The warmth and wisdom of mud buildings | Anna Heringer

67,984 views ・ 2017-10-17

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It was the end of October in the mountains in Austria.
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I was there on a field trip with my architecture students from Zurich.
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And when we reached a high valley,
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I surprised them with the news that there was no hut
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or hotel booked for the night.
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It was not a mistake.
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It was totally on purpose.
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The challenge was to build our own shelter with whatever we could find.
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And we all survived.
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It was cold, it was really tough ...
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and it was a great learning experience
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to discover that there are a lot of resources given by nature for free,
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and all that we need is our sensitivity to see them ...
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and our creativity to use them.
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I found myself in a similar situation.
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When I was an architecture student about 13 years ago,
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I went to Bangladesh to a remote village called Rudrapur
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with the aim to design and build a school as my thesis project.
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I had lived in that village before when I was 19 and a volunteer
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at Dipshikha, a Bangladeshi NGO for rural development.
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And what I had learned from them
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was that the most sustainable strategy for sustainable development
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is to cherish and to use your very own resources and potential,
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and not get dependent on external factors.
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And this is what I tried to do with my architecture as well.
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In terms of suitable building materials for my school,
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I didn't have to look far.
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They were right under my feet:
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mud, earth, dirt, clay, however you call it ...
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and bamboo that was growing all around.
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Electricity in remote Bangladesh is rare,
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but we didn't need it.
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We had human energy
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and the people were happy to have the work.
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Tools were an issue, too,
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but we had these guys,
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water buffalos.
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We had also tried a bit cows,
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but interestingly, they were too intelligent.
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They were always stepping in the holes of the previous round.
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They wouldn't mix the mud, the straw --
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(Laughter)
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the sand, which are the ingredients in the walls.
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And except a small team of consultants
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like my partner for realization, Eike Roswag,
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and my basket-weaver cousin, Emmanuel,
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it was all built by craftsmen from the village.
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And this is the METI school after six months of construction.
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(Applause)
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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Load-bearing earth walls that really ground the school,
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and large bamboo structures that bring the lightness in.
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That's the classroom on the ground floor.
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Attached to it are the caves.
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They're for reading, for snuggling, for solo work,
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for meditation, for playing ...
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and the classroom on the top.
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The children all signed with their names in Bengali the doors,
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and they did not only sign, they also helped building the school.
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And I'm sure you all had your hands in mud or clay before.
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It's wonderful to touch. I love it.
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The children loved it.
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And can you imagine the feeling of a small boy or a girl
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or an illiterate day laborer standing in front of that school building
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and knowing that you built this
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out of the ordinary bamboo and just the dirt underneath your feet,
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using nothing but your hands?
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That gives such an enormous boost of trust and confidence
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in yourself and the community.
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And in the material.
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Especially mud has a very poor image.
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When we think of mud, we think of dirt --
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it's ugly, it's nondurable --
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and this is the image I want to change.
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In fact, it's the 11th rainy season for this school now,
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really harsh, horizontal monsoon rains,
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and the walls are standing strong.
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(Applause)
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So how does it work?
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First rule, a good foundation that keeps the wall dry from the ground,
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and second rule, a good roof that protects from the top,
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and third rule, erosion control.
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Mud walls need speed breakers
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so that the rainwater cannot run down the wall fast,
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and these speed breakers could be lines of bamboo
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or stones or straw mixed into the mud,
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just like a hill needs trees or rocks in order to prevent erosion.
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It works just the same way.
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And people always ask me if I have to add cement to the mud,
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and the answer is no.
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There is no stabilizer, no coating on these walls,
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only in the foundation.
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So this is the close-up of the wall
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after 10 rainy seasons,
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and as much as I grew a bit older,
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the wall got some wrinkles as well.
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The edges my not be as sharp as before,
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but it still looks pretty good,
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and if it needs repairing,
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it is really easy to do.
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You just take the broken part,
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make it wet, and put it back on the wall,
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and it will look the same as before.
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Wish that would work on me, too.
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(Laughter)
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Yeah, and the great thing is,
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if an earth wall is not needed anymore,
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it can go back to the ground it came from,
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turn into a garden,
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or get fully recycled without any loss of quality.
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There's no other material that can do this,
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and this is why mud is so excellent in terms of environmental performance.
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What about the economic sustainability?
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When we built the school,
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I practically lived on the construction site,
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and in the evening, I used to go with the workers to the market,
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and I could see how they spent their money.
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And they would buy the vegetables from their neighbors,
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they would get a new haircut or a new blouse from the tailor.
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And because the main part of the building budget
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was spent on craftsmanship,
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the school wasn't just a building,
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it became a real catalyst for local development,
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and that made me happy.
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If I had designed the school in cement and steel,
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this money would have been exported and lost for those families.
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(Applause)
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The building budget at that time was 35,000 euros --
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it's probably doubled by now --
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and this is a lot of money for that region,
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and especially because this money is working within the community
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and rotating fast,
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and not on the stock market.
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So when it comes to the economic sustainability of my project,
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my main question is, who gets the profit?
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How many of you in here
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have some experience living in a mud house?
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Chris Anderson, where is your hand?
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(Laughter)
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You? OK.
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Yeah.
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It seems totally out of our focus,
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but approximately three billion people all around the planet
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are living in earth houses,
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and it is a traditional building material
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in Europe just as much as in Africa.
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Strangely enough,
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mud is not considered worthy of being studied at universities ...
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so I brought the dirt to Harvard,
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(Laughter)
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precisely 60 tons of dirt right in front of the main facade
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of the Graduate School of Design.
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Students and faculty rolled up their sleeves,
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got their hands dirty
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and transformed the front into a warm place for people to gather.
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Children would climb the structures,
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skaters would ride the ramp,
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students having lunch breaks,
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and it was particularly fascinating to see how many people were touching the wall,
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and we usually don't go around cities caressing our facades, right?
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(Laughter)
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(Laughter)
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Of course, this was a small-scale project,
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but in terms of awareness-building and in terms of education,
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it was like an acupuncture trigger point.
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And in fact, in more and more countries,
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load-bearing earthen structures are not allowed to be built anymore
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although they're traditional and have lasted for hundreds of years,
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and not because the material is weak,
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but because there are no architects and engineers
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who know how to deal with that material.
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So education on all levels,
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for craftsmen, engineers and architects,
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is really strongly needed.
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Equally important is technological development,
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like prefabrication developed by my colleague Martin Rauch,
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who is an Austrian artist and expert in earthen structures.
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And he has created technologies for rammed earth elements,
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for prefabrication of rammed earth elements
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that include insulation, wall heatings and coolings
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and all sorts of electrical fittings
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that can be layered to multistoried buildings,
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and this is important in order to scale up
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and in order to [speed] up the processes,
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like in the Ricola Herb Center in Switzerland.
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And finally, we need good built projects
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that prove you can build with an ancient material
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in a very modern way.
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It is not a matter of how old a material is;
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it's a matter of our creative ability to use it today.
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These, for example, are three hostels
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that I did in China in the village Baoxi,
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about six hours by bus from Shanghai.
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The outside shape is woven bamboo,
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and the inside core is stones and rammed earth.
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And it is a traditional building material.
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Even large parts of the Great Wall of China
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have been built with rammed earth,
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but it's getting replaced by concrete.
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And this trend is happening very fast.
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Within only a couple of years,
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China has consumed more cement than the United States
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in the entire 20th century.
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And this trend of replacing natural building materials
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with materials that require a lot of energy,
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that are energy-intensive,
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and that emit CO2
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is really clearly contributing to climate change.
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And we have alternatives,
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such as mud, stones, timber, bamboo, earth,
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that are totally effective options for all sorts of purposes.
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This, for example, is an office building that we did
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for Omicron Electronics in Austria.
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Mud is healthy for the planet, but also for the human bodies,
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and the material is low-tech,
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but the performance is high-tech.
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The earth walls keep the highly sophisticated tools in the building safe
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by naturally regulating moisture.
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And this wall in my own home
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is our humidfier.
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We love our six tons of dirt at home
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not only because it's healthy and sustainable.
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Its archaic warmth is touching deep within.
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My personal dream is to build a mud skyscraper right in Manhattan.
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(Laughter)
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Yeah.
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(Applause)
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And this dream isn't so crazy
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if you think of the mud city of Shibam in Yemen
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that was built in the 16th century
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and has lasted now for 500 years.
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What was possible that long ago is possible today as well,
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and we can apply all our technical know-how
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to these ancient materials
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so that it meets our needs and our dreams.
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All around us,
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and just below our feet ...
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are wonderful natural building materials.
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Let's use them.
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And I deeply believe
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our homes, our work spaces, our cities
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would become more healthy and sustainable
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and more humane
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and beautiful.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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