移動電話放在自動提款機上，

you put the phone on the ATM and touch your finger,

然後觸碰你的指尖，

your fingerprint goes through to the phone,

你的指紋就會被移動電話獲取，

the phone says, "Yes, that's whoever,"

然後電話會確認取款人身份，

自動提款機就會給你些錢。

and the ATM then gives you some money.

It has to be a utility that you can use everywhere.

它必須是一項 你可以隨處使用的功用。

It has to be absolutely convenient.

它必須相當便捷，

That's me going into the pub.

那就是我走進酒吧的時候。

All the device on the door of the pub is allowed is:

酒吧大門的裝置所允許的

是審核這個人是否年滿十八歲， 並沒有被禁止進入酒吧。

Is this person over 18 and not barred from the pub?

所以這個想法就是， 你用身份證輕觸大門，

And so the idea is, you touch your ID card to the door,

如果我被允許入內， 它就是展示我的照片，

and if I'm allowed in, it shows my picture,

如果我不被允許入內， 它就會顯示一道紅叉叉。

if I'm not, it shows a red cross.

It doesn't disclose any other information.

它不會揭露其它任何信息。

它必須沒有任何特殊配件。

It has to have no special gadgets.

那就只意味著一件事，

That can only mean one thing, following on from Ross's statement,

接著羅斯的聲明往下說，

which I agree with completely: if it means no special gadgets,

我完全同意其中的觀點，

如果它意味著沒有特殊配件，

那它就必須在手機上運行。

it has to run on a mobile phone.

那是我們擁有的唯一選擇，

That's the only choice we have, to make it work on mobile phones.

我須讓它能夠 在移動手機上運行。

全球有 66 億份

There are 6.6 billion mobile phone subscriptions.

手機註冊業務。

我一直以來最喜歡的數據就是，

My favorite statistic of all time: only 4 billion toothbrushes in the world.

這世界上只有 40 億枝牙刷。

這有一定的意義，

That means something. I don't know what.

我並不知道意義到底是什麼。

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

我得指望未來學家告訴我。

I rely on our futurologists to tell me.

It has to be a utility which is extensible.

它必須是一項可延展的功用。

因此它必須是

So it has to be something that anybody could build on.

任何人都能夠組建的一項功用。

任何人都應該能夠使用這項基礎設施，

Anybody should be able to use this infrastructure;

你不需要許可或是執照之類的東西，

you don't need permissions, licenses, whatever.

Anyone should be able to write some code to do this.

任何人都應當能夠寫一些代碼， 來做到這一點。

Well, you know what symmetry is, so you don't need a picture of it.

你知道對稱性的含義，

因此也就不需要看圖才能理解。

This is how we're going to do it.

所以我們要這樣做。

我們要用手機來實現這個目標，

We're going to do it using phones and mobile proximity.

而且我們要用移動感應來實現。

I'm going to suggest to you

我要向大家建議，

用以實現神秘博士的特異功能紙

the technology to implement Doctor Who's psychic paper is already here,

所需要的科技早已被人類獲得，

and if any of you have got one of the new Barclay's debit cards

而如果你們當中任何人

擁有巴克萊銀行新發行的借記卡，

with the contactless interface on it,

上面有非接觸界面，

你已經獲得了那項科技。

you've already got that technology.

如果你曾去到過大城市，

Have you ever been up to the big city and used an Oyster card?

曾用過交通卡，

這讓大家想起什麼了嗎？

Does that ring a bell?

The technology already exists.

這項科技早已存在。

第一批包含這項科技的手機，

The first phones that have the technology built in --

谷歌的 Nexus, S2 型號，

the Google Nexus, the S II, the Samsung Wave 578 --

三星的無線 7.9 型號，

第一批包含這項科技的手機，

the first phones that have the technology built into them are already in the shops.

早期在商店中出售。

所以一個煤氣工人

So the idea that the gasman can turn up at my mum's door,

能出現在我媽媽家門口，

and he can show my mum his phone,

他可以向我媽媽出示他的手機，

and she can tap it with her phone,

然後她可以用它輕觸自己的手機，

手機就會出現綠色標識， 如果此人的確來自英國煤氣公司的話，

and it'll come up with green if he really is from British Gas

他也就會被允許入內，

and allowed in,

而如果他不是來自煤氣公司， 則會顯示紅色，

and will come up with red if he isn't, end of story.

就這麼簡單。

我們擁有達成這個目標所需的科技。

We have the technology to do that.

不僅如此，

And what's more,

儘管那其中有些事聽起來很反常，

although some of those things sound a bit counterintuitive,

比如不需要證明我是誰 就能夠證明我年滿十八歲，

like proving I'm over 18 without proving who I am,

能夠做到這一點的密碼學不僅存在，

the cryptography to do that not only exists,

而且十分著名，並已被深刻理解。

it's extremely well-known and well-understood.

數位簽名，和公共密鑰加密，

Digital signatures, the blinding of public key certificates --

這些科技都已被應用一段時間了，

these technologies have been around for a while,

我們只是沒有辦法 將它們全部結合起來。

we've just had no way of packaging them up.

所以這項科技的確存在。

So the technology already exists.

We know it works.

我們知道它可以正常運作。

有少數例子中，這項科技

There are a few examples of the technology being used

在實驗環境下被使用。

in experimental places.

That's London Fashion Week,

那是倫敦時裝週，

我們用 O2 搭建了一個系統，

where we built a system with O2.

那是為海德公園舉辦的無線節研發的，

That's for the Wireless Festival in Hyde Park.

You can see the person's walking in with their VIP band,

你可以看到那些人

帶著他們的 VIP 卡走進來。

it's being checked by the Nokia phone that's reading the band.

它正在被檢查，

用那隻正在讀取卡的諾基亞手機。

我把這些內容放上來， 是為了向大家展示，

I'm only putting those up to show you these things are prosaic,

這些東西都是很平凡的，

這些東西能夠在這些環境中運行。

this stuff works in these environments.

它們並不需要十分特別。

最後，我知道你們能夠做到這一點，

They don't need to be special.

So finally, I know that you can do this,

因為如果你看過神秘博士的那一集，

because if you saw the Easter special of Doctor Who,

神秘博士的復活節特輯的話，

where he went to Mars in a bus --

他乘著公車去到火星，

我要為在場的外國學生再解釋一遍，

I should say, again, for our foreign students:

並不是每一集都是這樣的。

that doesn't happen in every episode.

這是個非常特殊的例子。

This was a very special case.

在他搭著倫敦公車 去火星的那一集里，

So in the episode where he goes to Mars in a London bus --

我無法為大家播放這個片段，

I can't show you the clip,

由於安妮皇后一般 殘暴嚴格的版權限制，

due to the outrageous restrictions of Queen Anne-style copyright

都怪BBC，

by the BBC --

but in the episode where he goes to Mars in a London bus,

但在他搭著倫敦公車 去火星的那一集里，

Doctor Who is clearly shown getting onto the bus

我們可以很清楚的看到， 神秘博士上車時，

with the Oyster card reader

他在交通卡讀取器上

using his psychic paper.

使用了特異功能紙。

Which proves that psychic paper has an NFC interface.

這就證明了特異功能紙

擁有移動用戶設置接口。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝大家。

(Applause)