The warmth and wisdom of mud buildings | Anna Heringer

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: 易帆 余

It was the end of October in the mountains in Austria.

時間是十月底， 地點在奧地利的山區。

I was there on a field trip with my architecture students from Zurich.

我和我的建築系學生 從蘇黎世到那裡做實地考察。

And when we reached a high valley,

當我們抵達一處高山谷，

I surprised them with the news that there was no hut

我告訴他們，

這裡沒有小屋或飯店可以過夜的消息 讓他們吃了一驚。

or hotel booked for the night.

It was not a mistake.

那並不是個失誤。

It was totally on purpose.

我完全是故意的。

The challenge was to build our own shelter with whatever we could find.

我們的挑戰就是要用任何 能找到的東西來建立自己的庇護所。

And we all survived.

我們都存活下來了。

It was cold, it was really tough ...

當時很冷，情況非常艱困…

and it was a great learning experience

那是一次很棒的學習經驗，

to discover that there are a lot of resources given by nature for free,

他們發現原來大自然 免費提供了許多的資源，

and all that we need is our sensitivity to see them ...

我們所需要的，就是對這些資源 要有足夠的敏感度...

and our creativity to use them.

及使用它們的創意。

I found myself in a similar situation.

我發現我自己也曾經 遇過類似的狀況。

When I was an architecture student about 13 years ago,

大約十三年前， 我還是建築系學生時，

I went to Bangladesh to a remote village called Rudrapur

我前往孟加拉共和國 一個叫做魯達普爾的偏遠村落，

with the aim to design and build a school as my thesis project.

主要目的是去設計並建立一所學校， 作為我的論文專案。

I had lived in that village before when I was 19 and a volunteer

我十九歲時住過那個村落， 當時我是孟加拉的

at Dipshikha, a Bangladeshi NGO for rural development.

鄉村發展非政府組織 「迪普西卡」的志工。

And what I had learned from them

我從他們身上學到的是，

was that the most sustainable strategy for sustainable development

最永續的永續發展策略

is to cherish and to use your very own resources and potential,

就是珍惜和使用 你自己的資源和潛能，

and not get dependent on external factors.

不要去依賴外部因子。

And this is what I tried to do with my architecture as well.

這也是當時我嘗試要做的建築風格。

In terms of suitable building materials for my school,

用當地適當的建材來蓋我的學校，

I didn't have to look far.

不需要捨近求遠。

They were right under my feet:

它們就在我腳下：

mud, earth, dirt, clay, however you call it ...

泥巴、泥土、土壤，看你怎麼稱呼它…

and bamboo that was growing all around.

還有長滿地的竹子。

Electricity in remote Bangladesh is rare,

孟加拉共和國的偏遠地區， 「電力」很稀有，

but we didn't need it.

但我們並不需要。

We had human energy

我們有「人力」，

and the people were happy to have the work.

人們都開心地做著這工作。

Tools were an issue, too,

工具也是個問題，

but we had these guys,

但我們有這些伙伴，

water buffalos.

水牛。

We had also tried a bit cows,

我們也試過用乳牛，

but interestingly, they were too intelligent.

但有趣的是，牠們太聰明。

They were always stepping in the holes of the previous round.

牠們老是去踩上一圈走過的洞。

They wouldn't mix the mud, the straw --

牠們不願意混合泥巴、稻草…

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

the sand, which are the ingredients in the walls.

沙子，這些都是 牆壁要用的混合原料。

And except a small team of consultants

除了一個小型的顧問團隊，

like my partner for realization, Eike Roswag,

比如我的實現搭擋艾克洛斯瓦、

and my basket-weaver cousin, Emmanuel,

以及我那位織籃子的表兄伊曼紐爾，

it was all built by craftsmen from the village.

學校全由村落的工匠建造。

And this is the METI school after six months of construction.

這是 METI 學校 在建設六個月後的樣子。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Load-bearing earth walls that really ground the school,

承重用的泥土牆 強化了學校的結構基礎，

and large bamboo structures that bring the lightness in.

大型的竹子結構讓重量變得很輕。

That's the classroom on the ground floor.

這是一樓的教室。

Attached to it are the caves.

洞穴跟它接在一起。

They're for reading, for snuggling, for solo work,

其用途是閱讀、小歇、單獨工作、

for meditation, for playing ...

冥想、玩樂…

and the classroom on the top.

這是頂樓的教室。

The children all signed with their names in Bengali the doors,

孩子們都把他們的 孟加拉語名字簽在門上，

and they did not only sign, they also helped building the school.

他們不只簽名，還協助建立學校。

And I'm sure you all had your hands in mud or clay before.

我相信各位都曾把手 放到泥巴或泥土中過。

It's wonderful to touch. I love it.

我很愛那種美好的觸感。

The children loved it.

孩子們也很愛。

And can you imagine the feeling of a small boy or a girl

各位能否想像，當這些小男生、 小女孩、未受過教育的零工們，

or an illiterate day laborer standing in front of that school building

當他們站在這棟建築物前面時，

心中理解，這間學校是靠普通的竹子、

and knowing that you built this

out of the ordinary bamboo and just the dirt underneath your feet,

腳下的泥巴和我自己的雙手

using nothing but your hands?

從無到有，所建立起來的那份感動？

That gives such an enormous boost of trust and confidence

那會大大提升你對 你自己以及這個社區

in yourself and the community.

的信任和信心。

And in the material.

還有對材料運用的自信。

Especially mud has a very poor image.

特別是我們對泥巴的印象 非常糟糕。

When we think of mud, we think of dirt --

當我們想到泥巴時， 我們會想到汙物──

it's ugly, it's nondurable --

它很醜陋，它不耐久──

and this is the image I want to change.

我想要改變我們對泥巴的印象。

In fact, it's the 11th rainy season for this school now,

事實上，這間學校現在已經 經歷了第十一個雨季了，

really harsh, horizontal monsoon rains,

非常嚴酷的強烈季風雨，

and the walls are standing strong.

而牆壁現在依舊穩固地屹立著。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So how does it work?

所以是怎麼做到的？

First rule, a good foundation that keeps the wall dry from the ground,

規則一，要有好的地基來讓 牆壁保持乾燥不受地面影響，

and second rule, a good roof that protects from the top,

規則二，有要好的屋頂， 從上方做保護，

and third rule, erosion control.

規則三，侵蝕控制。

Mud walls need speed breakers

泥巴牆需要有減速的凸障，

so that the rainwater cannot run down the wall fast,

這樣雨水才不會快速地 延牆壁流下，

and these speed breakers could be lines of bamboo

可以用成排的竹子 來做這些減速凸障，

or stones or straw mixed into the mud,

或是把石頭或稻草混合到泥巴當中，

just like a hill needs trees or rocks in order to prevent erosion.

就像山丘需要有樹木 或石頭才能避免侵蝕。

It works just the same way.

道理是一樣的。

And people always ask me if I have to add cement to the mud,

人們總會問我， 我是否有在泥巴中加水泥，

and the answer is no.

答案是：沒有。

There is no stabilizer, no coating on these walls,

這些牆壁沒有穩定劑、沒有塗層，

only in the foundation.

只有地基才有。

So this is the close-up of the wall

這是牆壁的近距離照片，

after 10 rainy seasons,

在十個雨季之後，

and as much as I grew a bit older,

就像我變老了一樣，

the wall got some wrinkles as well.

牆上也有了皺紋。

The edges my not be as sharp as before,

牆角可能沒有像以前那麼筆直，

but it still looks pretty good,

但看起來狀況還不錯，

and if it needs repairing,

如果它需要維修，

it is really easy to do.

也非常容易辦到。

You just take the broken part,

只要針對壞掉的部份，

make it wet, and put it back on the wall,

把它弄濕，再補土回牆壁上即可，

and it will look the same as before.

它就會看起來跟以前一樣了。

Wish that would work on me, too.

真希望我也可以這樣。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Yeah, and the great thing is,

而很棒的一點是，

if an earth wall is not needed anymore,

如果不再需要泥土牆了，

it can go back to the ground it came from,

它就可以回到它所屬的地方：地上，

turn into a garden,

轉變成一個花園，

or get fully recycled without any loss of quality.

或是可以完全回收使用， 品質不受任何影響。

There's no other material that can do this,

沒有其他材料能做到這點，

and this is why mud is so excellent in terms of environmental performance.

那就是為什麼泥巴的 環保表現能如此出色。

What about the economic sustainability?

那麼經濟永續性又如何呢？

When we built the school,

當我們建造這間學校時，

I practically lived on the construction site,

我可以說是住在工地裡，

and in the evening, I used to go with the workers to the market,

晚上，我會和工人一起去市場，

and I could see how they spent their money.

我可以看到他們如何花錢。

And they would buy the vegetables from their neighbors,

他們會向鄰居買蔬菜，

they would get a new haircut or a new blouse from the tailor.

他們會去剪個新髮型 或是向裁縫師買件新上衣。

And because the main part of the building budget

因為建設預算的主要部份

was spent on craftsmanship,

都花在工匠師傅的手藝上，

the school wasn't just a building,

這間學校不只是一棟建築，

it became a real catalyst for local development,

它更是當地發展的催化劑，

and that made me happy.

那讓我很開心。

If I had designed the school in cement and steel,

如果我用水泥和鋼鐵 來設計這間學校，

this money would have been exported and lost for those families.

這筆錢就會被出口， 那些家庭就無法受惠。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

The building budget at that time was 35,000 euros --

當時的建築預算是 35,000 歐元，

it's probably doubled by now --

現在大概要兩倍的價錢，

and this is a lot of money for that region,

對那個區域來說，這是筆很大的錢，

and especially because this money is working within the community

特別是，這筆錢留在社區中，

and rotating fast,

快速流轉，

and not on the stock market.

而不是流入股票市場。

So when it comes to the economic sustainability of my project,

所以每當我談到專案的經濟永續性，

my main question is, who gets the profit?

我主要的問題會先問：誰獲利？

How many of you in here

在座各位有多少人

have some experience living in a mud house?

有住過泥巴房子？

Chris Anderson, where is your hand?

克里斯安德森，你該舉個手吧？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

You? OK.

你有？好。

Yeah.

是啊。

It seems totally out of our focus,

我們大概不在乎這個，

but approximately three billion people all around the planet

但地球上大約有三十億人

are living in earth houses,

都住在泥土房中，

and it is a traditional building material

它是種傳統的建築材料，

in Europe just as much as in Africa.

不僅在非洲，在歐洲也差不多如此。

Strangely enough,

非常奇怪的是，

mud is not considered worthy of being studied at universities ...

在大學中，泥巴並不被 認為是值得研究的。

so I brought the dirt to Harvard,

所以，我把泥巴拿去哈佛，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

precisely 60 tons of dirt right in front of the main facade

精確地說，是把 60 噸的泥巴，

通通都放在設計研究所的正前方。

of the Graduate School of Design.

Students and faculty rolled up their sleeves,

學生和教職員捲起袖子，

got their hands dirty

把手弄髒（親手去做），

and transformed the front into a warm place for people to gather.

把前面區域轉變成 讓人們聚聚的溫暖地方。

Children would climb the structures,

孩子可以攀爬構造體，

skaters would ride the ramp,

玩滑板車的人可以使用斜坡滑板，

students having lunch breaks,

學生在這裡吃中餐，

and it was particularly fascinating to see how many people were touching the wall,

特別棒的是，你可以看到 很多人在觸碰牆面，

and we usually don't go around cities caressing our facades, right?

我們通常不會在城市裡 到處撫摸建築物外牆，對吧？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Of course, this was a small-scale project,

當然，這是個小規模的專案，

but in terms of awareness-building and in terms of education,

但就建材認知層面及教育層面來說，

it was like an acupuncture trigger point.

它就像是針灸的激痛點。

And in fact, in more and more countries,

事實上，在越來越多的國家中，

load-bearing earthen structures are not allowed to be built anymore

已經不再允許用泥土作為承重結構了，

although they're traditional and have lasted for hundreds of years,

雖然它們是傳統做法 且已經被用了數百年，

and not because the material is weak,

並非因為這種材料太脆弱，

but because there are no architects and engineers

而是因為沒有建築師和工程師

who know how to deal with that material.

知道要如何處理這種材料了。

So education on all levels,

所以在各層級上的教育，

for craftsmen, engineers and architects,

對工匠、工程師、建築師的教育，

is really strongly needed.

是非常必要的。

Equally important is technological development,

技術的發展也是同等重要，

like prefabrication developed by my colleague Martin Rauch,

像是我同事馬丁拉奇的預鑄工法，

who is an Austrian artist and expert in earthen structures.

他是澳洲的藝術家和泥土結構專家。

And he has created technologies for rammed earth elements,

他創造了夯土技術、

for prefabrication of rammed earth elements

土壤的預鑄工法，

that include insulation, wall heatings and coolings

讓牆體有隔熱、保溫與散熱的功能，

and all sorts of electrical fittings

以及各類預埋的電路配管，

that can be layered to multistoried buildings,

這些都可以運用在多層建築上，

and this is important in order to scale up

這些對放大建築規模、

and in order to [speed] up the processes,

加速建築流程是很重要的，

like in the Ricola Herb Center in Switzerland.

就像在瑞士的利口樂香草中心。

And finally, we need good built projects

最後，我們需要好的建築專案，

that prove you can build with an ancient material

來證明我們能將古老的材料

in a very modern way.

運用在現代建築上。

It is not a matter of how old a material is;

重點不在材料有多古老；

it's a matter of our creative ability to use it today.

而是我們現今運用 這些建材的創意能力。

These, for example, are three hostels

比如，這三間旅館，

that I did in China in the village Baoxi,

是我在中國的寶溪村做的，

about six hours by bus from Shanghai.

從上海搭公車過去大約要六小時。

The outside shape is woven bamboo,

外牆是用竹子編的，

and the inside core is stones and rammed earth.

內在的核心是石頭和夯土。

And it is a traditional building material.

竹子是一種傳統建材。

Even large parts of the Great Wall of China

甚至中國長城都有很大部份

have been built with rammed earth,

是用夯土做的，

but it's getting replaced by concrete.

但它們後來被混凝土取代。

And this trend is happening very fast.

這個趨勢發展很快。

Within only a couple of years,

僅在幾年內，

China has consumed more cement than the United States

中國消耗的水泥量

in the entire 20th century.

已經超越了美國在二十世紀的總量。

And this trend of replacing natural building materials

這個取代天然建材的趨勢

with materials that require a lot of energy,

需要消耗許多能量的材料、

that are energy-intensive,

能量密集的材料、

and that emit CO2

排放二氧化碳的材料，

is really clearly contributing to climate change.

很顯然會造成氣候改變。

And we have alternatives,

我們有替代方案，

such as mud, stones, timber, bamboo, earth,

比如泥巴、石頭、木材、竹子、泥土，

that are totally effective options for all sorts of purposes.

都是很有效益的選擇， 各種目的皆可使用。

This, for example, is an office building that we did

比如，我們為澳洲歐米克朗電子儀器

for Omicron Electronics in Austria.

建造了一棟辦公室大樓。

Mud is healthy for the planet, but also for the human bodies,

對地球以及對人體來說， 泥巴都是健康的，

and the material is low-tech,

材料是低科技的，

but the performance is high-tech.

但成效卻是高科技的。

The earth walls keep the highly sophisticated tools in the building safe

泥土牆能以天然方式調節濕度，

讓放在建築物內的 高度精密工具都很安全。

by naturally regulating moisture.

And this wall in my own home

這是我自己家中的牆，

is our humidfier.

是我們的加濕器。

We love our six tons of dirt at home

我們很愛家裡的六噸泥巴，

not only because it's healthy and sustainable.

不僅是因為它很健康且永續，

Its archaic warmth is touching deep within.

它的古式溫暖能深深觸及內心。

My personal dream is to build a mud skyscraper right in Manhattan.

我個人的夢想是要在曼哈頓 建造一棟泥巴摩天大樓。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Yeah.

是啊。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And this dream isn't so crazy

這夢想並不算瘋狂，

if you think of the mud city of Shibam in Yemen

想想葉門希巴姆的泥巴城市，

that was built in the 16th century

它是在十六世紀建造的，

and has lasted now for 500 years.

至今已有五百年。

What was possible that long ago is possible today as well,

那麼久以前就有可能做到的事， 在現今也是可能的，

and we can apply all our technical know-how

我們能把我們所有的技術知識

to these ancient materials

用到這些古老材料上，

so that it meets our needs and our dreams.

讓它們能符合我們的需求及夢想。

All around us,

在我們周圍，

and just below our feet ...

在我們腳下

are wonderful natural building materials.

是美好的天然建材。

Let's use them.

我們來運用它們。

And I deeply believe

我深深相信，

our homes, our work spaces, our cities

我們的家、我們的 工作場所、我們的城市

would become more healthy and sustainable

會變得更健康及永續、

and more humane

更有人性、

and beautiful.

更美麗。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）