David Birch: A new way to stop identity theft

49,026 views ・ 2015-07-15

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:13
So I thought I'd talk about identity.
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That's sort of an interesting enough topic to me.
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And the reason was, because when I was asked to do this,
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I'd just read in one of the papers, I can't remember,
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something from someone at Facebook saying,
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"Well, we need to make everybody use their real names,
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and then that's basically all the problems solved."
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And that's so wrong,
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that's such a fundamentally reactionary view of identity,
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and it's going to get us into all sorts of trouble.
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And so what I thought I'd do is,
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I'll explain four sort of problems about it,
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and then I'll suggest a solution,
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which, hopefully, you might find interesting.
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So just to frame the problem:
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What does "authenticity" mean?
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That's me,
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that's a camera phone picture of me looking at a painting.
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[What's the Problem?]
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That's a painting that was painted by a very famous forger,
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and because I'm not very good at presentations,
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I already can't remember the name that I wrote on my card.
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01:08
And he was incarcerated in, I think, Wakefield Prison,
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for forging masterpieces by, I think, French Impressionists.
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And he's so good at it that when he was in prison,
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everybody in prison, the governor and whatever,
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wanted him to paint masterpieces to put on the walls
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because they were so good.
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And so that's a masterpiece, which is a fake of a masterpiece,
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and bonded into the canvas is a chip which identifies that as a real fake,
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if you see what I mean.
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(Laughter)
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So when we're talking about authenticity,
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it's a little more fractal than it appears,
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and that's a good example to show it.
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I tried to pick four problems that will frame the issue properly.
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So the first problem, I thought, chip and PIN, right?
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[Banks and legacies bringing down the system from within]
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[Offline solutions do not work online]
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Everyone's got a chip and PIN card, right?
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So why is that a good example?
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That's the example of how legacy thinking about identity
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subverts the security of a well-constructed system.
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That chip-and-PIN card that's in your pocket
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has a little chip on it that cost millions of pounds to develop,
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is extremely secure,
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you can put scanning electron microscopes on it,
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you can try and grind it down, blah blah blah.
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Those chips have never been broken, whatever you read in the paper.
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And for a joke, we take that supersecure chip,
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and we bond it to a trivially counterfeitable magnetic stripe.
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And for very lazy criminals, we still emboss the card.
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So if you're a criminal in a hurry and you need to copy someone's card,
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you can just stick a piece of paper on it and rub a pencil over it
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just to speed things up.
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And even more amusingly, and on my debit card, too,
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we print the name and the sort code and everything else on the front.
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Why?
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There is no earthly reason why your name is printed on a chip-and-PIN card.
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And if you think about it,
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it's even more insidious and perverse than it seems at first.
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Because the only people that benefit from having the name on the card
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are criminals.
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You know what your name is, right?
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(Laughter)
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And when you go into a shop and buy something,
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it's a PIN -- he doesn't care what the name is.
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The only place you ever have to write your name on the back
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is in America.
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Whenever I go to America,
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and I have to pay with a magstripe on the back of the card,
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I always sign it "Carlos Tethers" anyway, just as a security mechanism,
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because if a transaction ever gets disputed,
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and it comes back and it says "Dave Birch,"
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I know it must have been a criminal,
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because I would never sign it "Dave Birch."
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(Laughter)
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So if you drop your card in the street,
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it means a criminal can pick it up and read it.
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They know the name, from the name, they can find the address,
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and then they can go off and buy stuff online.
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Why do we put the name on the card?
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Because we think identity is something to do with names,
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and because we're rooted in the idea of the identity card,
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which obsesses us.
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And I know it crashed and burned a couple of years ago,
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but if you're someone in politics or the Home Office or whatever,
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and you think about identity,
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you can only think of identity in terms of cards with names on.
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And that's very subversive in a modern world.
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So the second example I thought I'd use
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is chat rooms.
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[Chatrooms and Children]
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I'm very proud of that picture.
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That's my son playing in his band with his friends
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for the first-ever gig, I believe you call it, where he got paid.
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(Laughter)
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And I love that picture.
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I'll like the picture of him getting into medical school a lot better,
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(Laughter)
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I like that one for the moment.
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Why do I use that picture?
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Because that was very interesting, watching that experience as an old person.
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So him and his friends,
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they get together, they booked a room, like a church hall,
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and they got all their friends who had bands, got them together,
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and they do it all on Facebook,
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and then they sell tickets, and the first band on the --
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I was going to say "menu," that's probably the wrong word for it, isn't it?
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The first band on the list of bands
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that appears at some public music performance of some kind
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gets the sales from the first 20 tickets,
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then the next band gets the next 20,
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and so on.
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They were at the bottom of the menu, like, fifth,
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I thought they had no chance.
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He actually got 20 quid. Fantastic, right?
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But my point is, that all worked perfectly,
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except on the web.
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So they're sitting on Facebook,
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and they're sending these messages and arranging things,
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and they don't know who anybody is, right?
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That's the problem we're trying to solve.
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If only they were using real names,
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then you wouldn't be worried about them on the internet.
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So when he says to me,
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"Oh, I want to go to a chat room to talk about guitars" or something,
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I'm like, "Oh, well, I don't want you to go into a chat room
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to talk about guitars,
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because they might not all be your friends,
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and some of the people that are in the chat room
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might be, you know, perverts and teachers and vicars --"
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(Laughter)
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I mean, they generally are, when you look in the paper, right?
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"So I want to know who all the people in the chat room are.
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So, OK, you can go in the chat room,
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but only if everybody in the chat room is using their real names,
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and they submit full copies of their police report."
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(Laughter)
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But of course, if anybody in the chat room asked for his real name,
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I'd say, "No. You can't give them your real name,
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because what happens if they turn out to be perverts
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and teachers and whatever?"
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So you have this odd sort of paradox
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where I'm happy for him to go into this space
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if I know who everybody else is,
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but I don't want anybody else to know who he is.
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And so you get this sort of logjam around identity,
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where you want full disclosure from everybody else,
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but not from yourself.
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And there's no progress, we get stuck.
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So the chat room thing doesn't work properly,
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and it's a very bad way of thinking about identity.
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Cheerleading ... so, on my RSS feed, I saw this thing about --
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I just said something bad about my RSS feed, didn't I?
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I should stop saying it like that.
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For some random reason I can't imagine,
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something about cheerleaders turned up in my in-box.
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And I read this story about cheerleaders, and it's a fascinating story.
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This happened a couple of years ago in the US.
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There were some cheerleaders in a team at a high school in the US,
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and they said mean things about their cheerleading coach,
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as I'm sure kids do about all of their teachers all of the time,
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and somehow, the cheerleading coach found out about this.
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She was very upset.
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So she went to one of the girls and said,
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"You have to give me your Facebook password."
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I read this all the time,
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where even at some universities and places of education,
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kids are forced to hand over their Facebook passwords.
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So you have to give them your Facebook password.
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So the kid -- she was a kid! -- what she should have said is,
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"My lawyer will be calling you first thing in the morning.
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It's an outrageous imposition on my Fourth Amendment right to privacy.
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You'll be sued for all the money you've got!"
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That's what she should have said.
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But she's a kid, so she hands over the password.
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The teacher can't log in,
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because the school has blocked access to Facebook.
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So the teacher can't log into Facebook till she gets home.
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So the girl tells her friends,
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"Guess what happened? The teacher logged in. She knows."
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So the girls all logged into Facebook and deleted their profiles.
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So when the teacher logged in, there was nothing there.
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My point is: those identities, they don't think about them the same way.
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Identity is -- especially when you're a teenager -- a fluid thing.
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You have lots of identities, you experiment with them.
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And if you have an identity you don't like because it's subverted in some way
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or it's insecure or it's inappropriate,
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you just delete it and get another one.
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The idea that you have an identity that's given to you by someone,
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the government or whatever,
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and you have to stick with that identity and use it in all places
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is absolutely wrong.
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Why would you want to really know who someone was on Facebook,
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unless you wanted to abuse them and harass them in some way?
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It just doesn't work properly.
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And my fourth example is,
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there are some cases where you really want to be --
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in case you're wondering, that's me at the G20 protest.
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I wasn't actually at the G20 protest,
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but I had a meeting at a bank on the day of the G20 protest.
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And I got an email from the bank, saying,
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"Please don't wear a suit, because it'll inflame the protesters."
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I look pretty good in a suit, frankly,
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so you can see why it would drive them into an anticapitalist frenzy.
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(Laughter)
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So I thought, "Well, if I don't want to inflame the protesters,
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the obvious thing to do is go dressed as a protester."
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So I went dressed completely in black, you know, black balaclava ...
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I had black gloves on but took them off to sign the visitors' book.
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(Laughter)
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I'm wearing black trousers and boots, I'm dressed completely in black.
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I go into the bank at 10am and go, "Hi, I'm Dave Birch,
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I've got a 3 o'clock with so-and-so."
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"Sure!" And they sign me in. There's my visitor's badge.
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(Laughter)
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So this nonsense about "you've got to have real names on Facebook" and whatever,
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that gets you that kind of security.
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That gets you "security theater,"
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where there's no actual security,
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but people are sort of playing parts in a play about security,
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and as long as everybody learns their lines,
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everyone's happy.
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But it's not real security, right?
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Especially because I hate banks more than the G20 protesters do,
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because I work for them.
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I know that things are actually worse than these guys think.
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(Laughter)
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But suppose I worked next to somebody in a bank
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who was doing something --
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you know, they were like people who take the money from banks and don't ...
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you know, they take the money ...
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Oh -- "traders." That's the word I was thinking of.
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Suppose I was sitting next to a rogue trader,
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and I want to report it to the boss of the bank.
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So I log on to do a little whistleblowing.
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I send a message, "This guy's a rogue trader."
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That message is meaningless
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if you don't know that I'm a trader at the bank.
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If that message just comes from anybody,
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it has zero information value.
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There's no point in sending that message.
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You have to know that I'm ...
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But if I have to prove who I am,
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I'll never send that message.
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It's just like the nurse in the hospital reporting the drunk surgeon.
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That message will only happen if I'm anonymous.
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So the system has to have ways of providing anonymity in it,
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otherwise, we don't get where we want to get to.
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So, four issues.
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So what are we going to do about it?
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Well, what we tend to do about it
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is we think about Orwell-space.
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And we try to make electronic versions of the identity card
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that we got rid of in 1953.
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So we think if we had a card --
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call it a Facebook login --
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which proves who you are,
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and I make you carry it all the time,
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that solves the problem.
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And of course, for all those reasons I've just outlined, it doesn't,
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and it might make some problems worse.
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The more times you're forced to use your real identity,
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certainly in transactional terms,
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the more likely that identity is to get stolen and subverted.
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The goal is to stop people from using identity
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in transactions which don't need identity,
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which is actually almost all transactions.
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Almost all of the transactions you do are not "Who are you?"
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They're "Are you allowed to drive the car?"
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"Are you allowed in the building?" "Are you over 18?"
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etcetera, etcetera.
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So my suggestion -- I, like James,
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think that there should be a resurgence of interest in R and D.
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I think this is a solvable problem.
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It's something we can do about.
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Naturally, in these circumstances, I turn to Doctor Who.
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Because in this --
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(Laughter)
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as in so many other walks of life,
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Doctor Who has already shown us the answer.
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So I should say, for some of our foreign visitors:
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Doctor Who is the greatest living scientist in England --
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(Laughter)
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and a beacon of truth and enlightenment to all of us.
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And this is Doctor Who with his "psychic paper."
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Come on, you guys must have seen Doctor Who's "psychic paper."
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You're not nerds if you say yes.
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Who's seen Doctor Who's psychic paper?
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Oh right, you were in the library the whole time studying, I guess.
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Is that what you're going to tell us?
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Doctor Who's psychic paper is:
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when you hold up the psychic paper,
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the person, in their brain,
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sees the thing that they need to see.
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So I want to show you a British passport,
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I hold up the psychic paper,
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you see a British passport.
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I want to get into a party,
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I hold up the psychic paper,
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I show you a party invitation.
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You see what you want to see.
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So what I'm saying is, we need to make an electronic version of that,
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but with one tiny, tiny change,
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which is that it'll only show you the British passport
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if I've actually got one.
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It'll only show you the party invitation if I actually have one.
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It will only show you that I'm over 18 if I actually am over 18.
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But nothing else.
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So you're the bouncer at the pub, you need to know that I'm over 18.
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Instead of showing you my driving license,
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which shows you I know how to drive,
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what my name is, my address, all these kind of things,
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I show you my psychic paper,
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and all it tells you is, am I over 18 or not.
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Right.
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Is that just a pipe dream?
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Of course not, otherwise I wouldn't be here talking.
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So, in order to build that and make it work,
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I'm only going to name these things, I'll not go into them:
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we need a plan,
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which is, we're going to build this as an infrastructure
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for everybody to use to solve all of these problems.
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We're going to make a utility.
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The utility has to be universal, you can use it everywhere.
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I'm just giving you little flashes of the technology as we go along.
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That's a Japanese ATM,
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the fingerprint template is stored inside the mobile phone.
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So when you want to draw money out,
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you put the phone on the ATM and touch your finger,
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your fingerprint goes through to the phone,
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the phone says, "Yes, that's whoever,"
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and the ATM then gives you some money.
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It has to be a utility that you can use everywhere.
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It has to be absolutely convenient.
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That's me going into the pub.
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All the device on the door of the pub is allowed is:
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Is this person over 18 and not barred from the pub?
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And so the idea is, you touch your ID card to the door,
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and if I'm allowed in, it shows my picture,
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if I'm not, it shows a red cross.
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It doesn't disclose any other information.
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It has to have no special gadgets.
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That can only mean one thing, following on from Ross's statement,
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which I agree with completely: if it means no special gadgets,
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it has to run on a mobile phone.
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That's the only choice we have, to make it work on mobile phones.
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There are 6.6 billion mobile phone subscriptions.
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My favorite statistic of all time: only 4 billion toothbrushes in the world.
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That means something. I don't know what.
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(Laughter)
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I rely on our futurologists to tell me.
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14:31
It has to be a utility which is extensible.
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So it has to be something that anybody could build on.
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Anybody should be able to use this infrastructure;
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you don't need permissions, licenses, whatever.
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Anyone should be able to write some code to do this.
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Well, you know what symmetry is, so you don't need a picture of it.
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This is how we're going to do it.
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We're going to do it using phones and mobile proximity.
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I'm going to suggest to you
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the technology to implement Doctor Who's psychic paper is already here,
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14:57
and if any of you have got one of the new Barclay's debit cards
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15:00
with the contactless interface on it,
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15:02
you've already got that technology.
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15:04
Have you ever been up to the big city and used an Oyster card?
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15:07
Does that ring a bell?
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The technology already exists.
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15:10
The first phones that have the technology built in --
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the Google Nexus, the S II, the Samsung Wave 578 --
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15:15
the first phones that have the technology built into them are already in the shops.
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15:19
So the idea that the gasman can turn up at my mum's door,
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15:22
and he can show my mum his phone,
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15:24
and she can tap it with her phone,
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15:26
and it'll come up with green if he really is from British Gas
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15:29
and allowed in,
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15:30
and will come up with red if he isn't, end of story.
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15:32
We have the technology to do that.
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15:34
And what's more,
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15:35
although some of those things sound a bit counterintuitive,
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15:38
like proving I'm over 18 without proving who I am,
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15:40
the cryptography to do that not only exists,
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15:42
it's extremely well-known and well-understood.
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15:44
Digital signatures, the blinding of public key certificates --
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15:47
these technologies have been around for a while,
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we've just had no way of packaging them up.
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15:52
So the technology already exists.
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15:53
We know it works.
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15:57
There are a few examples of the technology being used
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15:59
in experimental places.
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16:00
That's London Fashion Week,
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16:02
where we built a system with O2.
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16:04
That's for the Wireless Festival in Hyde Park.
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16:06
You can see the person's walking in with their VIP band,
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16:09
it's being checked by the Nokia phone that's reading the band.
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16:12
I'm only putting those up to show you these things are prosaic,
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16:15
this stuff works in these environments.
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16:17
They don't need to be special.
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So finally, I know that you can do this,
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because if you saw the Easter special of Doctor Who,
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where he went to Mars in a bus --
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16:32
I should say, again, for our foreign students:
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16:34
that doesn't happen in every episode.
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16:36
This was a very special case.
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16:37
So in the episode where he goes to Mars in a London bus --
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16:40
I can't show you the clip,
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16:42
due to the outrageous restrictions of Queen Anne-style copyright
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by the BBC --
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16:46
but in the episode where he goes to Mars in a London bus,
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Doctor Who is clearly shown getting onto the bus
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16:53
with the Oyster card reader
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using his psychic paper.
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16:56
Which proves that psychic paper has an NFC interface.
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Thank you very much.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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