A librarian's case against overdue book fines | Dawn Wacek

60,737 views ・ 2018-12-06

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: february Z 校对人员: jacks peng
00:13
Hello, friends.
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朋友们好,
00:15
I'm happy to see all of you here today.
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很高兴今天在这里见到大家。
00:18
This is actually exactly what I say to the people who visit us
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这也是我对拉克罗斯公共图书馆的
00:21
at the La Crosse Public Library.
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访客们所说的话。
00:23
And I say it because I mean it.
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我也确实是这么想的。
00:26
The children who come into our library are my friends
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来我们图书馆的孩子都是我的朋友,
00:29
in that I care about their needs and their futures.
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因为我关心他们的需求和未来。
00:32
I want them to be happy and successful.
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我希望他们开心和成功。
00:35
I hope that they'll find great books or a movie that delights them.
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我希望他们能找到优秀的书籍, 让他们感到开心的电影。
00:39
Or the solution to a tricky problem.
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或者是解决难题的办法。
00:43
Libraries in general have this wonderful reputation
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通常图书馆拥有
00:46
of really caring about our communities.
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切实为社区谋福祉的好名声。
00:48
We put out mission statements and statements of purpose
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我们发布的使命和目标宣言中说:
00:51
that say that we connect our community to the broader world.
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我们致力于连接社区和更广阔的世界。
00:55
We engage minds,
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我们集结大众的思想,
00:58
we create lifelong learners.
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我们创造终身学习者。
01:01
And these ideals are really important to us as libraries,
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这些愿景对图书馆来说十分重要,
01:04
because we know the power they have to create a better world.
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因为我们知道它拥有创造 一个更好世界的力量。
01:08
A more connected world, a more engaged and empathetic world.
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一个人与人联系更紧密,更投入, 更富有同情心的的世界。
01:14
Books have power, information has power.
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书籍有力量,信息有力量。
01:16
And for the powerless in our communities,
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对社区的弱势群体而言,
01:19
being able to connect to that is even more important.
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与它们连接就显得尤为重要。
01:23
In 1995, Betty Hart and Todd Risley
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1995年,贝蒂 · 哈特和托德 · 莱斯利
01:26
published a study that found that working class families
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发表的一项研究表明, 工薪阶层家庭和
01:28
and those being served by welfare
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接受社会福利救济的家庭中
01:30
experience what we now refer to as the "30 million word gap."
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存在着我们现在所说的 “3000万词汇鸿沟”的现象。
01:35
Essentially, what they learned is that children in these families
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本质上说,他们发现这些家庭的孩子
01:39
are hearing so many fewer words each day
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每天听到的词汇量要少很多,
01:42
that by the time they are three years old,
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所以到他们三岁时,
01:44
there's this enormous disparity in their learned language.
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这种掌握语言的巨大鸿沟就出现了。
01:48
And that gap in words follows them as they enter school,
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词汇上的差距还会伴随他们进入学校,
01:51
and it results in later reading, poorer reading skills,
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导致阅读能力发育滞后, 且阅读水平较差,
01:55
a lack of success overall.
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整体上也很难有所成就。
01:58
Children need to hear words every day
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孩子们每天都需要听到不同的词汇,
02:00
and they need to hear not just our day-to-day conversation,
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并且不能只局限于我们日常的会话,
02:03
they have to hear rare words:
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他们还需要听到生僻词汇;
02:05
those outside the common lexicon we share, of around 10,000.
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那些我们不常用的词汇,大约有1万个。
02:09
I'm going to read you a short snippet from a children's book
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接下来,我将为你们读一段儿童短文,
02:13
by one of our favorite authors in the children's room, Eric Carle.
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是最受欢迎的一位少儿作家 艾瑞克 · 卡尔写的。
02:16
Some of you might know his work "The Very Hungry Caterpillar."
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在座的各位或许有听过 他的作品《饥饿的毛毛虫》,
02:19
But this is from "'Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,' said the Sloth."
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但我要读的内容选自另一部作品 《“慢慢,慢慢,慢慢地,”树懒说》。
02:25
"Finally, the sloth replied,
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“终于,树懒回答道,
02:27
'It is true that I am slow, quiet and boring.
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‘我确实又慢又静又无聊,
02:31
I am lackadaisical,
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我懒洋洋的,
02:32
I dawdle and I dillydally.
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我磨蹭又墨迹。
02:35
I am also unflappable, languid, stoic,
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我也不慌不忙,无精打采,非常淡定,
02:38
impassive, sluggish, lethargic,
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冷漠,慢吞吞,昏昏欲睡,
02:41
placid, calm, mellow,
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沉着,冷静,平和,
02:44
laid-back and, well, slothful!
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闲散,还有迟钝!
02:47
I am relaxed and tranquil, and I like to live in peace.
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我很休闲,很安宁, 并且我喜欢平和地生活。
02:52
But I am not lazy.'
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但是我可不懒惰。’
02:54
Then the sloth yawned and said,
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然后树懒打着哈欠道,
02:56
'That's just how I am.
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‘这就是我,
02:58
I like to do things slowly, slowly, slowly.'"
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我喜欢慢慢,慢慢, 慢慢地做事儿。’ ”
03:04
So you can see from this very brief example from one book in our library
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你可以从图书馆这本书中的 这个简单例子里看到,
03:09
how Eric Carle used 20 different words to get the same idea across to children.
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卡尔是如何用20个不同的单词 来向孩子们表达同一个意思。
03:15
Now we know that a lot of the families visiting us at the library,
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目前我们了解到, 很多家庭都会来图书馆,
03:19
a lot of our friends, are struggling financially.
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其中不少朋友经济拮据。
03:23
We know that some of them are living in poverty,
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他们中有些人生活贫困,
03:25
and don't have enough to eat or anywhere safe to live.
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甚至食不果腹,居无定所。
03:29
We know that our friend James, who comes in after school
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我们知道有位课后就会过来的 名叫詹姆斯的朋友,
03:31
and is staying at a local shelter,
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就住在当地一个收容所中,
他的阅读水平还没达到年级标准,
03:33
isn't reading at grade level
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03:34
and has probably never read at grade level.
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而且很可能从未达到过。
03:37
We know we have that 30 million word gap
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我们知道有“3000万词汇量鸿沟”现象,
03:39
and a corresponding achievement gap by the time kids enter the third grade,
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并且当孩子进入三年级时, 他们的成绩也会出现相应的差距,
03:43
both of which directly correlate to income level.
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这两种情况都与收入水平直接相关。
03:47
So what's the responsibility of libraries in addressing these gaps?
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那么,图书馆在弥补这个鸿沟上 能起到什么作用呢?
03:51
How can we help our friends be more successful, more educated
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我们如何帮助我们的朋友们 变得更成功,更有教养,
03:55
and some day, better global citizens?
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乃至某天,成为更优秀的全球公民呢?
03:58
It starts with ensuring free and equitable access
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首先要确保他们可以免费地、平等地
04:02
to everything libraries offer them.
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得到图书馆里的资源。
04:04
Books level the playing field
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书籍通过让处于不同
04:06
by exposing children of every socioeconomic background to words.
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社会经济环境的孩子接触文字, 从而创造一个公平的竞争环境。
04:11
At the library, we provide programs
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我们在图书馆为孩子们举办
04:13
that are based on the five tenants of early literacy:
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基于早期识字的5个方面的项目:
04:15
playing, singing, talking, reading and writing.
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玩、唱、说、读、写。
04:18
We offer programs for adults
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我们为成人提供
04:20
on computer classes and job-skills training.
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电脑课程和职业技能训练项目,
04:24
Business start-ups.
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创业项目。
04:26
We do all of this great work for our community members
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我们为社区成员提供所有这些服务,
04:29
and at the same time, we counteract it by charging fines and fees of our patrons.
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同时我们通过向顾客 收取罚款和费用来平衡收支。
04:35
Today in La Crosse,
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今天在拉克罗斯,
04:37
10,000 of our users are unable to check out library materials
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有1万用户由于未缴纳的 罚款和费用而无法
04:41
because of fines and fees.
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查阅图书馆资料。
04:43
If we narrow in on our neighborhoods experiencing the most poverty,
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如果我们观察那些最贫困的社区,
04:47
those where 82 percent of the student body is considered economically disadvantaged,
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那些82%的学生都被 视为经济困难的社区,
04:52
the number rises to 23 percent of the neighborhood.
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这个数字就会上升到 占社区人口的23%。
04:56
And these are local numbers, it's true, but they hold true nationwide.
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这些虽然是地方数据, 但同样适用于全国。
05:00
In libraries across the country that charge fines,
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在全国收取罚金的图书馆中,
05:03
the poorest neighborhoods have the most number of people blocked from use.
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最贫穷的社区被禁止 使用其资源的人数最多。
05:09
In fact, the Colorado State Library was so worried about this,
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实际上,科罗拉多州立图书馆 就很担心这个问题,
05:12
they published a white paper
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他们发表了白皮书,
05:14
and they stated unequivocally
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并明确表态说
05:15
that it's the fear of fines that keeps poor families out of libraries.
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让穷人对图书馆望而却步的正是罚金。
05:21
A colleague of mine took a ride in a Lyft in Atlanta last year,
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我的一个同事去年在亚特兰大 用Lyft叫了一辆车,
05:24
and he started chatting with his driver about libraries, as we do.
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在车上他与司机谈到了 图书馆,就像我们一样。
05:28
And she told him she grew up visiting her local library, she loved it.
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司机告诉他,她从小就喜欢 经常去当地的图书馆。
05:33
But now that she's a parent with three children of her own,
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但现在作为三个孩子的母亲,
05:36
there's no way she would allow them to get a library card,
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她绝不同意她的孩子去办借书证。
05:39
because of the strict deadlines libraries impose.
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因为图书馆的规定很严格。
05:42
She said, "It would be like another credit card that I can't pay."
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她说,“这就像是另一张 我还不起的信用卡。”
05:46
Meanwhile, when other libraries have experimented with eliminating fines,
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同时,有的图书馆在尝试取消罚款,
05:50
like one in San Rafael that took away children's fines,
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比如圣拉斐尔一家图书馆 就取消了儿童罚款,
05:55
they had a 126-percent increase in child card applications
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结果在前几个月里,他们儿童借书证的
05:59
within the first few months.
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申请量增长了126%。
06:01
When people aren't afraid of the fines they might accrue,
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当人们不再担心会产生累积罚款时,
06:04
they line up to access what we have to offer.
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他们就会接踵而至。
06:08
So what are we telling people, then?
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那么我们是怎么跟人们说的呢?
06:10
We have these two disparate ideas.
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我们有两种截然不同的想法。
06:13
On the one hand, we're champions of democracy
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一方面,我们是民主的拥护者,
06:16
and we claim that we're there so that every citizen can educate themselves.
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我们宣称图书馆的存在可以让 每个公民进行自我教育。
06:22
We're advocates for the power early literacy has
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我们提倡早期读写能力
06:24
to reduce that achievement gap and eliminate the word gap.
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能够减少成就差距,消除词汇差距。
06:29
We tell people, "We're here to help you."
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我们告诉人们说:“我们是来帮助你的。“
06:32
On the other hand,
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另一方面,
06:33
if you're struggling financially, and you make a mistake,
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如果你经济拮据,犯了错误,
06:36
the kind of mistake that anyone in this room could make --
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在座每一个人可能都会犯的错误——
06:39
your tote bag that belongs to the library sits by your back door
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你从图书馆借出的手提包就躺在后门,
06:43
for a couple of weeks longer than it should,
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已经超过归还期限好几周,
06:46
you lose a CD,
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你丢了一张CD,
06:48
you spill your coffee on a book,
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你把咖啡洒到了书上,
06:51
suddenly, we're not here for you so much anymore,
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突然之间,我们不再为你提供服务了,
06:53
because if that happens, we're going to make you pay for it.
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因为如果那样的话,我们就要你赔偿了。
06:57
And if you can't pay for it, you're out of luck.
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如果你不支付,那么就不好意思了。
07:01
I have been a librarian for a lot of years.
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我做图书管理员很多年了,
07:03
And in the past few years,
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在过去的几年里,
07:06
I myself have paid over 500 dollars in late fines.
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我自己缴纳的滞纳金 超过了500美元。
07:11
Now, you might wonder why,
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你可能想知道原因,
07:12
I mean, I'm there every day, and I certainly know how the system works.
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我每天都在图书馆, 我当然很清楚这个系统如何运作。
07:16
But like all of our friends at the library,
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但是我也跟所有 来图书馆的朋友们一样,
07:20
I am busy, I lose track of things,
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我很忙,会丢三落四,
07:23
my house is sometimes messy,
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我家里有时也会一团糟,
07:25
and I have lost a DVD or two under the sofa.
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我曾丢了一两张DVD在沙发下面。
07:31
And I have been fortunate enough to be able to pay
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在过去几年里,我还算幸运,
07:35
that 500 dollars over the last several years.
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能负担得起这500美元的罚款。
07:38
If not happily, I at least had the means to do it.
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就算不开心,至少我还有钱去付。
07:42
So is that fair and equitable service
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如果有些人付了罚款后
07:44
if some of us can pay our fines and continue to operate as we always have,
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就可以继续我行我素, 而那些犯了个错误的人就不再受欢迎,
07:50
and others of us make one mistake and no longer are welcome back?
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那这还算是公平,平等的服务吗?
07:56
It's simply not.
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当然不是。
08:00
Now, why would we continue to operate under a model that hurts
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那么为什么我们仍在继续运作这个
08:04
our most vulnerable patrons the most?
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对最脆弱的顾客伤害最大的模式呢?
08:07
There are reasons.
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有以下几点原因。
08:09
There are reasons like responsibility.
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首先是责任。
08:11
There are some libraries that really feel
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有的图书馆认为
08:13
that it's our job to teach people responsibility.
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我们的工作是教导人们承担责任。
08:16
And they haven't figured out that there might be ways to do that
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然而他们并没有想到, 除了罚款,还有很多方法
可以实现同样的目的。
08:19
that don't equate to dollars.
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08:21
There's also this idea that we share the resources collectively in a community,
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也有人说这是社区成员共享的资源,
08:25
and so we have to take turns.
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所以大家要懂得轮流使用。
08:27
If I keep my "My Little Pony" movie for too long,
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如果我占用《小马宝莉》电影太久,
08:30
and somebody else wants to watch it, it's not fair.
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对其他也想看的人,就不公平了。
08:34
And then, there's the money.
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其次,就是钱。
08:36
Community members often love their libraries,
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社区成员们通常喜爱他们的图书馆,
08:38
and they don't want us to not be able to sustain the services we offer.
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他们不想看到我们提供的 服务难以为继。
08:44
Luckily, we can address all of these things in a variety of ways
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幸运的是,我们有 多种方法解决这些问题,
08:48
without scaring away our most vulnerable populations.
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而不用吓跑我们最脆弱的顾客。
08:52
Some libraries have gone to a Netflix model.
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有的图书馆就借鉴了Netflix的做法,
08:55
You might be familiar with this:
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你或许听说过:
08:57
you check things out,
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你借出一样东西,
08:58
when you're done with them, you return them.
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用完之后就归还。
09:01
If you don't return them, you can't check more things out,
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如果你不还,就不能 再借阅其他东西,
09:04
but once you do, it's all forgiven, it's fine.
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如果你还了,大家就 一笔勾销,一切恢复正常。
09:08
You can check out again.
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你可以继续借阅了。
09:10
Others continue to charge fines,
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有的图书馆则继续收罚款,
09:12
but they want to offer alternatives to their library patrons,
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但他们为顾客提供了替代选项,
09:15
and so they do things like food for fines, where you bring in canned goods,
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所以他们会用食品代替罚款, 比如你可以带罐头食品,
09:19
or read away your fines, where you can read off your fines.
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或者通过读书来抵消罚款。
09:22
There's even another library in Wisconsin
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还有一家威斯康星州的图书馆,
09:24
that offers scratch-off tickets at their counter,
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顾客可以在柜台领取刮刮卡,
09:26
so you can scratch off and get 10 or 20 percent off your fines that day.
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刮开涂层你当天就有 10%或20%的罚金优惠。
09:30
And there are amnesty days.
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还有赦免日的做法。
09:32
One day a year, you bring back your late materials
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在每年特定的一天中, 你可以将超期的物品归还
09:35
and all is forgiven.
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而不被追究任何责任。
09:38
There was a library in San Francisco that did an amnesty day last year,
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去年旧金山一家图书馆就这么做了,
09:42
and they welcomed back 5,000 users who had been blocked.
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随后迎来了5000名 受超期限制的用户的回归,
09:46
That same day, they received more than 700,000 items that were overdue.
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收回了70多万件逾期物品,
09:52
Among them was one book that was 100 years overdue.
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其中有一本书逾期达100年。
09:56
So I know that sounds ridiculous, but I know from experience
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这听起来似乎可笑,但我深有体会。
09:59
that people will stay away from the library
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当人们有物品逾期时,
10:02
rather than face the authority of the librarian
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就会有意回避图书馆,
10:04
when they have late items.
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而不是直面图书管理员的权威。
10:06
As Michael might have mentioned, I've been a librarian for 15 years
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正如迈克尔所说, 我当图书管理员15年了,
10:09
and my mom hasn't been in a library in decades,
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而我母亲几十年都没去过图书馆了,
10:12
because when she was young, she lost a book.
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只因为她年轻时曾弄丢过一本书。
10:18
So, these are great baby steps.
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所以,这些都是伟大的一小步。
10:20
But they don't go far enough,
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但还远远不够,
10:23
because they make people jump through hoops.
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因为这只是治标不治本。
10:28
They have to come on the right days, at the right times.
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人们得在规定的时间,规定的日期来。
10:30
They might have to have extra food to share.
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他们必须分享额外的食物。
10:33
They want to read away their fines, they need to be literate.
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他们想要“读”掉罚款,就需要学习。
10:37
If we want people to use the library again,
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如果我们希望大家重回图书馆,
10:41
we should just get rid of fines altogether.
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我们就要一并取消罚金。
10:46
Now, you might think I've forgotten a money piece,
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你可能会想我忽略了资金因素,
10:48
where we need to finance libraries, right?
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图书馆的运作需要钱,对不对?
10:51
But there's a couple of things to consider
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不过关于罚款在图书馆预算中
10:53
when we think about how fines function in library budgets.
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作用的问题,有几件事需要考虑一下。
10:59
The first is that fines have never been a stable source of revenue.
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首先,罚金从来都 不是一个稳定的财源。
11:04
They've always fluctuated,
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罚金收入很不稳定,
11:06
and in fact, they've continued to go down over the last few decades.
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而且在过去的几十年里, 它的数额一直在下滑,
11:11
When the recession hit, especially, people's ability to pay was hit, as well.
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尤其是在大萧条期间, 人们支付能力受到打压时。
11:15
So for a lot of those 10,000 friends that we've got at the library
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我们的图书馆有1万名超期的朋友,
11:19
that aren't able to use it,
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他们中的大部分人
11:20
they might never be able to pay us.
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可能永远也付不起罚金。
11:22
When we talk about eliminating their fines,
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当我们说要取消他们的罚款时,
11:24
we're not losing money so much as the idea of money.
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我们不会亏钱,不能称之为钱。
11:29
And thirdly, you might be surprised to know
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第三,你可能没想到,
11:33
fines on average, nationally, are about one and a half percent
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从全国来看,罚金在图书馆预算中
11:37
of a library's operating budget.
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平均占约1.5%,
11:39
Now that can still be a lot of money.
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这可能也是一笔不小的金额。
如果你观察大型图书馆 或大型图书馆系统时,
11:41
If you're looking at a large library or a large library system,
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11:44
the dollar amount can be high.
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就会发现金额也不小。
11:45
But it's an achievable cut for most libraries to absorb.
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但对大部分图书馆来说, 这笔钱还是可以承担的。
11:50
And finally, and maybe most importantly, fines cost us money to collect.
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最后,也许是最重要的, 收罚金有成本。
11:56
When you start to factor in all of the ways that we collect fines,
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当你开始考虑我们 收取罚款的所有因素,
11:59
supplies like mailers that we send out to remind people of their fines,
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我们寄信提醒人们交罚金, 所产生的物资消耗,
12:05
services, like collections management services,
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罚金管理服务,所产生的服务费用,
12:09
even telephone and email notifications can cost libraries money.
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甚至电话和邮件通知也有成本。
12:13
And staff time is a huge cost for libraries.
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而职工的时间更是一项巨大的成本。
12:17
So that our frontline staff is standing there,
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试想我们的前台站在那里,
12:20
talking to people about their fines, sometimes arguing with people about fines.
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向顾客解释罚金,搞不好还会吵起来。
12:25
When we eliminate all of those pieces,
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当我们没有了这些成本,
12:27
if we got rid of fines, we might actually save money in our libraries.
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如果我们取消罚款, 说不定还能给图书馆省钱。
12:31
Or at the very least,
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或者至少,
12:33
we would be able to reallocate our staff time
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我们可以重新分配员工的时间
12:35
to pursuits that better fit those missions we talked about.
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来更好实现我们之前 所提到的图书馆的使命。
12:40
The other thing I want everybody to come away understanding
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另一件我希望大家理解的是
罚款的效果并不尽如人意。
12:43
is that fines don't actually work to do what we think they do.
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12:46
The debate about fines --
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对罚金的争论——
12:47
whether we should fine, how much we should fine, it isn't new.
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是否该交罚款,交多少——并不新鲜。
12:50
We've been talking about it for almost 100 years.
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这样的争论100年来从未停止,
12:54
As long as that book was overdue.
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其时间之久有如那逾期的书。
12:58
Study after study has shown that the reason libraries fine
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前仆后继的研究表明, 图书馆之所以会收罚金
13:02
is because of strongly held beliefs
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是因为他们坚信
13:04
about the effectiveness of getting materials back on time
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这样可以有效、及时索回物资,
13:07
backed by no evidence.
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即使这信仰毫无证据。
13:10
Basically, we fine because we've always fined.
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我们收押金的行为基本上 算是一项历史悠久的传统了。
13:14
So, the best option for your libraries is to put their mission first.
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所以,对图书馆而言, 最佳选择是使命为先,
13:20
And they will do that if their community members ask it of them.
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按照社区成员的要求去做。
13:24
When you leave here, I hope you'll visit your public library
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各位离开后,我希望 你们能去当地的图书馆,
13:27
and talk to your librarians,
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去告诉图书管理员,
告诉你身边和社区里的
13:29
talk to your neighbors and community members
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图书馆委员会成员们,
13:31
who serve on library boards.
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13:32
Tell them that you know how important literacy is
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你很清楚读写能力对
13:36
to everyone in your community.
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每一位社区成员的重要性。
13:39
That if our libraries are truly for everyone,
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如果我们的图书馆 真的是为每个人服务,
13:43
that they have to get rid of fines and embrace their entire community.
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那么就得取消罚款, 以宽容的心态拥抱整个社区。
13:47
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
13:48
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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