The warmth and wisdom of mud buildings | Anna Heringer

翻译人员: Chen Zou 校对人员: Cissy Yun

It was the end of October in the mountains in Austria.

那是在10月底 在奥地利的山里。

I was there on a field trip with my architecture students from Zurich.

我在那里和我的来自苏黎世的 建筑系的学生开展一个实地考察。

And when we reached a high valley,

当我们到达一个很高的山谷时，

I surprised them with the news that there was no hut

我突然告诉他们 我没有预定小屋

or hotel booked for the night.

或者旅馆去过夜。

It was not a mistake.

这不是一个失误，

It was totally on purpose.

而完全是故意的。

The challenge was to build our own shelter with whatever we could find.

挑战任务是自己动手建造住所 用任何我们可以找到的材料。

And we all survived.

我们都成功了。

It was cold, it was really tough ...

那儿很冷，整个过程真的很艰难，

and it was a great learning experience

这也是一个很精彩的学习过程，

to discover that there are a lot of resources given by nature for free,

知道大自然给予人类的 免费资源，

and all that we need is our sensitivity to see them ...

而我们所需的则是 发现它们的敏锐度

and our creativity to use them.

和运用它们时的创造力。

I found myself in a similar situation.

我曾有一个相似的情况。

When I was an architecture student about 13 years ago,

大约在13年前 当我还是一个建筑系的学生的时候，

I went to Bangladesh to a remote village called Rudrapur

我去到孟加拉国 一个叫Rudrapur的遥远小村庄，

我的目标是设计和建造 一所学校作为我的论文项目。

with the aim to design and build a school as my thesis project.

I had lived in that village before when I was 19 and a volunteer

那时我19岁，我曾经住在那个村庄 当一个“Dipshikha”的志愿者

at Dipshikha, a Bangladeshi NGO for rural development.

这是一个孟加拉国致力于乡村发展的 非政府组织。

And what I had learned from them

我从他们那里学到

was that the most sustainable strategy for sustainable development

对于可持续发展 最有持续性的策略

is to cherish and to use your very own resources and potential,

是珍惜并且运用 你自己的资源和潜力，

and not get dependent on external factors.

而不是依赖于外界因素。

And this is what I tried to do with my architecture as well.

这也是我想在我的建筑 中去体现的。

In terms of suitable building materials for my school,

说到适合我学校的建筑材料，

I didn't have to look far.

我不用去很远的地方去搜寻，

They were right under my feet:

它们就在我的脚下：

mud, earth, dirt, clay, however you call it ...

泥土，地球，污垢，粘土 不论你怎么称呼它，

and bamboo that was growing all around.

还有到处生长的竹子。

Electricity in remote Bangladesh is rare,

电力在孟加拉国的偏远地区不太常见

but we didn't need it.

但我们不需要它。

We had human energy

我们有人类的力量，

and the people were happy to have the work.

而且人们很乐意干这些活。

Tools were an issue, too,

工具也是一个问题，

but we had these guys,

但我们有这些家伙，

water buffalos.

水牛。

We had also tried a bit cows,

我们也尝试了用牛

but interestingly, they were too intelligent.

但有趣的是 它们太聪明了

They were always stepping in the holes of the previous round.

它们总是踩在 之前路上的坑

They wouldn't mix the mud, the straw --

它们不会把这些泥土，稻草

(Laughter)

（笑声）

the sand, which are the ingredients in the walls.

和作为墙壁成分的沙石 混在一起。

And except a small team of consultants

除了一组的咨询人员，

like my partner for realization, Eike Roswag,

比如我的合作伙伴 Eike Roswag

and my basket-weaver cousin, Emmanuel,

以及我的表弟，篮子织工 Emmanuel，

it was all built by craftsmen from the village.

这个学校是由来自村庄的 工匠建造的。

And this is the METI school after six months of construction.

这是METI学校 六个月的建造成果。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

承重力很强的土墙 是学校的支柱，

Load-bearing earth walls that really ground the school,

and large bamboo structures that bring the lightness in.

大面积的竹子结构 给里面带来了光线。

That's the classroom on the ground floor.

那是一楼的教室。

Attached to it are the caves.

与之衔接的是洞窑。

They're for reading, for snuggling, for solo work,

它们可以用来阅读 小憩，工作，

for meditation, for playing ...

打坐，玩耍。

and the classroom on the top.

顶层的教室，

The children all signed with their names in Bengali the doors,

门上写满了孩子们的 孟加拉语名字，

and they did not only sign, they also helped building the school.

而且他们不仅仅是签下他们的名字 他们也帮助装点了学校。

And I'm sure you all had your hands in mud or clay before.

我知道你们之前都用手 触摸过泥土或者粘土

It's wonderful to touch. I love it.

触摸它们是很棒的。 我爱这个体验。

The children loved it.

孩子们也爱这个体验。

And can you imagine the feeling of a small boy or a girl

你能想象一个小男孩或者女孩

or an illiterate day laborer standing in front of that school building

或者一个不识字的劳工站在那所 学校建筑前面的感受吗？

and knowing that you built this

他们知道这是由自己的双手

out of the ordinary bamboo and just the dirt underneath your feet,

只用了普通的竹子 和脚下的污垢泥土

using nothing but your hands?

建立的学校？

That gives such an enormous boost of trust and confidence

它极大程度地增强了 你对于自己和整个社区

的信任和信心。

in yourself and the community.

And in the material.

关于建材，

Especially mud has a very poor image.

尤其是泥土，给人的印象并不好。

When we think of mud, we think of dirt --

当我们想起泥土的时候， 我们想到了脏

it's ugly, it's nondurable --

丑陋，难以忍受

and this is the image I want to change.

这正是我想要改变的印象。

In fact, it's the 11th rainy season for this school now,

实际上，这是这所学校到目前为止的 第十一个雨季，

really harsh, horizontal monsoon rains,

雨下得很猛，是横向的季风雨，

and the walls are standing strong.

但是墙壁屹立不倒。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So how does it work?

那么，它是如何起作用的？

第一条规则，一个好的地基 使墙壁从地面开始保持干燥，

First rule, a good foundation that keeps the wall dry from the ground,

and second rule, a good roof that protects from the top,

第二条规则，一个好的屋顶 可以从顶层保护，

and third rule, erosion control.

第三条规则，侵蚀控制。

Mud walls need speed breakers

泥土墙上需要一些阻碍，

so that the rainwater cannot run down the wall fast,

使得雨水就不会 很快的流到墙下

and these speed breakers could be lines of bamboo

这些阻碍可以是 可以是竹子

或者石头，或者是稻草与泥土的 混合物，

or stones or straw mixed into the mud,

just like a hill needs trees or rocks in order to prevent erosion.

就好像山丘需要树木或石头 去防护侵蚀。

It works just the same way.

它们的工作原理相同。

And people always ask me if I have to add cement to the mud,

人们总是问我 是否需要在泥土里加水泥，

and the answer is no.

答案是不需要。

There is no stabilizer, no coating on these walls,

在这些墙上没有稳定剂 没有涂层，

仅仅在地基里 才有这些添加剂。

only in the foundation.

So this is the close-up of the wall

这是一张墙壁的近照

after 10 rainy seasons,

在10个雨季之后，

and as much as I grew a bit older,

就好像我会渐渐变老一样，

the wall got some wrinkles as well.

这些墙也会有一些皱纹。

The edges my not be as sharp as before,

边缘地方也许不像之前那么尖锐，

但它仍然看起来不错，

but it still looks pretty good,

and if it needs repairing,

如果它需要修复，

it is really easy to do.

也是很容易的。

You just take the broken part,

你只需要将断裂的部分

make it wet, and put it back on the wall,

打湿，然后把它们放回到墙壁里

and it will look the same as before.

它会看起来和之前一样。

Wish that would work on me, too.

希望这可以发生在我身上。

（笑声）

(Laughter)

Yeah, and the great thing is,

是的，而且很棒的事情是

if an earth wall is not needed anymore,

如果这面墙不再被需要了，

it can go back to the ground it came from,

它可以回到土地里，

turn into a garden,

变成一个花园，

or get fully recycled without any loss of quality.

或者被完全回收 其品质丝毫不受损失。

There's no other material that can do this,

没有任何其它材料 可以做到这样，

and this is why mud is so excellent in terms of environmental performance.

这就是为什么泥土是 就保护环境而言很杰出的建材。

What about the economic sustainability?

那么经济的可持续性呢？

When we built the school,

当我们建造学校的时候

I practically lived on the construction site,

我基本上是住在 建筑场地的，

and in the evening, I used to go with the workers to the market,

晚上的时候，我和 工人们一起去到市场，

and I could see how they spent their money.

我可以看到 他们是如何花钱的。

And they would buy the vegetables from their neighbors,

他们可以从邻居那里 买到蔬菜，

they would get a new haircut or a new blouse from the tailor.

他们可以在裁缝那里剪一个 一个新发型或者是买一条新衬衫。

And because the main part of the building budget

因为建筑预支的 主要部分

was spent on craftsmanship,

花费在了工匠上。

the school wasn't just a building,

学校不仅仅是一个建筑

it became a real catalyst for local development,

它成为了一个真正的 当地发展的催化剂，

and that made me happy.

这使我很高兴。

If I had designed the school in cement and steel,

如果我将学校设计成 使用水泥和钢筋的，

this money would have been exported and lost for those families.

这些钱就被成为其他开销 对于这些家庭而言就是一个损失。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The building budget at that time was 35,000 euros --

建筑预支在那时候 是35000欧元

it's probably doubled by now --

现在恐怕是要翻两倍了。

and this is a lot of money for that region,

这对于那个地区来说 是很多钱，

and especially because this money is working within the community

尤其是因为这些钱 是投资在社区里面

and rotating fast,

而且周转得很快，

and not on the stock market.

不是在股票市场上。

So when it comes to the economic sustainability of my project,

所以当讨论到到我项目的 经济持续性

my main question is, who gets the profit?

我的主要问题是，谁获益？

How many of you in here

你们在场的有多少

have some experience living in a mud house?

有住在泥土做的房子里的经历？

Chris Anderson, where is your hand?

Chris Anderson，你的手呢？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

You? OK.

你？好吧。

Yeah.

是的。

It seems totally out of our focus,

这似乎是在我们关注之外的事。

but approximately three billion people all around the planet

但是地球上 约三百万人

are living in earth houses,

都居住在土房子里，

and it is a traditional building material

这是一个传统的建筑材料，

in Europe just as much as in Africa.

不论对于欧洲还是非洲来说。

Strangely enough,

奇怪的是，

mud is not considered worthy of being studied at universities ...

泥土被认为是不值得 在大学里研究学习的，

so I brought the dirt to Harvard,

所以，我将泥土带到了哈佛。

(Laughter)

(笑声）

precisely 60 tons of dirt right in front of the main facade

准确来说 我在设计学院正门口

of the Graduate School of Design.

放了60吨泥土。

Students and faculty rolled up their sleeves,

学生和员工们 卷起袖口

got their hands dirty

开始在泥土里干活，

and transformed the front into a warm place for people to gather.

将前线转变成一个温暖的地方 供人们聚集在一起。

Children would climb the structures,

孩子们可以在建筑上攀爬，

skaters would ride the ramp,

滑板者可以玩坡道，

students having lunch breaks,

学生们有午餐休息区，

and it was particularly fascinating to see how many people were touching the wall,

尤其令人惊叹的是 看到那么多人触摸这面墙，

and we usually don't go around cities caressing our facades, right?

我们通常不会走在城市里 触摸那些外墙，对吧？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Of course, this was a small-scale project,

当然，这是一个小规模的项目，

but in terms of awareness-building and in terms of education,

但是就意识开发 和教育而言，

it was like an acupuncture trigger point.

就好像针灸的触点一样。

And in fact, in more and more countries,

实际上，在越来越多的国家

load-bearing earthen structures are not allowed to be built anymore

承重力强的土墙结构 已经被禁止建造，

although they're traditional and have lasted for hundreds of years,

尽管它们非常传统 而且已经存在了几百年

and not because the material is weak,

这不是因为材料不好，

but because there are no architects and engineers

而是因为缺乏 知道如何运用那些材料的

who know how to deal with that material.

建筑师和工程师。

So education on all levels,

所以，教育各个层次的

for craftsmen, engineers and architects,

工匠，工程师和建筑师

is really strongly needed.

真的很需要。

Equally important is technological development,

同样重要的是 科技的发展，

like prefabrication developed by my colleague Martin Rauch,

比如，由我的同事Martin Rauch 所发展的预加工一样

who is an Austrian artist and expert in earthen structures.

Martin是一个奥地利艺术家 且专长于土壤结构。

And he has created technologies for rammed earth elements,

他创造了技术 来处理夯土成分

for prefabrication of rammed earth elements

并且来预加工夯土成分，

that include insulation, wall heatings and coolings

这些技术包括绝缘 墙体加热和制冷，

and all sorts of electrical fittings

以及所有可以放在

that can be layered to multistoried buildings,

几层高的建筑的 电子设备，

and this is important in order to scale up

这对于规模化

and in order to [speed] up the processes,

和加速进程是很重要的，

like in the Ricola Herb Center in Switzerland.

就好像在 瑞士的Ricola草药中心一样。

And finally, we need good built projects

最后，我们需要好的项目

that prove you can build with an ancient material

证明你能够 用古老的材料

in a very modern way.

结合现代的方式进行建造。

It is not a matter of how old a material is;

这不是材料有多老的问题

it's a matter of our creative ability to use it today.

这是我们现今创造力的问题。

These, for example, are three hostels

比如，这三个旅馆

that I did in China in the village Baoxi,

是我在中国的宝溪建造的

about six hours by bus from Shanghai.

距离上海6小时车程。

The outside shape is woven bamboo,

建筑外面的形状是编织的竹子

and the inside core is stones and rammed earth.

里面的核心 是石头和夯土

And it is a traditional building material.

这是传统的建筑材料

Even large parts of the Great Wall of China

即使是中国长城的 大部分

have been built with rammed earth,

都是由夯土制造的

but it's getting replaced by concrete.

但是夯土正在被水泥所取代。

And this trend is happening very fast.

这个趋势发展势头正猛。

Within only a couple of years,

在仅仅几年之内，

China has consumed more cement than the United States

中国消耗的水泥量

in the entire 20th century.

已超过了 美国在20世纪消耗的总量。

And this trend of replacing natural building materials

自然建筑材料正在被

with materials that require a lot of energy,

更加耗能的材料所取代，

that are energy-intensive,

它们是能源密集型的材料，

and that emit CO2

也会释放出二氧化碳，

is really clearly contributing to climate change.

这种趋势确实是 全球变暖的一大因素。

And we have alternatives,

而我们有其他选择，

such as mud, stones, timber, bamboo, earth,

比如泥土，石头，木材 竹子，夯土，

that are totally effective options for all sorts of purposes.

这些都是非常有效的选项 不管出于何种目的。

This, for example, is an office building that we did

比如这个， 是一个我们为奥地利的Omicron电子

for Omicron Electronics in Austria.

建造的办公楼。

Mud is healthy for the planet, but also for the human bodies,

泥土对于地球来说是健康的， 对人体也是如此，

and the material is low-tech,

而且材料是低科技，

but the performance is high-tech.

但是性能是很高的。

The earth walls keep the highly sophisticated tools in the building safe

土墙为楼内复杂的科研工具 提供了安全的住所

by naturally regulating moisture.

因为它可以自然调节湿气。

And this wall in my own home

我自己家里的墙

is our humidfier.

是我们的加湿器。

We love our six tons of dirt at home

我们很爱家里的这6吨泥土

not only because it's healthy and sustainable.

不仅仅是因为 它健康且可持续。

Its archaic warmth is touching deep within.

它古老的温暖 可以直击内心深处。

My personal dream is to build a mud skyscraper right in Manhattan.

我个人的梦想是在曼哈顿建造 一个泥土摩天大楼。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Yeah.

是的。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And this dream isn't so crazy

这个梦想不是疯狂的

if you think of the mud city of Shibam in Yemen

想想在也门的希巴姆市， 完全由泥土构成，

它建于16世纪

that was built in the 16th century

and has lasted now for 500 years.

至今已有500年的历史。

What was possible that long ago is possible today as well,

如果以前实现得了， 如今我也做得到。

and we can apply all our technical know-how

我们可以将我们的技术

运用在这些古老的材料上

to these ancient materials

满足我们的需求和梦想。

so that it meets our needs and our dreams.

All around us,

就在我们周围

and just below our feet ...

就在我们脚下

are wonderful natural building materials.

是令人惊叹的自然建筑材料。

Let's use them.

让我们运用它们。

And I deeply believe

我深信

our homes, our work spaces, our cities

我们的家园，我们工作的地方， 我们的城市

would become more healthy and sustainable

将会变得更加健康， 也变得可持续发展，

and more humane

更加人性化

and beautiful.

更加美丽。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）