What if the poor were part of city planning? | Smruti Jukur Johari

179,781 views ใƒป 2020-02-28

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: KyoungHwan Oh ๊ฒ€ํ† : hansom Lee
00:13
What is our imagery of cities?
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
00:16
When we imagine cities,
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:17
we often imagine it to be something like this.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:21
But what if what you're looking at is just half a picture,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
00:25
but there is a city within the city.
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๋„์‹œ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
This part of the city is often seen as slums,
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉฐ,
00:32
squatters, informal,
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๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ ์œ ์ง€์ด์ž, ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์ด๋ฉฐ
00:34
and people living here are called illegal, informal,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž, ๋ฌด๋“ฑ๋ก์ž,
00:38
criminals, beneficiaries, supplicants, etc.
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž,์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž, ํƒ„์›์ž ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
But in reality,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ƒ
00:43
these are poor people with no choices.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Poverty is a vicious cycle.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œ์€ ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
If born poor, it can take three or more generations
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:52
to escape one.
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์‚ผ๋Œ€ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
Many are forced in this cycle without choices,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€ ์—†์ด ์ด ๊ตด๋ ˆ์— ๋‚ด๋ชฐ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
to live on pavements,
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ํฌ์žฅ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
01:00
along train tracks,
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๊ธฐ์ฐป๊ธธ ์˜†,
01:03
in dumping grounds,
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ,
01:06
along rivers,
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๊ฐ•๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜,
01:08
swamps and many such unlivable spaces,
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๋Šช์ง€๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค,
01:11
without clean water, toilets or housing.
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๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์ง‘๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
But these places are not unfamiliar to me,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ฏ์„ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
because since the age of six, I accompanied my father, a doctor,
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์—ฌ์„ฏ ์‚ด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ์•„๋น ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋…”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:22
who treated patients in the slums of Bombay.
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๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š”.
01:25
Growing up, I would help him carry his bag of medicines
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์ปค์„œ๋„, ์•„๋น ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
after school lessons --
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๋ฐฉ๊ณผํ›„์—์š”.
01:29
I loved doing that.
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์ „ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Wanting to do something about these habitats,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋„์™€์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์—,
01:34
I decided to become an architect.
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์ „ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
But quite early on, I realized
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ๊ณง ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ฃ .
01:39
that the beauty of architecture was only for the rich.
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๊ฑด์ถ•์€ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ์š”.
01:43
So I decided to do urban planning
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:47
and joined an NGO in India that works with the urban poor
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์ธ๋„์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ NGO์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:50
who organize themselves to access basic services,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹จ์ฒด์ด์ฃ .
01:53
such as water, sanitation and housing, for the poor living in cities.
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๋ฌผ, ์œ„์ƒ์‹œ์„ค, ์ง‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ด ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š”.
01:58
Now I spent 10 years of my life in professional education, in learning,
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์ €๋Š” 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:03
and then five years in unlearning it.
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5๋…„์งธ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
Because I realized
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€
02:09
that all my training in architecture, design and planning
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑด์ถ•์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜, ์„ค๊ณ„๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค์ด
02:12
failed ground realities.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
And this is where I learned the power of choice.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ „ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
I unlearned many things,
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์ „ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:22
but there are two myths about the poor
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
02:23
that I would like to share that we live with.
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๊ฐ™์ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
The first myth is a perception
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€
02:29
that migration of poor people into cities is a problem.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Is migration really a choice?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ž…์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:37
My mentor Sheela Patel
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์ œ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ์ธ ์‹ค๋ผ ํŒŒํ…”์€
02:39
asked to those who think of this as a problem,
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
"Go ask your grandfather where he came from," she says.
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๋„ˆํฌ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€.
02:49
So what do poor people do when they migrate in cities?
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:52
Let me share an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:55
This is the Mumbai International Airport.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
All that you see in blue are large informal settlements around it.
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ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Close to 75,000 people live here.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 7๋งŒ 5์ฒœ๋ช…์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:05
So who are these people that work silently in hotels, restaurants,
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ํ˜ธํ…”, ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘, ๋“ฑ์—์„œ
03:10
as laborers, babysitters, house helps
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๋…ธ๋™์ž๋กœ์„œ, ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„์‹œํ„ฐ, ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ
03:14
and countless other jobs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ง์—…๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:15
that we need for cities to function without a glitch?
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๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
And where do they live?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋”” ์‚ด๊นŒ์š”?
03:21
In most cities, they live in slums.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์— ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
So let us think again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:27
Do we want poor people to stop migrating in our cities?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•ด ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:31
What if they had a choice of not to?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋  ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
03:35
The second myth is my personal experience.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
It's this attitude that we professionals know better.
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
We professionals love to make choices for others,
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
especially for the poor.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:49
Let me share an experience.
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์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:52
In a workshop that looked at designing 250 new houses for poor families
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์„ ์ƒˆ ์ง‘ 250์ฑ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์›Œํฌ์ˆ์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
from a slum nearby,
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์‚ด ์ง‘์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:58
there were different building materials that were presented,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์ž์žฌ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:02
ranging from papier-mรขchรฉ, cardboard, honeycomb, etc.,
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์ข…์ด๋ฐ˜์ฃฝ, ๋งˆ๋ถ„์ง€, ๋ฒŒ์ง‘, ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
simply because they were affordable.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
But there was this one idea that was of shipping containers.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:13
Now we immediately approved of it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹น์žฅ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:15
because we thought it was sustainable, scalable, affordable.
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์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋„ ์ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:19
But during this presentation,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์—,
04:21
a lady from the slum humbly spoke up.
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
And she asked the presenter,
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๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธธ,
04:27
"Would you choose to live in it?"
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"๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์„ธ์š”?"
04:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:31
"If not, then why did you think we would?"
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"๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?"
04:35
Now this was a personal unlearning moment for me,
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์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
where I realized that poverty only changes affordability --
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๊ฐ€๋‚œ์€ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์–ด์ฉ”์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€,
04:42
it does not change aspirations.
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์š•๋ง ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Now poor people have lived in temporary structures all their life.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์ž„์‹œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
They go from wall to wall,
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์ด ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ € ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ,
04:50
moving from bricks to tin.
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๋ฒฝ๋Œ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊นกํ†ต์ง‘์œผ๋กœ์š”.
04:53
They move from building from bamboo,
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๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ ์ง€์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
04:55
tarpaulin sheets, plastic, to cardboard, to tin,
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๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋‚˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋“œ์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ๊นกํ†ต์—์„œ
04:58
to bricks and cement,
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๋ฒฝ๋Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋กœ.
04:59
just like the way we do.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
05:02
So somewhere here, we were forcing our choices on them.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
So should we force our choices on them,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ์„๊นŒ์š”,
05:08
or should we broaden their choices?
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์•„๋‹˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ํญ์„ ๋„“ํ˜€์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:11
Now what if the opportunity to choose was given to people?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
05:15
These are women who lived on the pavements of a neighborhood in Mumbai.
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์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ํฌ์žฅ๋„๋กœ ์œ„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
Now they faced constant evictions, and in response to it,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํ‡ด๊ฑฐ ๋‹นํ•ด์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
05:24
they organized a women's network called Mahila Milan.
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๋งˆํž๋ผ ๋ฐ€๋ž€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
Not only did they fight against evictions with those in power,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ‡ด๊ฑฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
05:32
saved money and bought land,
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๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ๋•…์„ ์‚ฌ์„œ,
05:35
but they also designed and helped construct their own houses.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์ง“๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
Well, these were illiterate women, so how did they do that?
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์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ๋งน์ธ๋ฐ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:44
They used floor mats and saris to understand measurements.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์— ๋งคํŠธ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
A sari is four meters in length and 1.5 meters in width.
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์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 4๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ด๊ณ  ํญ์ด 1.5๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ฃ .
05:54
They used these simple day-to-day items to demonstrate house models.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ƒ์šฉํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
And even they made three options to choose from
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
06:01
and invited all their fellow residents to come and have a look.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:06
And everybody loved this option that had a loft in it,
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๋‹ค๋ฝ๋ฐฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:11
simply because it did two things.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
One is that it accommodated larger families to sleep in.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
And two, it allowed home-based work,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์žฌํƒ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:19
such as bangle-making, jewelry-designing,
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ํŒ”์ฐŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋‚˜, ์•…์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋””์ž์ธ,
06:22
embroidery-stitching, packaging items, etc.
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์ž์ˆ˜๋†“๊ธฐ, ํฌ์žฅ, ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋“ค์š”.
06:26
Now they also decided to not have a toilet inside,
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ์ง‘์•ˆ์— ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
but instead have it outside in the corridors,
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋ณต๋„์— ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:32
simply because it gave them more space and it was cheaper.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Now, professionals could have never thought
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ
06:39
of something like that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
A formal design would have necessitated to have a toilet inside.
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์ •์„์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์•ˆ์— ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:47
Now these are smaller examples --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์˜ˆ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
let me share some larger context:
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
06:53
881,000,000 people --
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8์–ต8์ฒœ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…,
06:55
that's about one sixth of this world, as we talk here --
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 6๋ถ„์˜ 1 ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:58
are living in slums and informal settlements.
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ž„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
Almost every city in the global south has large slums in the size of townships.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
Kibera, in Nairobi,
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„์˜ ํ‚ค๋ฒ ๋ผ,
07:11
Dharavi, in Mumbai,
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๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ผ๋น„,
07:15
Khayelitsha in South Africa, just a few.
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๋‚จ์•„๊ณต์˜ ์นด์—˜๋ฆฌ์ƒค๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์˜ˆ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
Now initially, they were all on waste and abandoned lands
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์šฐ์„  ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๋•…์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
that cities were never interested in.
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๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์š”.
07:24
As cities grew,
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๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ,
07:26
poor people started building on these lands
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋•…์— ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
and brought value to this over time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:32
And today, these lands have become real estate hot spots
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ด ๋•…๋“ค์€ ํฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
that everybody wants a piece of.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋•…์ด ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:38
So how do cities and those in power choose to deal with them?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:43
They demolish them and evict them
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ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‡ด๊ฑฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
and move them away from their cities and economies
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๋„์‹œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ถŒ์—์„œ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
in order to build a new infrastructure.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:53
They move them into vertical housing,
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๋กœ๋กœ ๋†’์ด ์Œ“์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:57
which in reality looks like this.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
Now when built in high densities,
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๋†’๊ณ  ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
08:02
they lack natural light and ventilation,
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์ž์—ฐ๊ด‘์ด๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
08:04
and it often leads to unhealthy conditions.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
Now, on one hand,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
08:10
poor people are not involved in the participation of design,
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด,
08:14
and there is poor quality of construction.
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ด ์ง€์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์š”.
08:16
And on the other hand,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
08:19
they do not understand how to do maintenance,
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๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
you know, keeping bills, keeping records, forming societies --
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์˜์ˆ˜์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฆ๋น™์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์š”,
08:25
this is always difficult for them.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
And being forced to move into this formal society,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด
08:33
they end up looking like this in a few years.
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:36
Because formalization is not a product,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ,
08:38
it's a process.
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๊ณผ์ •์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Moving from informal to formal for poor people is a journey.
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๋ฌด๋“ฑ๋ก์ž์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ธด ์—ฌ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
It takes time to accept and adapt.
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
And when that choice is not given,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:50
it becomes like this,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
which I'm afraid, in future, these would become the slums.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์ฃ .
08:57
Now instead of doing this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
08:59
what if we accommodated poor people
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
09:01
and gave them a choice to be a part of our cities
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ์ค˜์„œ
09:04
and develop them where they are,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:06
giving them basic services, like in this picture?
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”? ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
09:10
Now what happens if cities and governments could work together,
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์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด
09:14
if governments acknowledge poor people,
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ ,
09:16
and they could build it together?
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Œ“์•„๋‚˜๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
09:19
This is Mukuru.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋ฌด์ฟ ๋ฃจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
It's a large informal settlement in Nairobi.
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ์ž„์‹œ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ดŒ์ด์ฃ .
09:24
It's one of the largest settlements in Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
It's home to 300,000 people
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์‚ผ์‹ญ๋งŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์ด์ฃ .
09:29
living over 650 acres of land.
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650์—์ด์ปค ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์—์š”.
09:33
To help us understand that scale,
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๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ป˜์š”.
09:34
it's like squeezing the population of Pittsburgh
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ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
09:37
into the New York Central Park.
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๋‰ด์š•์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ํŒŒํฌ์— ๊ตฌ๊ฒจ ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
09:40
That's Mukuru.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌด์ฟ ๋ฃจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
So to give us a glimpse,
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๋Œ€๋žต์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์š”,
09:45
this is the condition of housing.
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์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
And this is what it is in between them.
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์ง‘๊ณผ ์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํญ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์ฃ .
09:53
So what is life in Mukuru like, just talking briefly?
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๋ฌด์ฟ ๋ฃจ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
09:57
Five hundred and fifty people use one single water tap
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550๋ช…์ด ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ผญ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ ,
10:01
and pay nine times more
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๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:02
than what anybody else in the city could pay,
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์•„ํ™‰ ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
simply because there is no water infrastructure
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์ˆ˜๋„ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:07
and water is sold.
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๋ฌผ์ด ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:10
Many come back from work to find out that their houses do not exist,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์ง‘์ด ์—†์–ด์ง„๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณค ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:14
because they have either been bulldozed,
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๋ถˆ๋„์ €์— ๋ฐ€๋ ธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
10:16
or they have been burned down.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋ถˆํƒœ์›Œ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
So, tired of this situation,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž,
10:22
a local slum dwellers' federation called Muungano
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๋ญ‰๊ฐ€๋…ธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ๊ณ ,
10:25
decided to do something about it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:28
In four years,
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4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
10:29
they organized 20,000 residents to collect data,
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2๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:34
map structures and put it together.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ์ฃ .
10:38
And the plan was very simple --
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๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
they only needed four things.
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๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋์ฃ .
10:41
They wanted clean water,
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๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ,
10:43
toilets, decent roads
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ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์ž˜ ๋‹ฆ์ธ ๋„๋กœ
10:46
and, most importantly, not to be evicted.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€, ํ‡ด๊ฑฐ ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:50
So they presented this with the government of Nairobi.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„ ์ •๋ถ€์— ํ”ผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
And for the first time in history ever,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ,
10:57
a city has agreed to do it.
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๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
The city of Nairobi, the government of Kenya,
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๋‚˜์ด๋กœ๋น„์‹œ์™€ ์ผ€๋ƒ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”,
11:01
declared Mukuru to be a special planning area,
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๋ฌด์ฟ ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ณ„ํš์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:05
which means that people could come up with their own plan.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜€์ฃ .
11:08
People could decide to come up with their own norms and standards,
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์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
because the standards that work for the formal citizens
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€๋“ค์€
11:15
do not work in informal settings.
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์‹ค์ œ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:17
So what does that mean, to give us an instance?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ์ง€, ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:21
If these are roads in Mukuru,
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋ฌด์ฟ ๋ฃจ์˜ ๊ธธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
you can see that there are houses along both sides of the road.
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๊ธธ ์–‘์˜†์— ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
Now in order to bring in a city bus,
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์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ ค๋ฉด,
11:30
as per the standards,
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
11:32
planners would have gone for a luxurious 25-meter-wide road.
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๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํญ 25๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„“์€ ๊ธธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Now that would mean displacing [25] percent of the structures --
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์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ ๊ธธ์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 20% ์ •๋„์˜ ์ง‘๋“ค์ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
that's a lot of people.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:43
So instead of doing that, we came up with a 12-meter-wide road,
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๋Œ€์‹ , ํญ 12๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๋‚ด,
11:47
which had the structures intact and brought the city bus
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๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:50
without compromising on much services.
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๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ ์š”.
11:54
In another instance, let's talk about community toilets.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:58
You know, in high-density areas,
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์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€์ง‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜์ด๋ฉฐ,
11:59
where there is no scope for individual toilets,
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
12:02
like the public toilets that we have here.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ฃ .
12:05
So we would go for a male section and a female section.
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๋‚จ์žํ™”์žฅ์‹ค๊ณผ ์—ฌ์ž ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:09
But imagine this situation.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:12
In the morning rush hours to the toilet,
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์•„์นจ์— ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•  ๋•Œ,
12:15
when everybody is in intense pressure to relieve themselves,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์ด ๊ธ‰ํ•ด,
12:18
and if you're standing in a queue of 50 people,
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์ค„์„ ์„œ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•ž์— 50๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:20
and there is a child standing behind an adult,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฅธ ๋’ค์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:23
who wins?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:26
Children end up squatting outside.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ชผ๊ทธ๋ ค ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
And that's why women decided
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€
12:31
to come up with a separate squatting area for children.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
Now, who could have thought of something like that?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:37
The idea here is that when poor people choose,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
12:40
they choose better.
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๋” ์ข‹์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
They choose what works for them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
So choice is everything.
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์„ ํƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
And power decides choice.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ฃ .
12:50
And we need those in power --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
12:53
politicians, leaders, governments,
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์ •์น˜๊ฐ€, ์ง€๋„์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€,
12:56
architects, planners, institutions, researchers --
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๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€, ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€, ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž,
12:59
and all of us in our everyday lives to respect choices.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
Instead of choosing what is right for people, for the poor,
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ข‹์„์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ ,
13:09
let's acknowledge and empower their choices.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:12
And that is how we can build
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”,
13:14
better and inclusive cities for tomorrow,
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํฌ์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋ฉฐ,
13:16
completing the imagery of cities
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์™„์„ฑ์€
13:18
built by the choices of its own people.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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