What if the poor were part of city planning? | Smruti Jukur Johari

180,452 views ・ 2020-02-28

TED


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翻译人员: Lipeng Chen 校对人员: Wanting Zhong
00:13
What is our imagery of cities?
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我们眼中的城市是什么样的?
00:16
When we imagine cities,
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当我们想到城市时,
00:17
we often imagine it to be something like this.
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脑海中通常会有这样的画面。
00:21
But what if what you're looking at is just half a picture,
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但是你们看到的并不是全貌,
00:25
but there is a city within the city.
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还有城中之城。
00:29
This part of the city is often seen as slums,
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这一部分的城市 常常被视作为贫民窟、
00:32
squatters, informal,
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非法居住区、非正式居民区,
00:34
and people living here are called illegal, informal,
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而居住在里面的人们 则被称为非法的、非正式的、
00:38
criminals, beneficiaries, supplicants, etc.
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罪犯、靠救济存活、乞丐等等。
00:42
But in reality,
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但是事实上,
00:43
these are poor people with no choices.
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这些是别无选择的穷人。
00:47
Poverty is a vicious cycle.
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贫穷是一个恶性循环。
00:49
If born poor, it can take three or more generations
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如果生而贫困, 则需要三代或更多代
00:52
to escape one.
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才能脱离贫困。
00:54
Many are forced in this cycle without choices,
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许多人被迫活在这样的循环中,
00:57
to live on pavements,
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别无选择, 只能住在人行道上、
01:00
along train tracks,
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铁轨旁、
01:03
in dumping grounds,
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垃圾场里、
01:06
along rivers,
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河边、
01:08
swamps and many such unlivable spaces,
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沼泽以及许多 像这样不宜生活的地方,
01:11
without clean water, toilets or housing.
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没有干净用水、厕所或住房。
01:15
But these places are not unfamiliar to me,
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但是对我而言, 这些地方并不陌生,
01:18
because since the age of six, I accompanied my father, a doctor,
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因为从六岁起, 我就跟随身为医生的父亲,
01:22
who treated patients in the slums of Bombay.
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在孟买的贫民窟医治病人。
01:25
Growing up, I would help him carry his bag of medicines
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成长过程中,我会在下课后帮他背
01:28
after school lessons --
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装满药品的袋子——
01:29
I loved doing that.
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我乐在其中。
01:31
Wanting to do something about these habitats,
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我想要为这些地方做些什么,
01:34
I decided to become an architect.
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于是我决定成为一名建筑师。
01:37
But quite early on, I realized
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但是从很早开始,我就意识到
01:39
that the beauty of architecture was only for the rich.
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建筑的美感只是属于有钱人的。
01:43
So I decided to do urban planning
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所以我决定从事 城市规划行业,并加入了
01:47
and joined an NGO in India that works with the urban poor
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印度的一个非政府组织(NGO), 该组织和城市中的穷人合作,
01:50
who organize themselves to access basic services,
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他们通常会自发组织起来 以获取基本的服务,
01:53
such as water, sanitation and housing, for the poor living in cities.
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向生活在城市中的穷人 提供水、卫生和住房。
01:58
Now I spent 10 years of my life in professional education, in learning,
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我花了 10 年时间 接受专业的教育,
02:03
and then five years in unlearning it.
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然后花了 5 年时间忘记所学。
02:06
Because I realized
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因为我意识到,
02:09
that all my training in architecture, design and planning
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我在建筑、设计和规划上受过的训练,
02:12
failed ground realities.
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都与现实是脱节的。
02:15
And this is where I learned the power of choice.
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此时,我学到了选择的力量。
02:20
I unlearned many things,
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我忘记了很多事情,
02:22
but there are two myths about the poor
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但是关于穷人,有两个迷思
02:23
that I would like to share that we live with.
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与我们息息相关, 我想要分享给大家。
02:27
The first myth is a perception
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第一个迷思是,在人们的观念中,
02:29
that migration of poor people into cities is a problem.
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穷人涌入城市是一个问题。
02:34
Is migration really a choice?
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人口迁移真的是一种选择吗?
02:37
My mentor Sheela Patel
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我的导师舍拉 · 帕特(Sheela Patel)
02:39
asked to those who think of this as a problem,
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曾向那些认为这是个问题的人发问,
02:43
"Go ask your grandfather where he came from," she says.
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她说,“问问你的祖父他来自哪里。”
02:49
So what do poor people do when they migrate in cities?
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当穷人搬入城市时, 他们会做什么?
02:52
Let me share an example.
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让我分享一个例子。
02:55
This is the Mumbai International Airport.
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这是孟买国际机场。
02:57
All that you see in blue are large informal settlements around it.
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你们看到的蓝色区域 是围绕在其周边的大型非正式社区。
03:01
Close to 75,000 people live here.
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将近七万五千人在这里生活。
03:05
So who are these people that work silently in hotels, restaurants,
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那么,那些默默无闻地 在酒店、餐厅工作,
03:10
as laborers, babysitters, house helps
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从事着劳工、保姆、家庭帮手
03:14
and countless other jobs
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以及数不清的其他工作,
03:15
that we need for cities to function without a glitch?
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确保城市顺利运作的人, 他们是谁?
03:19
And where do they live?
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他们住在哪里?
03:21
In most cities, they live in slums.
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在大多数城市中,他们住在贫民窟。
03:25
So let us think again.
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那么让我们再思考一下,
03:27
Do we want poor people to stop migrating in our cities?
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我们想要穷人 停止迁入我们的城市吗?
03:31
What if they had a choice of not to?
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如果他们可以选择是否迁入, 那会怎么样?
03:35
The second myth is my personal experience.
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第二个迷思来自我的个人经历。
03:40
It's this attitude that we professionals know better.
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也就是专业人士 懂得更多的这种态度。
03:44
We professionals love to make choices for others,
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我们专业人士喜欢为他人做选择,
03:47
especially for the poor.
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特别是对穷人。
03:49
Let me share an experience.
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以我的个人经历为例,
03:52
In a workshop that looked at designing 250 new houses for poor families
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在一个为周边贫民窟的贫困家庭
03:56
from a slum nearby,
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设计 250 座新房的工作坊上,
03:58
there were different building materials that were presented,
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人们展示了不同的建筑材料,
04:02
ranging from papier-mâché, cardboard, honeycomb, etc.,
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包括混凝纸浆、纸板、蜂巢等等,
04:05
simply because they were affordable.
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仅仅因为这些材料更廉价。
04:08
But there was this one idea that was of shipping containers.
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但有一个主意是使用集装箱。
04:13
Now we immediately approved of it,
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我们立刻就同意了这个想法,
04:15
because we thought it was sustainable, scalable, affordable.
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因为我们觉得这是可持续、 可以扩大规模且可负担的。
04:19
But during this presentation,
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但是在展示过程中,
04:21
a lady from the slum humbly spoke up.
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一位来自贫民窟的女士 谦虚地发声了。
04:24
And she asked the presenter,
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她问了展示人,
04:27
"Would you choose to live in it?"
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“你会选择住在里面吗?”
04:29
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
04:31
"If not, then why did you think we would?"
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“如果你不会,你为什么觉得我们会?”
04:35
Now this was a personal unlearning moment for me,
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那一刻让我意识到要忘记所学,
04:38
where I realized that poverty only changes affordability --
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我发现,贫困只改变了 人能负担什么——
04:42
it does not change aspirations.
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贫困没有改变人的志向。
04:45
Now poor people have lived in temporary structures all their life.
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穷人的一生都生活在临时建筑中。
04:49
They go from wall to wall,
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他们从一面墙换到另一面,
04:50
moving from bricks to tin.
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从砖块房屋换到铁桶搭成的屋子。
04:53
They move from building from bamboo,
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他们从用竹子、 防水布、塑料搭建房屋,
04:55
tarpaulin sheets, plastic, to cardboard, to tin,
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换成用纸板和铁桶,
04:58
to bricks and cement,
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最后改进到用砖块和水泥,
04:59
just like the way we do.
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就像我们一样。
05:02
So somewhere here, we were forcing our choices on them.
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某种程度上,我们把 我们的选择强加给了他们。
05:05
So should we force our choices on them,
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那么,我们是应该 把自己的选择强加给他们,
05:08
or should we broaden their choices?
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还是应该拓宽他们选择的余地呢?
05:11
Now what if the opportunity to choose was given to people?
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如果人们被赋予了选择的机会, 那会怎么样?
05:15
These are women who lived on the pavements of a neighborhood in Mumbai.
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这些是生活在孟买一个社区的 人行道上的女人。
05:21
Now they faced constant evictions, and in response to it,
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为了应对她们所面临的 无休止的驱逐,
05:24
they organized a women's network called Mahila Milan.
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她们创立了一个女性组织,叫做 “团结的女性”(Mahila Milan)。
05:29
Not only did they fight against evictions with those in power,
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她们不仅与权势的驱逐作斗争、
05:32
saved money and bought land,
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存钱并买地,
05:35
but they also designed and helped construct their own houses.
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还设计并协助搭建 她们自己的房子。
05:39
Well, these were illiterate women, so how did they do that?
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这些都是不识字的女人, 她们是如何做到的?
05:44
They used floor mats and saris to understand measurements.
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她们把地板垫 和莎丽服当作量尺。
05:49
A sari is four meters in length and 1.5 meters in width.
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一件莎丽服长 4 米,宽 1.5 米。
05:54
They used these simple day-to-day items to demonstrate house models.
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她们使用这些简单的日常物件 来展示房屋模型。
05:59
And even they made three options to choose from
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她们甚至设计了三种格局以供选择,
06:01
and invited all their fellow residents to come and have a look.
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并邀请邻居来参观。
06:05
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:06
And everybody loved this option that had a loft in it,
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每个人都喜欢这个有阁楼的布局,
06:11
simply because it did two things.
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仅因为它有两个特点。
06:13
One is that it accommodated larger families to sleep in.
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一是,它能容纳下更大的家庭。
06:16
And two, it allowed home-based work,
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二是,它允许家庭作坊式的工作,
06:19
such as bangle-making, jewelry-designing,
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比如手镯制作、珠宝设计、
06:22
embroidery-stitching, packaging items, etc.
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刺绣、包装物件等等。
06:26
Now they also decided to not have a toilet inside,
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他们还决定不在里面安置厕所,
06:29
but instead have it outside in the corridors,
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而是把厕所设在外面的走廊,
06:32
simply because it gave them more space and it was cheaper.
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因为这样会有更多的空间, 还更便宜。
06:37
Now, professionals could have never thought
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专业人员根本不可能有
06:39
of something like that.
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这样的考量。
06:41
A formal design would have necessitated to have a toilet inside.
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正式的设计一定会把厕所放在屋内。
06:47
Now these are smaller examples --
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这些是较小的例子——
06:49
let me share some larger context:
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还有更大规模的情形:
06:53
881,000,000 people --
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8 亿 8100 万人——
06:55
that's about one sixth of this world, as we talk here --
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我们说的是全世界 将近六分之一的人口——
06:58
are living in slums and informal settlements.
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居住在贫民窟或是非正式居民区。
07:01
Almost every city in the global south has large slums in the size of townships.
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几乎南半球的每个城市, 都有市镇规模的大型贫民窟。
07:07
Kibera, in Nairobi,
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内罗毕的基贝拉,
07:11
Dharavi, in Mumbai,
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孟买的达拉维,
07:15
Khayelitsha in South Africa, just a few.
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南非的卡亚利沙, 这只是其中几个例子。
07:18
Now initially, they were all on waste and abandoned lands
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一开始,它们都位于被废弃的土地上,
07:22
that cities were never interested in.
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城市对这些土地一直没什么兴趣。
07:24
As cities grew,
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随着城市规模的扩大,
07:26
poor people started building on these lands
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穷人开始在这些土地上建设,
07:28
and brought value to this over time.
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逐渐给这些土地带来了价值。
07:32
And today, these lands have become real estate hot spots
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而今天,这些土地变成了 炙手可热的房地产资源,
07:35
that everybody wants a piece of.
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每个人都想分一杯羹。
07:38
So how do cities and those in power choose to deal with them?
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那么,城市和有权势的人 选择怎么处理它们呢?
07:43
They demolish them and evict them
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他们拆除建筑,驱逐居民,
07:45
and move them away from their cities and economies
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把穷人从他们的城市和经济体中赶走,
07:49
in order to build a new infrastructure.
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以建筑新的基础设施。
07:53
They move them into vertical housing,
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他们让穷人搬进垂直型建筑,
07:57
which in reality looks like this.
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现实中看上去是这样。
08:00
Now when built in high densities,
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高密度的建筑
08:02
they lack natural light and ventilation,
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缺乏良好的采光和通风条件,
08:04
and it often leads to unhealthy conditions.
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通常会损害健康。
08:08
Now, on one hand,
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一方面,
08:10
poor people are not involved in the participation of design,
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穷人没有参与到设计之中,
08:14
and there is poor quality of construction.
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建筑的质量也不好。
08:16
And on the other hand,
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另一方面,
08:19
they do not understand how to do maintenance,
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他们不懂得如何维护保养,
08:21
you know, keeping bills, keeping records, forming societies --
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比如保留账单、 保持记录、形成社区——
08:25
this is always difficult for them.
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这些对他们来说总是很难。
08:28
And being forced to move into this formal society,
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他们被迫搬入这种正式的社区,
08:33
they end up looking like this in a few years.
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在几年后便会成为这样。
08:36
Because formalization is not a product,
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因为正式化并不是一种产物,
08:38
it's a process.
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而是一个过程。
08:40
Moving from informal to formal for poor people is a journey.
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对穷人来说,从非正式 移入正式是一个旅程,
08:43
It takes time to accept and adapt.
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需要时间去接受和适应。
08:48
And when that choice is not given,
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而当没有选择时,
08:50
it becomes like this,
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便会成为这样,
08:51
which I'm afraid, in future, these would become the slums.
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恐怕将来这些地方会变成贫民窟。
08:57
Now instead of doing this,
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但我们还有别的选择,
08:59
what if we accommodated poor people
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如果我们给穷人提供住房,
09:01
and gave them a choice to be a part of our cities
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给予他们成为 我们城市一部分的选择,
09:04
and develop them where they are,
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开发他们所在的地区,
09:06
giving them basic services, like in this picture?
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为他们提供像图中这样的基础设施, 那会怎么样呢?
09:10
Now what happens if cities and governments could work together,
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如果城市和政府可以合作,
09:14
if governments acknowledge poor people,
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如果政府认可穷人,
09:16
and they could build it together?
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穷人可以参与建设,会发生什么?
09:19
This is Mukuru.
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这是穆库鲁。
09:21
It's a large informal settlement in Nairobi.
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内罗毕的一个大型非正式居民区,
09:24
It's one of the largest settlements in Africa.
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也是非洲最大的居民区之一。
09:27
It's home to 300,000 people
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这是 30 万人的家园,
09:29
living over 650 acres of land.
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他们在 263 公顷的土地上生活。
09:33
To help us understand that scale,
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为了帮助大家理解这一规模,
09:34
it's like squeezing the population of Pittsburgh
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这相当于把匹兹堡的人口
09:37
into the New York Central Park.
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挤到纽约的中央公园里面。
09:40
That's Mukuru.
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这就是穆库鲁。
09:43
So to give us a glimpse,
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我们看看,
09:45
this is the condition of housing.
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这就是当地的住房条件,
09:48
And this is what it is in between them.
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以及房屋之间的样子。
09:53
So what is life in Mukuru like, just talking briefly?
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那么简单来说,穆库鲁的生活 是怎么样的呢?
09:57
Five hundred and fifty people use one single water tap
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550 个人共用一个水龙头,
10:01
and pay nine times more
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而且相比城市中的人,
10:02
than what anybody else in the city could pay,
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要付九倍的价钱,
10:05
simply because there is no water infrastructure
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仅是因为那里没有水利基础设施,
10:07
and water is sold.
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水是用来卖的。
10:10
Many come back from work to find out that their houses do not exist,
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许多人下班回来, 发现他们的房子不见了,
10:14
because they have either been bulldozed,
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因为这些房子要么被推倒了,
10:16
or they have been burned down.
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要么被烧掉了。
10:20
So, tired of this situation,
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所以,在厌倦了这样的情形之后,
10:22
a local slum dwellers' federation called Muungano
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一个名为“穆加农”(Muungano)的 当地贫民窟居民联盟
10:25
decided to do something about it.
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决定行动起来改变现状。
10:28
In four years,
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四年间,
10:29
they organized 20,000 residents to collect data,
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他们组织了两万居民收集数据、
10:34
map structures and put it together.
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绘制设施图并把它们整合起来。
10:38
And the plan was very simple --
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方案非常简单——
10:39
they only needed four things.
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他们只要四样东西——
10:41
They wanted clean water,
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清洁的用水、
10:43
toilets, decent roads
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厕所、像样的道路,
10:46
and, most importantly, not to be evicted.
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以及最重要的,不被驱逐。
10:50
So they presented this with the government of Nairobi.
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他们向内罗毕政府 展示了这个方案。
10:54
And for the first time in history ever,
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有史以来第一次,
城市同意了这个方案。
10:57
a city has agreed to do it.
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10:59
The city of Nairobi, the government of Kenya,
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内罗毕市和肯尼亚政府
11:01
declared Mukuru to be a special planning area,
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宣布穆库鲁成为特别规划区域,
11:05
which means that people could come up with their own plan.
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这意味着人们可以提出 他们自己的方案。
11:08
People could decide to come up with their own norms and standards,
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人们可以制定出 他们自己的规范和标准,
11:12
because the standards that work for the formal citizens
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因为适用于正规居民的标准
11:15
do not work in informal settings.
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并不适用于非正式社区。
11:17
So what does that mean, to give us an instance?
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那么这意味着什么? 举个例子来看。
11:21
If these are roads in Mukuru,
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如果这些是穆库鲁的道路,
11:23
you can see that there are houses along both sides of the road.
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你可以看到在道路的两旁都有房屋。
11:27
Now in order to bring in a city bus,
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为了引入城市公交,
11:30
as per the standards,
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根据标准,
11:32
planners would have gone for a luxurious 25-meter-wide road.
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规划者会选择很奢侈的 25 米宽的道路。
11:36
Now that would mean displacing [25] percent of the structures --
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这意味着会占去 25% 的建筑——
11:41
that's a lot of people.
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很多人会失去房子。
11:43
So instead of doing that, we came up with a 12-meter-wide road,
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所以我们不这么修路, 而是选择了 12 米宽的道路,
11:47
which had the structures intact and brought the city bus
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这保持了建筑的完整, 同时引入了城市公交,
11:50
without compromising on much services.
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而没有牺牲掉过多的服务。
11:54
In another instance, let's talk about community toilets.
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再来看看社区厕所,
11:58
You know, in high-density areas,
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你们知道, 在人口密度高的地方,
11:59
where there is no scope for individual toilets,
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厕所没有办法设置独立隔间,
12:02
like the public toilets that we have here.
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像我们这里的公共厕所那样。
12:05
So we would go for a male section and a female section.
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我们考虑分为男厕所和女厕所。
12:09
But imagine this situation.
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但是思考下这个情形。
12:12
In the morning rush hours to the toilet,
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在早晨上厕所的高峰时刻,
12:15
when everybody is in intense pressure to relieve themselves,
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每个人都着急的要“解压”,
12:18
and if you're standing in a queue of 50 people,
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如果你站在 50 人的队伍里,
12:20
and there is a child standing behind an adult,
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有个孩子站在成人后面,
12:23
who wins?
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谁会获胜?
12:26
Children end up squatting outside.
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孩子最终会在外面蹲着上厕所。
12:29
And that's why women decided
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这就是为什么女性决定
12:31
to come up with a separate squatting area for children.
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给孩子设置专门分开的蹲厕区。
12:33
Now, who could have thought of something like that?
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有谁会想到这些呢?
12:37
The idea here is that when poor people choose,
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这里的关键在于,当穷人做选择时,
12:40
they choose better.
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他们能做出更好的选择。
12:41
They choose what works for them.
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他们的选择对他们更适用。
12:45
So choice is everything.
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所以选择权就是全部,
12:47
And power decides choice.
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而权力决定选择权。
12:50
And we need those in power --
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我们需要那些掌权的人——
12:53
politicians, leaders, governments,
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政客、领导、政府、
12:56
architects, planners, institutions, researchers --
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建筑师、规划者、机构和研究人员——
12:59
and all of us in our everyday lives to respect choices.
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以及我们生活中的 所有人去尊重选择。
13:04
Instead of choosing what is right for people, for the poor,
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不要为穷人选择什么是对的,
13:09
let's acknowledge and empower their choices.
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而是承认并赋予他们选择的权利。
13:12
And that is how we can build
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这样,我们才能为将来
13:14
better and inclusive cities for tomorrow,
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建造出更好、更包容、 构建在城市自身居民
13:16
completing the imagery of cities
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选择之上的城市,
13:18
built by the choices of its own people.
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让城市的形象变得更加完整。
13:20
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:22
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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