How digital DNA could help you make better health choices | Jun Wang

翻译人员: xiao gu 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

Today I'm here, actually, to pose you a question.

今天我在这里给大家抛出一个问题

What is life?

什么是生命

It has been really puzzling me for more than 25 years,

这个问题困扰了我至少25年

and will probably continue doing so for the next 25 years.

可能在未来的25年内依然如此

This is the thesis I did when I was still in undergraduate school.

这是我在念本科时做的论文

While my colleagues still treated computers as big calculators,

当我的同学们依然拿 电脑作为大型计算器使用

I started to teach computers to learn.

我已经开始思考如何教电脑学习

I built digital lady beetles

我构建了一个数字化瓢虫

and tried to learn from real lady beetles, just to do one thing:

试图从自然界的瓢虫那里学习一件事

search for food.

觅食

And after very simple neural network --

通过一个简单的神经网络

genetic algorithms and so on --

比如遗传算法等

look at the pattern.

来观察这个模型

They're almost identical to real life.

它几乎和活生生的瓢虫没有区别

A very striking learning experience for a twenty-year-old.

对20岁的我来说这是非常震撼的体验

Life is a learning program.

生命本身就是一套学习程序

When you look at all of this wonderful world,

纵观大千世界

every species has its own learning program.

每个物种都有自己的学习程序

The learning program is genome,

这个程序就是 基因组

and the code of that program is DNA.

程序的代码就是 DNA

The different genomes of each species represent different survival strategies.

每个物种的不同基因 代表了不同的生存策略

They represent hundreds of millions of years of evolution.

也代表了数亿年的进化演变

The interaction between every species' ancestor

以及物种的祖先和环境的

and the environment.

相互作用

I was really fascinated about the world,

我十分着迷于这个世界

about the DNA,

着迷于DNA

about, you know, the language of life,

生命的语言

the program of learning.

还有学习程序

So I decided to co-found the institute to read them.

所以我决定跟人合作建立 一个机构来解读它们

I read many of them.

我做了很多相关研究

We probably read more than half of the prior animal genomes in the world.

我们可能已经解读了世界上 超过一半动物的基因

I mean, up to date.

到目前为止

We did learn a lot.

我们收获了很多

We did sequence, also, one species many, many times ...

我们对一个物种进行了多次基因测序

包括人类基因组

human genome.

We sequenced the first Asian.

我们完成了第一个 亚洲人基因组的测序

I sequenced it myself many, many times,

我对自己的基因也进行了多次测序

just to take advantage of that platform.

为了充分利用这个平台

Look at all those repeating base pairs:

看看所有这些重复出现的碱基对

ATCG.

ATCG

You don't understand anything there.

你几乎无法从中读懂任何含义

But look at that one base pair.

但是再看一下这组字母

Those five letters, the AGGAA.

AGGAA 这五个字母

These five SNPs represent a very specific haplotype

这五个SNP（单核苷酸多态性） 代表了一种非常特别的单形体

in the Tibetan population

它们是位于藏族人身体中

around the gene called EPAS1.

一种叫做EPAS1的基因

That gene has been proved --

这种基因已被证明是

it's highly selective --

高度选择性的结果

it's the most significant signature of positive selection of Tibetans

是藏族人对高海拔 适应性进行积极选择的

for the higher altitude adaptation.

重要标志

You know what?

这说明什么呢

These five SNPs were the result of integration of Denisovans,

这五个SNP极有可能是 灭绝的丹尼索瓦人 或与丹尼索瓦人

or Denisovan-like individuals into humans.

有亲缘关系的人种的DNA 与人类DNA结合的结果

This is the reason why we need to read those genomes.

这就是我们需要解读这些基因的原因

To understand history,

它可以让你了解历史

了解基因这套学习程序

to understand what kind of learning process

the genome has been through for the millions of years.

在数百万年中经历了什么样的演变

By reading a genome, it can give you a lot of information --

通过解读基因可以得到很多信息

它能告诉你基因中的一些错误

tells you the bugs in the genome --

I mean, birth defects, monogenetic disorders.

例如出生缺陷 单基因遗传病

Reading a drop of blood

而仅仅需要一滴血

could tell you why you got a fever,

它就能解释你为什么会发烧

or it tells you which medicine and dosage needs to be used

或者当你生病 特别是罹患癌症时

when you're sick, especially for cancer.

告诉你需要使用哪种药物和多少剂量

A lot of things could be studied, but look at that:

通过基因检测可以获得很多信息 不过看看这个数据

30 years ago, we were still poor in China.

30年前 中国还很穷

Only .67 percent of the Chinese adult population had diabetes.

当时只有0.67%的成年人患有糖尿病

Look at now: 11 percent.

而现在 这个数字是11％

Genetics cannot change over 30 years --

我们的基因不会在 30年内发生这么大的改变

only one generation.

在只有一代人的时间跨度内

It must be something different.

肯定有别的影响因素

Diet?

是饮食

The environment?

环境

Lifestyle?

或者生活方式吗

Even identical twins could develop totally differently.

即使是同卵双胞胎 都可以变得很不一样

It could be one becomes very obese, the other is not.

一个很胖 一个很瘦

One develops a cancer and the other does not.

一个人得了癌症 另一个则没有

Not mentioning living in a very stressed environment.

更不用说我们每天都生活在 一个充满压力的环境中

I moved to Shenzhen 10 years ago ...

10年前我搬到了深圳

for some reason, people may know.

由于某些原因 大家可能都知道

If the gene's under stress,

一个人的基因在感受到压力时的

it behaves totally differently.

表现会完全不一样

Life is a journey.

人生是一场旅程

A gene is just a starting point,

基因只是一个起点

not the end.

而不是终点

You have this statistical risk of certain diseases when you are born.

你出生时就拥有某种疾病的患病风险

But every day you make different choices,

然而每天你都会做出不同的决策

and those choices will increase or decrease the risk of certain diseases.

这些决策会增加或 减少某种疾病的风险

But do you know where you are on the curve?

但你知道自己在这个曲线上的位置吗

What's the past curve look like?

过去的曲线是什么样子的

What kind of decisions are you facing every day?

你每天又面对着什么样的选择

And what kind of decision is the right one

在人生旅程的这张曲线图上

to make your own right curve over your life journey?

能让你处在正确位置上的 选择究竟是什么

What's that?

那是什么

The only thing you cannot change,

唯一你无法改变

you cannot reverse back,

无法逆转的事情

is time.

就是时间

Probably not yet; maybe in the future.

目前是这样 不过这件事儿也说不好

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Well, you cannot change the decision you've made,

既然不能改变已经做出的决定

but can we do something there?

那我们可以做些什么呢

Can we actually try to run multiple options on me,

我们能够同时运行不同的选择

and try to predict right on the consequence,

对所期待的结果进行预测

and be able to make the right choice?

再做出正确的选择吗

After all,

毕竟

we are our choices.

每个人都是由自己的选择决定的

These lady beetles came to me afterwards.

这些瓢虫后来启发了我

25 years ago, I made the digital lady beetles

25年前 我构建了数字化的瓢虫

to try to simulate real lady beetles.

试图模拟自然界中的瓢虫

Can I make a digital me ...

我是否可以同样 构建一个数字化的我

to simulate me?

来模拟真实的我自己呢

I understand the neural network could become

我当然明白其中的神经网络可能会

much more sophisticated and complicated there.

变得更加复杂

Can I make that one,

那么我是否可以做一个

and try to run multiple options on that digital me --

并尝试运行这个数字化的我

to compute that?

来计算出不同的选择结果呢

Then I could live in different universes,

这样我就可以同时平行的生活在

in parallel, at the same time.

不同的宇宙中

Then I would choose whatever is good for me.

然后选择对我来说最合适的方案

I probably have the most comprehensive digital me on the planet.

我的生命数据可能是 这个星球上最全面的

I've spent a lot of dollars on me, on myself.

我在自己身上可是做了不少投资

And the digital me told me I have a genetic risk of gout

这个数字化的我告诉我 种种信息表明我有痛风方面的

遗传风险

by all of those things there.

You need different technology to do that.

需要不同的技术才能打造 这个数字化的我

You need the proteins, genes,

你需要蛋白质 基因

you need metabolized antibodies,

代谢 抗体的数据

you need to screen all your body

你需要筛查全身

about the bacterias and viruses covering you, or in you.

搜集体内外所有细菌和病毒的数据

You need to have all the smart devices there --

你需要各种智能设备

smart cars, smart house, smart tables,

智能车 智能家居 智能桌子

smart watch, smart phone to track all of your activities there.

智能手表 智能手机等等 来跟踪你所有的活动

The environment is important --

要知道环境数据很重要

everything's important --

一切都很重要

and don't forget the smart toilet.

另外别忘了智能马桶

(Laughter)

（笑）

It's such a waste, right?

这简直就是一种浪费 是吧

Every day, so much invaluable information just has been flushed into the water.

每天这么多宝贵的信息 就这么被水冲掉了

And you need them.

你需要它们

You need to measure all of them.

需要测量这些数据

You need to be able to measure everything around you

你应该测量并计算周围的

and compute them.

所有这些东西

And the digital me told me I have a genetic defect.

而这个数字化的我告诉我 我有遗传缺陷

I have a very high risk of gout.

我患痛风的概率很大

I don't feel anything now,

我暂时还没什么感觉

I'm still healthy.

看着挺健康的

But look at my uric acid level.

但看看我的尿酸水平

It's double the normal range.

是正常范围的两倍

And the digital me searched all the medicine books,

而数字化的我搜索了 所有的医药典籍

and it tells me, "OK, you could drink burdock tea" --

告诉我 你可以喝牛蒡茶

I cannot even pronounce it right --

这个词我甚至都不太会读

(Laughter)

（笑）

That is from old Chinese wisdom.

这种茶来自中国的古老智慧

And I drank that tea for three months.

不过我喝了三个月的牛蒡茶

My uric acid has now gone back to normal.

尿酸值就恢复正常了

I mean, it worked for me.

这招儿对我还挺管用的

All those thousands of years of wisdom worked for me.

所有这些千年智慧 对我而言都是有用的

我很幸运

I was lucky.

But I'm probably not lucky for you.

但可能对于你们来说就不一定了

All of this existing knowledge in the world

世界上一切现有的知识

cannot possibly be efficient enough or personalized enough for yourself.

不可能对每个人都有效 不可能都是对症下药

The only way to make that digital me work ...

能让这个数字化的我有效的唯一方法

is to learn from yourself.

就是从自己的身体中学习

You have to ask a lot of questions about yourself:

你必须问自己很多问题

"What if?" --

如果这么做会怎样

我现在有时差反应

I'm being jet-lagged now here.

You don't probably see it, but I do.

你们可能看不出来 但我确实有

What if I eat less?

如果我少吃点呢

When I took metformin, supposedly to live longer?

如果我服用二甲双胍 是否就可以活得更长呢

What if I climb Mt. Everest?

如果我去爬珠穆朗玛峰呢

It's not that easy.

可能没那么容易

Or run a marathon?

或者去跑马拉松呢

What if I drink a bottle of mao-tai,

如果我喝一瓶茅台酒

which is a Chinese liquor,

一种中国的烈性酒

and I get really drunk?

真的喝醉了会怎么样

I was doing a video rehearsal last time with the folks here,

上次在这里跟工作人员 进行了一次录像彩排

when I was drunk,

我那会儿喝醉了

and I totally delivered a different speech.

结果我的演讲内容完全跑偏了

(Laughter)

（笑）

What if I work less, right?

如果我的工作量少一点呢

I have been less stressed, right?

我的压力是否就减轻了

So that probably never happened to me,

这种情况从来没有发生在我身上

I was really stressed every day,

我每天压力都很大

但我希望我的压力能够小一点

but I hope I could be less stressed.

These early studies told us,

这些早期研究告诉我们

even with the same banana,

即使吃同样的一根香蕉

we have totally different glucose-level reactions

不同个体的血糖水平反应

over different individuals.

都可能完全不同

How about me?

那我呢

What is the right breakfast for me?

一顿适合我的早餐应该吃些什么

I need to do two weeks of controlled experiments,

我需要做两个星期的对照实验

of testing all kinds of different food ingredients on me,

测试各种不同的食物成分

and check my body's reaction.

并检查我身体的反应

And I don't know the precise nutrition for me,

我不知道对我来说精确的营养

for myself.

到底应该包含什么

Then I wanted to search all the Chinese old wisdom

我想搜遍所有中国的古老智慧

about how I can live longer, and healthier.

找到让我活得更久 更健康的秘诀

I did it.

我确实付诸行动了

Some of them are really unachievable.

不过其中有一些并不现实

I did this once last October,

我在去年十月份尝试了一次

by not eating for seven days.

七天不吃饭

I did a fast for seven days with six partners of mine.

我与我的六个伙伴一起进行了 为期七天的绝食体验

Look at those people.

看看他们

One smile.

有一个人笑了

知道为什么吗

You know why he smiled?

他作弊了

He cheated.

（笑）

(Laughter)

He drank one cup of coffee at night,

晚上他偷偷喝了一杯咖啡

and we caught it from the data.

我们直接从他的数据中发现了

(Laughter)

（笑）

我们差不多解读出了 数据中的所有内容

We measured everything from the data.

We were able to track them,

我们能够追踪这些数据

and we could really see --

而且切切实实的看到了

for example, my immune system,

我的免疫系统的变化 举个例子

just to give you a little hint there.

给大家一点直观的信息

My immune system changed dramatically over 24 hours there.

我的免疫系统在24小时内 发生了巨大的变化

And my antibody regulates my proteins

而基于这个巨大变化 我的抗体开始对我体内的

for that dramatic change.

蛋白质进行调节

And everybody was doing that.

所有参与者都是如此

Even if we're essentially totally different at the very beginning.

尽管每个人的免疫系统 天生各不相同

And that probably will be an interesting treatment in the future

这很可能是将来治疗 癌症或类似疾病的

for cancer and things like that.

一个有意思的方法

It becomes very, very interesting.

而且正在变得越来越有趣

But something you probably don't want to try,

但有些方法你可能未必想尝试

like drinking fecal water from a healthier individual,

比如饮用健康人的粪水

which will make you feel healthier.

虽然这会让你感觉更健康

This is from old Chinese wisdom.

这也是来自古老中国的智慧

Look at that, right?

不妨看一下

Like 1,700 years ago,

1700年前

it's already there, in the book.

这种方法就已经被记录在册了

But I still hate the smell.

但我还是没法接受那个味道

(Laughter)

（笑）

I want to find out the true way to do it,

我想找出另一种方式

maybe find a combination of cocktails of bacterias and drink it,

或许我们可以用混合了 益生菌的鸡尾酒来替代

会让我感觉好一点

it probably will make me better.

So I'm trying to do that.

所以我打算试试

Even though I'm trying this hard,

尽管我依然在努力尝试

it's so difficult to test out all possible conditions.

但是要测试出所有可能的 方法依然是非常困难的

It's not possible to do all kinds of experiments at all ...

针对每个个体做 各种实验也并不现实

but we do have seven billion learning programs on this planet.

但是我们在这个星球上 有70亿个学习程序

Seven billion.

70亿

And every program is running in different conditions

每个学习程序都在 不同的条件下运行

and doing different experiments.

并进行不同的实验

Can we all measure them?

我们可以测量所有这些个体吗

Seven years ago, I wrote an essay in "Science"

七年前 我在《科学》杂志上 发表了一篇文章

to celebrate the human genome's 10-year anniversary.

为了庆祝人类基因组计划10周年

I said, "Sequence yourself,

我当时说过 测序你自己

for one and for all."

为了个体 也为了全人类

But now I'm going to say,

但是现在我要说的是

"Digitalize yourself for one and for all."

数字化你自己 为了个人 也为了全人类

When we make this digital me into a digital we,

当我们把这个 数字化的我 变成了 数字化的我们

when we try to form an internet of life,

当我们试着构建 一个数字化生命网络

when people can learn from each other,

当人们可以互相学习

when people can learn from their experience,

学习彼此的经验

their data,

彼此的数据

when people can really form a digital me by themselves

当人们真的可以自主 打造一个数字化的我

and we learn from it,

让我们得以中进行学习

the digital we will be totally different with a digital me.

这个 数字化的我们 将与 数字化的我 完全不同

But it can only come from the digital me.

但它只能来自 数字化的我

And this is what I try to propose here.

这就是我在这里提出的建议

Join me --

加入 我

become we,

成为 我们

and everybody should build up their own digital me,

每个人都应该建立数字化的自我

because only by that will you learn more about you,

因为只有这样 你才能更加了解你自己

about me,

了解 我

about us ...

了解 我们

about the question I just posed at the very beginning:

了解我最开始提出的那个问题

"What is life?"

什么是生命

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Chris Anderson: One quick question for you.

克里斯·安德森（CA）： 我想快速的问一个问题

I mean, the work is amazing.

这项工作无疑相当出色

I suspect one question people have is,

我猜大家可能还有一个问题

as we look forward to these amazing technical possibilities

因为我们都期待着这些神奇的

of personalized medicine,

个性化医疗技术成为可能

in the near-term it feels like they're only going to be affordable

而在短期内 感觉还只有 少数人才能负担得起

for a few people, right?

是吗

It costs many dollars to do all the sequencing and so forth.

仅仅是做基因测序就需要花很多钱

Is this going to lead to a kind of,

这是否会导致在某种程度上

you know, increasing inequality?

增加了不平等

Or do you have this vision that the knowledge that you get

或者您是否有这样的构想 从这些早期的志愿者

from the pioneers

身上获取的知识

can actually be pretty quickly disseminated

可以被快速的复制推广

to help a broader set of recipients?

从而帮助更广泛的群体呢

Jun Wang: Well, good question.

王俊：很好的问题

I'll tell you that seven years ago, when I co-founded BGI,

十七年前 当我与人合伙创立华大基因

and served as the CEO of the company there,

并担任这家公司CEO的时候

the only goal there for me to do

我唯一的目标就是

was to drive the sequencing cost down.

推动基因测序成本的下降

It started from 100 million dollars per human genome.

从最开始要花1亿美元完成 对一个人全基因组的测序

Now, it's a couple hundred dollars for a human genome.

到现在只需要几百美元

The only reason to do it is to get more people to benefit from it.

我这么做的唯一原因 就是希望让更多的人从中受益

So for the digital me, it's the same thing.

而 数字化的我 也是由此诞生的

Now, you probably need,

目前你可能需要

you know, one million dollars to digitize a person.

一百万美元去数字化一个生命个体

I think it has to be 100 dollars.

但我认为在未来 必须要降到100美元

It has to be free for many of those people that urgently need that.

甚至是免费 尤其对于那些迫切需要 这项技术的人来说 这是必须的

So this is our goal.

所以这就是我们的目标

And it seems that with all this merging of the technology,

当这一切技术都能够融合之后

I'm thinking that in the very near future,

我认为在不远的将来

let's say three to five years,

或许三到五年

it will come to reality.

一切就会成为现实

And this is the whole idea of why I founded iCarbonX,

这就是为什么我创立了碳云智能

my second company.

我的第二家公司

其目的就是要把成本降低到

It's really trying to get the cost down

to a level where every individual could have the benefit.

让每个人都可以从中受益的水平

CA: All right, so the dream is not elite health services for few,

CA：好的 所以您的梦想 不是让它为少数的精英服务

it's to really try

而是真正要使

and actually make overall health care much more cost effective --

医疗健康服务更具普世价值

JW: But we started from some early adopters,

王俊：的确如此 但我们需要从 一些早期的先行者开始

people believing ideas and so on,

从更加相信这个想法的一些人开始

but eventually, it will become everybody's benefit.

但最终它将能够让每个人受益

CA: Well, Jun, I think it's got to be true to say

CA：王俊 我不得不说

you're one of the most amazing scientific minds on the planet,

你是这个星球上 最令人叹服的科学家之一

and it's an honor to have you.

真的很荣幸能邀请到你

JW: Thank you.

王俊：谢谢

（鼓掌）

(Applause)