The energy Africa needs to develop -- and fight climate change | Rose M. Mutiso

47,871 views ・ 2020-11-09

TED


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00:00
Transcriber: TED Translators Admin Reviewer: Mirjana Čutura
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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Amanda Zhu
00:13
Think about this.
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想一想,
00:14
Californians use more electricity playing video games
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加州人用在電玩遊戲上的電力
00:17
than the entire country of Senegal uses overall.
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比塞內加爾全國所用的電力還多。
00:21
Also, before gyms were shut down due to COVID,
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此外,在健身房因為 新型冠狀病毒而關閉之前,
00:24
New Yorkers could work out in a 10-degree-Celsius gym
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紐約人可以在攝氏 十度的健身房裡運動,
00:27
because the cold apparently burns more calories.
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因為很顯然在低溫環境下 可以燃燒更多熱量。
00:29
And yet only three percent of Nigerians have air conditioners.
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但只有 3% 的奈及利亞人有冷氣。
00:33
As you can see, there's a mind-blowing gap
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不難看出,能源富有和能源匱乏的人
00:35
between the energy haves and the energy have-nots.
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之間的差距有多驚人。
00:38
And across the globe, we have incredible energy inequality.
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全球的能源不平等相當嚴重。
00:42
Billions of people simply lack enough energy to build a better life:
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數十億人就是沒有足夠 能源來過更好的生活;
00:46
affordable, abundant and reliable energy
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沒有便宜、充足、可靠的能源
00:49
to run their businesses without daily blackouts,
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來經營他們的事業而不會每天停電、
00:52
to preserve their crops from rotting,
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保存他們的作物不會腐爛、
00:54
to power lifesaving medical equipment,
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供電給救命用的醫療器材、
00:57
to work from home and do Zoom calls with their colleagues,
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在家工作用視訊會議和同事溝通,
01:00
to run trains and factories,
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讓火車和工廠能運轉;
01:03
basically, to grow and to prosper
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基本上就是沒有 足夠能源成長、繁榮,
01:06
and to access both dignity and opportunity.
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無法過得有尊嚴,也沒有發展的機會。
01:10
Rich countries have that kind of energy,
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富裕國家有足夠的能源來做那些事,
01:12
whereas most countries in Africa, and many elsewhere simply don't.
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而大部分的非洲國家 以及許多其他的國家就是沒有。
01:17
And those billions of people
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那數十億人
01:19
are falling further and further behind the rest of the world.
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落後全世界其他人的情況越來越嚴重。
01:21
In addition to taking their energy abundance for granted,
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除了綽綽有餘的能源,
有錢人還把另一件事視為理所當然:
01:24
the wealthy take something else for granted:
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01:26
that everyone should fight climate change exactly the same way.
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人人都應該用同樣的方式 來對抗氣候變遷。
01:30
Tackling climate change
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要對抗氣候變遷,
01:31
will require an accelerated transition to low-carbon energy sources.
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我們必須加速轉換到低碳能源。
01:35
And yet, emissions continue to climb year after year,
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然而,排放量連年攀升,
01:39
threatening to blow our tight carbon budget.
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幾乎要超過我們原本 就很緊繃的碳預算。
01:42
That's what I want to talk about today.
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那就是我今天想談的主題。
01:44
The carbon budget is an estimation of the total emissions
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碳預算是地球大氣
能夠吸收總排放量的保守估計值。
01:47
that our planet's atmosphere can safely absorb.
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01:50
Faced with an imperative to not explode this carbon budget,
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面臨排放量就要超過碳預算之際,
01:53
the world is looking at Africa in a completely contradictory way.
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全世界卻用極矛盾的方式看待非洲。
01:57
On one side, it wants us to grow,
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一方面,世界希望我們成長、
01:59
to emerge from abject poverty,
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脫離赤貧、
02:01
to build a middle class,
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建立中產階級,
02:03
to own cars and air conditioners and other modern amenities
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讓我們能擁有自己的汽車、 冷氣機及其他便利設施,
02:07
because after all, Africa is the next global market.
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因為非洲畢竟是下一個全球市場。
02:11
On the other side,
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另一方面,
02:13
because they are anxious to demonstrate action on climate change,
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因為西方的富裕國家
急著要展現氣候變遷的相關作為,
02:16
rich countries in the West
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02:17
are increasingly restricting their funding to only renewable energy sources,
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他們越來越將資金的運用 限於發展再生能源,
02:21
effectively telling Africa and other poor nations
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等於就是在告訴非洲及其他貧窮國家,
02:24
to either develop with no carbon
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他們要不就用無碳的方式發展,
02:26
or to limit their development ambitions altogether.
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要不就不要有發展的野心。
02:30
Africa obviously needs to develop.
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非洲顯然需要發展,
02:32
That's non-negotiable.
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那是毫無疑問的。
02:34
And I want to make the case today that Africa must be prioritized
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今天我想要說明
為什麼剩下的碳預算 必須優先分配給非洲。
02:37
when it comes to what's left in the carbon budget.
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02:40
In other words,
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換言之,
02:41
Africa must be allowed to, yes, produce more carbon in the short term
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短期內必須容許非洲排放更多碳,
02:45
so we can grow,
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這樣我們才能成長,
02:47
while the rich world needs to drastically cut their emissions.
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而富裕國家則需要 大幅減少他們的排放。
02:50
Africans have a right to aspire
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非洲人有權利追求
02:52
to the same prosperity that everyone else enjoys.
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所有其他人享受的繁榮。
02:55
And we deserve the same chance at a job,
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我們都應該得到同樣的工作機會、
02:58
at an education,
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教育、
03:00
at dignity and opportunity.
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尊嚴和機會。
03:02
We also understand very well
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我們也非常清楚
03:04
that the entire world needs to get to a zero-carbon future.
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世界需要做到零碳排放的未來。
03:08
This might sound contradictory, but consider these three points.
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這可能聽起來很矛盾, 但想想以下三點。
03:12
First, Africa isn't the culprit of climate change.
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第一、非洲並不是氣候變遷的肇因。
03:16
It's a victim.
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他是受害者。
03:17
Africa and its more than one billion people
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非洲及其十多億人民
03:19
are among the most vulnerable to climate change on the planet,
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是地球上最容易 受到氣候變遷影響的一群人,
03:22
facing the worst impacts of extreme weather, drought and heat.
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他們面臨最慘烈的衝擊, 包括極端天氣、乾旱、高溫。
03:27
And yet, if you look at the carbon footprint
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但,如果以整個 非洲大陸的碳足跡來看,
03:29
of the entire African continent,
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03:31
48 African countries combined
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四十八個非洲國家
03:33
are responsible for less than one percent of accumulative carbon dioxide
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所排放二氧化碳的歷年加總,
佔不到大氣中總量的 1%。
03:37
in the atmosphere.
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03:38
Even if every one of the one billion people in sub-Saharan Africa
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就算全撒哈拉以南十億非洲人的用電量
03:42
tripled their electricity consumption overnight,
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突然全都變成三倍,
03:45
and if all of that new power came from natural gas-fired plants,
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且所有電力都來自天然氣發電廠,
03:49
we estimate that the additional CO2 that Africa would add
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我們估計,非洲因此增加的二氧化碳
03:53
would equal to just one percent of total global emissions.
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只相當於全球總排放量的 1%。
03:56
Second, Africa needs more energy to fight climate change, not less.
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第二、
非洲需要更多能源, 不是更少,才能對抗氣候變遷。
04:01
Because of its climate vulnerability,
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因為非洲容易受氣候影響,
04:03
Africa's climate fight is about adaptation and resilience,
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非洲對抗氣候之戰的重點 是適應和韌性,
04:07
and climate adaptation is energy-intensive.
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而要適應氣候是很耗費能源的。
04:10
To respond to extreme weather,
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為了因應極端天氣,
04:12
Africans will need more resilient infrastructure.
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非洲人會需要更有韌性的基礎設施。
04:15
We're talking seawalls, highways, safe buildings and more.
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我們在談的是防波堤、 高速公路、安全建築等等。
04:20
To cope with drought,
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若要對付乾旱,
04:21
Africans will need pumped irrigation for their agriculture,
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非洲人在農業上會需要用幫浦做灌溉,
04:24
and many will need desalination for fresh water.
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且許多人會需要 海水淡化設備來取得淡水。
04:27
And to survive soaring temperatures,
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要在不斷上升的溫度下生存,
04:29
Africans will need cold storage and ACs
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非洲人需要有冷藏設備和冷氣的場所
04:31
in hundreds of millions of homes,
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包括了億萬個家庭、辦公室、 倉庫、工廠、資料中心等等。
04:33
offices, warehouses, factories, data centers and the like.
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04:38
These are all energy-intensive activities.
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這些都是很耗能源的活動。
04:40
If we fail at mitigation,
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如果無法緩和氣候的衝擊,
04:42
the rich countries' plan B for climate change is to simply adapt.
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富裕國家的後備計畫就是適應。
04:45
Africans need and deserve that same capacity for adaptation.
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非洲需要,也應該要有 同樣的適應能力。
04:49
Third,
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第三、
04:50
imposing mitigation on the world's poor is widening economic inequality.
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將緩和氣候衝擊的責任 強加在貧窮國家身上
會讓經濟更加不平等,
04:55
We're creating energy apartheid.
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等於是用能源畫出種族隔離的分野。
04:57
Working in global energy and development,
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投入全球能源與開發工作時,
04:59
I often hear people say,
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我常聽見有人說:
05:01
"Because of climate, we just can't afford for everyone to live our lifestyles."
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「因為氣候的關係,
我們實在負擔不起讓人人 都用我們的生活方式過活。
05:06
That viewpoint is worse than patronizing.
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沒有比那種高高在上的觀點 更可鄙的了,
05:08
It's a form of racism,
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那是另一種型態的種族歧視, 且會將全球能源系統分為兩個階層,
05:09
and it's creating a two-tier, global energy system
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05:12
with energy abundance for the rich
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富人有充足的能源,
05:14
and tiny solar lamps for Africans.
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非洲人只有超小型太陽能燈。
05:16
The global market for natural gas is a great example of this.
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全球天然氣市場就是一個很好的例子。
05:20
Large Western companies are actively developing gas fields
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西方的大型公司積極地 在非洲國家開發天然氣田,
05:23
in African countries
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05:25
to run industry and generate electricity in Asia or in Europe.
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提供給亞洲或歐洲的工業營運及發電。
05:29
And yet, when these same African countries want to build power plants at home
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然而,當這些非洲國家 想要在家園建造電廠,
05:33
to use gas for their own people,
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把天然氣給自己的人民使用,
05:35
the Western development and finance communities say,
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西方的開發商和金融界就會說:
05:37
"No, we won't fund that."
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「不,我們不提供資助。」
05:39
And here's the irony.
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諷刺的是,
05:41
Many poor countries are already far ahead of the West
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在轉型為低碳能源系統方面,
許多貧窮國家已經超越了西方。
05:44
when it comes to transitioning to a low-carbon energy system.
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05:47
In Kenya, where I'm from, we generate most of our electricity carbon-free.
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在我的祖國肯亞,
大部分的電力都用無碳的方式生產。
05:51
Renewable sources such as geothermal, hydro and wind
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我們的電力有近 80%
來自再生能源來源, 如地熱、水力、風力。
05:55
provide nearly 80 percent of our electricity.
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05:58
In the US, that figure is only 17 percent.
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在美國,再生能源只佔 17%。
06:00
So let me repeat my points.
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讓我重述我的重點。
06:02
Everyone must get to a zero-carbon future.
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人人都必須在未來達成零碳排放。
06:06
In the transition,
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在轉型中,
06:07
Africa and other poor nations deserve to get the balance
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世界剩下的碳預算
應該要分配給非洲和其他貧窮國家。
06:11
of what's remaining in the world's carbon budget.
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06:13
For economic competitiveness,
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為了經濟競爭力,
06:15
for climate adaptation,
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為了氣候適應,
06:17
for global stability
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為了全球穩定,
06:19
and for economic justice,
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為了經濟正義,
06:21
rich and high-emitting countries
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富裕且高排放的國家
06:23
must uphold their responsibility to lead on decarbonization,
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必須要擔起責任,帶頭減碳,
06:26
starting in their own economies.
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並從他們自己的經濟開始做起。
06:30
We all have a collective responsibility to turn the tide on climate change.
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我們必須集體承擔 扭轉氣候變遷的責任。
06:34
If we fail,
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如果氣候之戰失敗,絕對不是因為
06:35
it won't be because Senegal or Kenya or Benin or Mali decided to build
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塞內加爾、肯亞、貝南,或馬利
06:40
a handful of natural gas power plants
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決定要建造幾座天然氣電廠,
06:42
to provide economic opportunity for their people.
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來提供經濟發展的機會給他們的人民。
06:46
Thank you.
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謝謝。
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