How digital DNA could help you make better health choices | Jun Wang

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Sanda L

Today I'm here, actually, to pose you a question.

Danas sam ovdje, zapravo, da bih vam postavio pitanje.

What is life?

Što je život?

It has been really puzzling me for more than 25 years,

Razmišljao sam o tom pitanju više od 25 godina

and will probably continue doing so for the next 25 years.

i vrlo vjerojatno ću razmišljati i sljedećih 25 godina.

This is the thesis I did when I was still in undergraduate school.

Ovu tezu postavio sam još kao student.

While my colleagues still treated computers as big calculators,

Dok su se moji kolege odnosili prema računalima kao kalkulatorima,

I started to teach computers to learn.

ja sam računala počeo podučavati da uče.

I built digital lady beetles

Izradio sam digitalne bubamare

and tried to learn from real lady beetles, just to do one thing:

i pokušao ih, od pravih bubamara, naučiti samo jednu stvar:

search for food.

tražiti hranu.

And after very simple neural network --

Nakon veoma jednostavne neuralne mreže --

genetic algorithms and so on --

genetičkih algoritama i tako dalje --

look at the pattern.

pogledajte uzorak.

They're almost identical to real life.

Gotovo je identičan stvarnom.

A very striking learning experience for a twenty-year-old.

Izrazito nevjerojatno iskustvo učenja za dvadesetogodišnjaka.

Life is a learning program.

Život je program za učenje.

When you look at all of this wonderful world,

Kada pogledate sav taj čudesan svijet,

every species has its own learning program.

svaka vrsta ima svoj program za učenje.

The learning program is genome,

Program za učenje je genom,

and the code of that program is DNA.

a kôd tog programa je DNK.

The different genomes of each species represent different survival strategies.

Različiti genomi svake vrste predstavljaju različite strategije preživljavanja.

They represent hundreds of millions of years of evolution.

Oni predstavljaju stotine milijuna godina evolucije.

The interaction between every species' ancestor

Interakcije pretka svake vrste

and the environment.

i okoliša.

I was really fascinated about the world,

Bio sam uistinu očaran svijetom,

about the DNA,

DNK,

about, you know, the language of life,

znate, jezikom života,

the program of learning.

programom učenja.

So I decided to co-found the institute to read them.

Stoga sam odlučio biti suosnivač instituta kako bih ih proučavao.

I read many of them.

Proučio sam ih mnogo.

We probably read more than half of the prior animal genomes in the world.

Proučili smo vjerojatno više od polovine prethodnih životinjskih genoma na svijetu.

I mean, up to date.

Mislim, dosadašnjih.

We did learn a lot.

Naučili smo mnogo.

We did sequence, also, one species many, many times ...

Također smo sekvencirali jednu vrstu mnogo, mnogo puta ...

human genome.

ljudski genom.

We sequenced the first Asian.

Sekvencirali smo prvog Azijata.

I sequenced it myself many, many times,

Sekvencirao sam sebe, mnogo, mnogo puta,

just to take advantage of that platform.

samo kako bih iskoristio tu platformu.

Look at all those repeating base pairs:

Pogledajte te ponavljajuće parove baza:

ATCG.

ATCG.

You don't understand anything there.

Tu ne razumijete ništa.

But look at that one base pair.

Ali pogledajte taj par baza.

Those five letters, the AGGAA.

Tih pet slova, AGGAA.

These five SNPs represent a very specific haplotype

Ovih pet SNP-ova predstavljaju veoma karakterističan haplotip

in the Tibetan population

u tibetanskoj populaciji

around the gene called EPAS1.

oko gena zvanog EPAS1.

That gene has been proved --

Taj gen je dokazan --

it's highly selective --

visoko je selektivan --

it's the most significant signature of positive selection of Tibetans

to je najvažniji potpis pozitivne selekcije u Tibetanaca

for the higher altitude adaptation.

za adaptaciju na velike visine.

You know what?

Znate što?

These five SNPs were the result of integration of Denisovans,

Ovih pet SNP-ova rezultat su integracije Denisovanaca,

or Denisovan-like individuals into humans.

ili Denisovancima sličnih jedinki u ljudsku rasu.

This is the reason why we need to read those genomes.

Iz tog razloga moramo proučavati te genome.

To understand history,

Kako bi se razumjela povijest,

to understand what kind of learning process

kako bi se razumjelo koje oblike procesa učenja

the genome has been through for the millions of years.

je prošao genom kroz milijune godina.

By reading a genome, it can give you a lot of information --

Proučavanjem genoma, on nam može dati mnogo informacija,

tells you the bugs in the genome --

govori nam greške u genomu,

I mean, birth defects, monogenetic disorders.

mislim, urođene greške, monogenetske poremećaje.

Reading a drop of blood

Proučavanje kapi krvi

could tell you why you got a fever,

može nam reći zašto imamo vrućicu,

or it tells you which medicine and dosage needs to be used

ili nam govori koji lijek i u kojoj dozi treba biti upotrijebljen

when you're sick, especially for cancer.

kada smo bolesni, posebice za tumore.

A lot of things could be studied, but look at that:

Mnogo stvari se može proučiti, ali pogledajte ovo:

30 years ago, we were still poor in China.

prije 30 godina, u Kini smo još bili siromašni.

Only .67 percent of the Chinese adult population had diabetes.

Samo 0.67 posto odrasle populacije Kineza imalo je dijabetes.

Look at now: 11 percent.

Pogledajte sada: 11 posto.

Genetics cannot change over 30 years --

Genetika se ne može promijeniti u 30 godina --

only one generation.

u samo jednoj generaciji.

It must be something different.

Mora postojati nešto drugo.

Diet?

Prehrana?

The environment?

Okoliš?

Lifestyle?

Način života?

Even identical twins could develop totally differently.

Čak se i jednojajčani blizanci mogu razviti potpuno različito.

It could be one becomes very obese, the other is not.

Može se desiti da jedan postane veoma pretio, a drugi ne.

One develops a cancer and the other does not.

Jedan razvije tumor, a drugi ne.

Not mentioning living in a very stressed environment.

Da ni ne spominjem život u vrlo stresnoj okolini.

I moved to Shenzhen 10 years ago ...

Prije 10 godina preselio sam u Shenzhen

for some reason, people may know.

iz određenih razloga, neki bi mogli znati.

If the gene's under stress,

Ako je gen pod stresom,

it behaves totally differently.

ponaša se sasvim drugačije.

Life is a journey.

Život je putovanje.

A gene is just a starting point,

Gen je samo polazište,

not the end.

ne završetak.

You have this statistical risk of certain diseases when you are born.

Kada se rodite, imate određeni statistički rizik za određenu bolest.

But every day you make different choices,

Ali, svaki dan radite drugačije odabire

and those choices will increase or decrease the risk of certain diseases.

i ti će odabiri smanjiti ili povećati rizik za određenu bolest.

But do you know where you are on the curve?

No, znate li gdje se nalazite na krivulji?

What's the past curve look like?

Kako izgleda krivulja prošlosti?

What kind of decisions are you facing every day?

S kakvim se odlukama suočavate svakodnevno?

And what kind of decision is the right one

I koja je odluka ispravna

to make your own right curve over your life journey?

da biste napravili svoju ispravnu krivulju kroz vlastiti životni put?

What's that?

Što je to?

The only thing you cannot change,

Jedina stvar koju ne možete promijeniti,

you cannot reverse back,

ne možete vratiti natrag,

is time.

je vrijeme.

Probably not yet; maybe in the future.

Vjerojatno još ne; možda u budućnosti.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Well, you cannot change the decision you've made,

Dakle, ne možete promijeniti odluke koje ste napravili

but can we do something there?

ali, možemo li nešto tu učiniti?

Can we actually try to run multiple options on me,

Možemo li, zapravo, na sebi isprobati brojne mogućnosti,

and try to predict right on the consequence,

zatim pokušati ispravno predvidjeti posljedice

and be able to make the right choice?

i biti u mogućnosti učiniti pravi izbor?

After all,

Napokon,

we are our choices.

mi jesmo svoji izbori.

These lady beetles came to me afterwards.

Kasnije sam se sjetio tih bubamara.

25 years ago, I made the digital lady beetles

Prije 25 godina, stvorio sam digitalne bubamare

to try to simulate real lady beetles.

kako bi simulirale prave bubamare.

Can I make a digital me ...

Mogu li stvoriti digitalnog sebe...

to simulate me?

kako bih simulirao sebe?

I understand the neural network could become

Shvaćam da bi neuralna mreža mogla postati

much more sophisticated and complicated there.

mnogo sofisticiranija i složenija.

Can I make that one,

Mogu li uspjeti u tome

and try to run multiple options on that digital me --

i isprobati brojne mogućnosti na digitalnom "ja" --

to compute that?

izračunati to?

Then I could live in different universes,

Tada bih mogao živjeti u različitim svjetovima,

in parallel, at the same time.

paralelno, u isto vrijeme.

Then I would choose whatever is good for me.

Tada bih mogao odabrati što god je dobro za mene.

I probably have the most comprehensive digital me on the planet.

I vjerojatno imati najiscrpnije digitalno "ja" na planetu.

I've spent a lot of dollars on me, on myself.

Mnogo sam dolara potrošio na sebe.

And the digital me told me I have a genetic risk of gout

I digitalno "ja" reklo mi je kako genetički imam rizik za giht

by all of those things there.

prema svemu ovome ovdje.

You need different technology to do that.

Da to postignete, trebate drukčiju tehnologiju.

You need the proteins, genes,

Trebate proteine, gene,

you need metabolized antibodies,

trebate metabolizirana antitijela,

you need to screen all your body

trebate pregledati cijelo tijelo

about the bacterias and viruses covering you, or in you.

na bakterije i viruse koji vas prekrivaju ili su u vama.

You need to have all the smart devices there --

Trebate imati sve moguće pametne uređaje,

smart cars, smart house, smart tables,

pametne automobile, pametnu kuću, pametne stolove,

smart watch, smart phone to track all of your activities there.

pametni sat, pametni telefon kako biste pratili sve svoje aktivnosti.

The environment is important --

Okoliš je bitan --

everything's important --

sve je bitno --

and don't forget the smart toilet.

i ne zaboravite pametni zahod.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

It's such a waste, right?

Kakav gubitak, zar ne?

Every day, so much invaluable information just has been flushed into the water.

Toliko vrijednih informacija, svakoga dana, jednostavno se baca u vodu.

And you need them.

A trebate ih.

You need to measure all of them.

Trebate ih sve ispitati.

You need to be able to measure everything around you

Trebate biti u mogućnosti ispitati sve oko vas

and compute them.

i izračunati to.

And the digital me told me I have a genetic defect.

I digitalni "ja" rekao mi je kako imam genetski nedostatak:

I have a very high risk of gout.

Imam veoma visok rizik za giht.

I don't feel anything now,

Trenutno ne osjećam ništa.

I'm still healthy.

Još uvijek sam zdrav.

But look at my uric acid level.

Ali vidite razinu mokraćne kiseline.

It's double the normal range.

Duplo je veća od normalne.

And the digital me searched all the medicine books,

I digitalni "ja" pretražio je sve medicinske knjige

and it tells me, "OK, you could drink burdock tea" --

i kaže mi: "U redu, mogao bi piti čaj od čička" --

I cannot even pronounce it right --

Ne mogu to ni pravilno izgovoriti.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

That is from old Chinese wisdom.

To je iz stare kineske mudrosti.

And I drank that tea for three months.

I tri sam mjeseca pio taj čaj.

My uric acid has now gone back to normal.

Moja mokraćna kiselina sada se vratila na normalu.

I mean, it worked for me.

MIslim, na mene je to djelovalo.

All those thousands of years of wisdom worked for me.

Sve te tisuće godina mudrosti djelovale su na mene.

I was lucky.

Imao sam sreće.

But I'm probably not lucky for you.

Ali za vas, vjerojatno, nisam sretan.

All of this existing knowledge in the world

Svo to postojeće znanje na svijetu

cannot possibly be efficient enough or personalized enough for yourself.

nikako ne može biti dovoljno učinkovito ili dovoljno personalizirano za vas.

The only way to make that digital me work ...

Jedini način da taj digitalni "ja" radi...

is to learn from yourself.

je da učimo od sebe samih.

You have to ask a lot of questions about yourself:

Morate postavljati mnoga pitanja o sebi:

"What if?" --

"Što ako?"

I'm being jet-lagged now here.

Hvata me umor od vremenskih zona.

You don't probably see it, but I do.

Vi vjerojatno ne primjećujete, ali ja da.

What if I eat less?

Što ako bih manje jeo?

When I took metformin, supposedly to live longer?

Što ako uzmem metformin kako bih, navodno, duže živio?

What if I climb Mt. Everest?

Da se popnem na Mt. Everest?

It's not that easy.

To nije tako jednostavno.

Or run a marathon?

Ili da otrčim maraton?

What if I drink a bottle of mao-tai,

Što ako bih popio bocu mao-taija,

which is a Chinese liquor,

što je kinesko žestoko piće,

and I get really drunk?

i jako se napio?

I was doing a video rehearsal last time with the folks here,

Prošli puta sam radio video probu s ljudima ovdje,

when I was drunk,

kada sam bio pijan

and I totally delivered a different speech.

i održao sam posve drugačiji govor.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

What if I work less, right?

Što ako bih radio manje, je li tako?

I have been less stressed, right?

Bio sam manje pod stresom, je li tako?

So that probably never happened to me,

To mi se vjerojatno nikada nije desilo,

I was really stressed every day,

stvarno sam bio pod stresom svaki dan,

but I hope I could be less stressed.

ali se nadam da bih mogao biti manje pod stresom.

These early studies told us,

Te rane studije su nam pokazale,

even with the same banana,

čak i s istom bananom,

we have totally different glucose-level reactions

imamo posve različite razine glukoze

over different individuals.

kod različitih pojedinaca.

How about me?

A što je sa mnom?

What is the right breakfast for me?

Što je pravilan doručak za mene?

I need to do two weeks of controlled experiments,

Trebam raditi dva tjedna kontroliranih eksperimenata,

of testing all kinds of different food ingredients on me,

isprobavati na sebi sve moguće vrste sastojaka hrane

and check my body's reaction.

i provjeravati reakciju svog tijela.

And I don't know the precise nutrition for me,

I ne znam točnu prehranu za sebe,

for myself.

za sebe osobno.

Then I wanted to search all the Chinese old wisdom

Onda sam htio pretražiti svu staru kinesku mudrost,

about how I can live longer, and healthier.

o tome kako mogu duže i zdravije živjeti.

I did it.

Učinio sam to.

Some of them are really unachievable.

Neke od njih su uistinu neizvedive.

I did this once last October,

Odradio sam jednu prošlog listopada,

by not eating for seven days.

tako da nisam jeo sedam dana.

I did a fast for seven days with six partners of mine.

Postio sam sedam dana sa šestoricom svojih partnera.

Look at those people.

Pogledajte te ljude.

One smile.

Jedan se smije.

Znate li zašto?

You know why he smiled?

Varao je.

He cheated.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

He drank one cup of coffee at night,

Pio je noću jednu šalicu kave

and we caught it from the data.

i mi smo to saznali iz podataka.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We measured everything from the data.

Izmjerili smo sve iz podataka.

We were able to track them,

Mogli smo ih pratiti

and we could really see --

i uistinu smo mogli vidjeti --

for example, my immune system,

na primjer, moj imunološki sustav,

just to give you a little hint there.

samo da vam malo natuknem.

My immune system changed dramatically over 24 hours there.

Tada se moj imunološki sustav dramatično promijenio tijekom 24 sata.

And my antibody regulates my proteins

I moja protutijela prilagođavaju moje proteine

for that dramatic change.

za takve dramatične promjene.

And everybody was doing that.

I svatko je to radio.

Even if we're essentially totally different at the very beginning.

Iako smo bili posve drugačiji na samom početku.

And that probably will be an interesting treatment in the future

I to će u budućnosti vjerojatno biti zanimljiva terapija

for cancer and things like that.

za karcinom i slične stvari.

It becomes very, very interesting.

Postaje veoma, veoma zanimljivo.

But something you probably don't want to try,

No, nešto vjerojatno ne želite isprobati,

like drinking fecal water from a healthier individual,

na primjer, piti fekalnu vodu zdravijeg pojedinca,

which will make you feel healthier.

od čega ćete se osjećati zdravije.

This is from old Chinese wisdom.

To je iz stare kineske mudrosti.

Look at that, right?

Pogledajte to, u redu?

Like 1,700 years ago,

Prije 1700 godina,

it's already there, in the book.

već postoji, u knjizi.

But I still hate the smell.

Ali i dalje mrzim taj smrad.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I want to find out the true way to do it,

Želim otkriti kako to učiniti na pravi način,

maybe find a combination of cocktails of bacterias and drink it,

možda pronaći kombinaciju koktela bakterija i popiti ih,

it probably will make me better.

vjerojatno će mi biti bolje.

So I'm trying to do that.

Stoga pokušavam to učiniti.

Even though I'm trying this hard,

Iako se trudim tako jako,

it's so difficult to test out all possible conditions.

tako je teško ispitati sve moguće uvjete.

It's not possible to do all kinds of experiments at all ...

Uopće nije moguće napraviti sve vrste eksperimenata,

but we do have seven billion learning programs on this planet.

ali mi imamo sedam milijardi programa za učenje na ovom planetu.

Seven billion.

Sedam milijardi.

And every program is running in different conditions

I svaki program radi u drugačijim uvjetima

and doing different experiments.

i radi drugačije eksperimente.

Can we all measure them?

Možemo li ih sve izmjeriti?

Seven years ago, I wrote an essay in "Science"

Prije sedam godina napisao sam esej u časopisu "Science",

to celebrate the human genome's 10-year anniversary.

u čast proslave 10. godišnjice ljudskog genoma.

I said, "Sequence yourself,

Rekao sam: "Sekvencirajte se,

for one and for all."

za jednoga i za sve."

But now I'm going to say,

Ali, sada ću reći:

"Digitalize yourself for one and for all."

"Digitalizirajte se za jednoga i za sve."

When we make this digital me into a digital we,

Kada pretvorimo to digitalno "ja" u digitalno "mi",

when we try to form an internet of life,

kada pokušamo oblikovati internet života,

when people can learn from each other,

kada ljudi budu mogli učiti jedni od drugih,

when people can learn from their experience,

kada ljudi budu mogli učiti iz svog iskustva,

their data,

svojih podataka,

when people can really form a digital me by themselves

kada ljudi uistinu budu mogli sami oblikovati svoje digitalno "ja"

and we learn from it,

i mi učimo od njega,

the digital we will be totally different with a digital me.

digitalno "mi" bit će sasvim drugačije s digitalnim "ja".

But it can only come from the digital me.

Ali ono jedino može proizaći iz digitalnog "ja".

And this is what I try to propose here.

I to je ono što ovdje pokušavam predložiti.

Join me --

Pridružite mi se --

become we,

postanite "mi"

and everybody should build up their own digital me,

i svi bi trebali izraditi vlastito digitalno "ja",

because only by that will you learn more about you,

jer jedino tako ćete naučiti više o sebi,

about me,

o meni,

about us ...

o nama,

about the question I just posed at the very beginning:

o pitanju koje sam postavio na samom početku:

"What is life?"

"Što je život?"

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Chris Anderson: One quick question for you.

Chris Anderson: Jedno pitanje za vas, na brzinu.

I mean, the work is amazing.

Mislim, rad je zapanjujuć.

I suspect one question people have is,

Jedno je pitanje, koje pretpostavljam da ljudi imaju,

as we look forward to these amazing technical possibilities

gledajući prema tim zapanjujućim tehničkim mogućnostima

of personalized medicine,

personalizirane medicine,

in the near-term it feels like they're only going to be affordable

najjednostavnije rečeno, izgleda kao da će biti dostupne

for a few people, right?

nekolicini ljudi, je li tako?

It costs many dollars to do all the sequencing and so forth.

Mnogo dolara stoji to sekvenciranje i ostalo.

Is this going to lead to a kind of,

Hoće li to dovesti do neke vrste,

you know, increasing inequality?

znate, rastuće nejednakosti?

Or do you have this vision that the knowledge that you get

Ili imate viziju da će se znanje dobiveno

from the pioneers

od začetnika svega ovoga,

can actually be pretty quickly disseminated

zapravo moći prilično brzo proširiti,

to help a broader set of recipients?

kako bi se pomoglo široj grupi primatelja?

Jun Wang: Well, good question.

Jun Wang: Pa, dobro pitanje.

I'll tell you that seven years ago, when I co-founded BGI,

Reći ću vam da je prije sedam godina, kada sam suosnovao BGI

and served as the CEO of the company there,

i služio kao glavni izvršni direktor te tvrtke,

the only goal there for me to do

moj jedini cilj bio

was to drive the sequencing cost down.

smanjiti cijenu sekvenciranja.

It started from 100 million dollars per human genome.

Počelo je sa 100 milijuna dolara po ljudskom genomu.

Now, it's a couple hundred dollars for a human genome.

Sada je nekoliko stotina dolara za ljudski genom.

The only reason to do it is to get more people to benefit from it.

Jedini razlog svega ovoga je postići da više ljudi ima koristi od toga.

So for the digital me, it's the same thing.

Jednako je tako i s digitalnim "ja".

Now, you probably need,

Sada, vjerojatno trebate,

you know, one million dollars to digitize a person.

znate, milijun dolara kako biste digitalizirali osobu.

I think it has to be 100 dollars.

Mislim da to treba biti 100 dolara.

It has to be free for many of those people that urgently need that.

Treba biti besplatno za one mnoge ljude kojima je to hitno potrebno.

So this is our goal.

Dakle, to je naš cilj.

And it seems that with all this merging of the technology,

Čini se da zbog svog tog integriranja tehnologije,

I'm thinking that in the very near future,

mislim da će u vrlo bliskoj budućnosti,

let's say three to five years,

recimo za tri do pet godina,

it will come to reality.

to postati stvarnost.

And this is the whole idea of why I founded iCarbonX,

Ovo je poanta mog osnivanja iCarbonX-a,

my second company.

moje druge tvrtke.

It's really trying to get the cost down

Uistinu pokušati smanjiti cijenu

to a level where every individual could have the benefit.

do razine na kojoj bi svaki pojedinac mogao imati koristi.

CA: All right, so the dream is not elite health services for few,

CA: Dobro, stoga san nije elitna zdravstvena usluga za nekolicinu,

it's to really try

već stvarno pokušati

and actually make overall health care much more cost effective --

i zapravo učiniti cjelokupno zdravstvo mnogo isplativijim --

JW: But we started from some early adopters,

JW: Iako smo započeli s nekoliko ranih korisnika,

people believing ideas and so on,

ljudi koji su vjerovali u ideje itd.

but eventually, it will become everybody's benefit.

naposljetku, to će postati korist za svakoga.

CA: Well, Jun, I think it's got to be true to say

CA: Pa, Jun, mislim da je istina ako kažemo

you're one of the most amazing scientific minds on the planet,

da ste jedan od najnevjerojatnijih znanstvenih umova na planetu

and it's an honor to have you.

i čast je imati vas.

JW: Thank you.

JW: Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)