Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? | Jim Yong Kim

115,240 views ・ 2017-07-19

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Danyang Luo 校对人员: Yinchun Rui
00:12
I just want to share with you
0
12700
1456
想与你们分享
00:14
what I have been experiencing over the last five years
1
14180
2576
在过去的五年中
00:16
in having the great privilege of traveling
2
16780
2296
有幸去到
00:19
to many of the poorest countries in the world.
3
19100
2216
许多贫困国家的经历
00:21
This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,
4
21340
3896
在各地都可以见到这一幕
00:25
and these young children are looking at a smartphone,
5
25260
3136
这些年幼的孩子正盯着一部智能手机
00:28
and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries.
6
28420
3840
即使是在最贫困的国家中,智能手机也有极大的影响力
00:32
I said to my team, you know,
7
32940
1616
我对我的团队说,你们知道吗?
00:34
what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world.
8
34580
3736
我看到的是世界各地愈发强烈的愿望
00:38
In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations.
9
38340
3680
实际上,在我看来,人们的愿望正在趋于统一
00:42
And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.
10
42540
3616
我与一众经济学家仔细研究了这一现象
00:46
Is this true?
11
46180
1216
这是事实吗?
00:47
Are aspirations converging all around the world?
12
47420
2816
世界各地的愿望正在统一?
00:50
So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life
13
50260
4256
因此,他们安排了类似盖洛普民意测验的测试来调查人们的生活满意度
00:54
and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet,
14
54540
4456
研究发现,如果可以访问互联网
00:59
your satisfaction goes up.
15
59020
2096
人们的满意度就会有所提高
01:01
But another thing happens that's very important:
16
61140
2400
与此同时,另一件重要的事情是:
01:04
your reference income,
17
64020
1896
你的参考收入
01:05
the income to which you compare your own,
18
65940
2656
与你自身收入相对比的收入
01:08
also goes up.
19
68620
1456
也在提高
01:10
Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example,
20
70100
3416
如果一个国家的参考收入相比于外界提高了10%
01:13
goes up 10 percent
21
73540
1376
01:14
by comparing themselves to the outside,
22
74940
2216
那么人均收入至少要提高5%才能维持同样的满意度
01:17
then on average,
23
77180
2256
01:19
people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent
24
79460
3056
01:22
to maintain the same level of satisfaction.
25
82540
2536
01:25
But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,
26
85100
3976
不过,当你的收入较低时
01:29
your income has to go up much more
27
89100
2216
你的收入需要提高更多
01:31
if the reference income goes up 10 percent,
28
91340
2056
当参考收入提高10%时
01:33
something like 20 percent.
29
93420
1576
你的收入可能需要提高20%
01:35
And so with this rise of aspirations,
30
95020
2496
随着人们愿望加强
01:37
the fundamental question is:
31
97540
1816
根本问题在于
01:39
Are we going to have a situation
32
99380
1576
我们是否能提供一个大环境
01:40
where aspirations are linked to opportunity
33
100980
3176
愿望与机遇并存
01:44
and you get dynamism and economic growth,
34
104180
2736
是否能充满活力,维持经济增长
01:46
like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea?
35
106940
3736
就像我的祖国那样,像在韩国?
01:50
Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?
36
110700
4240
或者说,愿望是否会受挫?
01:55
This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015,
37
115740
3680
这是我所关心的。在2012至2015年期间
02:00
terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.
38
120220
2936
恐怖袭击事件增加了74%
02:03
The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.
39
123180
4256
受害人数上升了150%
02:07
Right now, two billion people
40
127460
1856
现在,有二十亿人口
02:09
live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence,
41
129340
2576
生活在支离破碎,充满暴力的环境中
02:11
and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor
42
131940
5456
直至2030年,全球将有超过60%的贫困人民
02:17
will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence.
43
137420
3400
生活于这样的水深火热之中
02:21
And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?
44
141380
2936
我们怎么做才能实现这些愿望?
02:24
Are there new ways of thinking
45
144340
1696
是否有新的思维方式
02:26
about how we can rise to meet these aspirations?
46
146060
3016
指引我们如何提高以实现愿望?
02:29
Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried.
47
149100
3016
如果不这样做,我十分担心
02:32
Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet.
48
152140
4336
因为互联网的普及,愿望的增强前所未有
02:36
Everyone knows how everyone else lives.
49
156500
2496
每个人都知道其他人是怎样生活的
02:39
Has our ability to meet those aspirations
50
159020
2896
我们的能力是否足以满足这些愿望
02:41
risen as well?
51
161940
1416
即使它们愈发强烈?
02:43
And just to get at the details of this,
52
163380
1936
为了了解更多的细节
02:45
I want to share with you my own personal story.
53
165340
2416
我想和你们分享我自己的故事
02:47
This is not my mother,
54
167780
2016
这不是我的母亲
02:49
but during the Korean War,
55
169820
1696
但在朝鲜战争期间
02:51
my mother literally took her own sister,
56
171540
2456
我的母亲也是这样带着她的妹妹
02:54
her younger sister, on her back,
57
174020
1896
背着她
02:55
and walked at least part of the way
58
175940
2416
至少走了一长段路
02:58
to escape Seoul during the Korean War.
59
178380
2880
逃离首尔
03:02
Now, through a series of miracles,
60
182100
2896
经过一系列奇迹
03:05
my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City.
61
185020
4096
我的父母都获得了去纽约的奖学金
03:09
They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City.
62
189140
4616
他们在纽约相遇,结婚
03:13
My father, too, was a refugee.
63
193780
2216
我的父亲也是一名难民
03:16
At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country,
64
196020
4376
19岁那年,他离开了朝鲜的家
03:20
escaped through the border
65
200420
1656
逃离了边境
03:22
and never saw his family again.
66
202100
1680
再也没有见过他的家人
03:24
Now, when they were married and living in New York,
67
204460
3136
他们在纽约结婚并定居
03:27
my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.
68
207620
2936
我的父亲曾是帕特丽夏·墨菲酒店的服务员
03:30
Their aspirations went up.
69
210580
1640
他们有着伟大的梦想
03:32
They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City
70
212740
3936
他们知道在纽约这样的城市的生活是怎样的
03:36
in the 1950s.
71
216700
1200
即使是在20世纪50年代
03:38
Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea,
72
218580
4056
我的哥哥出生后,他们回到了韩国
03:42
and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,
73
222660
4016
我们开始了记忆中的田园生活
03:46
but what was happening in Korea at that time
74
226700
2456
但那时的韩国是怎样的
03:49
was the country was one of the poorest in the world
75
229180
3176
它是世上最贫困的国家之一
03:52
and there was political upheaval.
76
232380
1616
并且政治动荡
03:54
There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time,
77
234020
3536
我家门前的街道常年有示威游行
03:57
students protesting against the military government.
78
237580
4040
学生们和军阀政府水火不容
04:02
And at the time,
79
242460
1200
那时
04:04
the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now,
80
244500
3456
世界银行集团,我现在所领导的这一机构
04:07
were extremely low for Korea.
81
247980
2440
对韩国抱有极低的期望
04:10
Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid
82
250860
4016
他们认为,没有外国援助
04:14
to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life.
83
254900
3880
韩国将很难维持它的子民的基本生活
04:19
So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,
84
259260
3496
韩国正处于水深火热中
04:22
my parents have seen what life is like in the United States.
85
262780
2856
而我的父母已经见过了美国的生活是怎样的
04:25
They got married there. My brother was born there.
86
265660
2376
他们在那里结婚,我的哥哥在那里出生
04:28
And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity
87
268060
3336
他们意识到,
04:31
to reach their aspirations for us,
88
271420
2576
为了给我们提供实现梦想的机会
04:34
we had to go and come back to the United States.
89
274020
2336
我们必须离开,回到美国
04:36
Now, we came back.
90
276380
2296
现在,我们回来了
04:38
First we went to Dallas.
91
278700
1256
最初,我们去到了达拉斯
04:39
My father did his dental degree all over again.
92
279980
2696
在那里,我的父亲重新考取了牙医学士学位
04:42
And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places.
93
282700
3296
之后我们搬去了爱荷华州
04:46
We grew up in Iowa.
94
286020
1736
我在那儿长大
04:47
And in Iowa, we went through the whole course.
95
287780
2376
我在爱荷华州完成了所有课程的学习
04:50
I went to high school, I went to college.
96
290180
2456
高中,大学
04:52
And then one day, something that I'll never forget,
97
292660
5056
有一天,我想我永不会忘记
04:57
my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college,
98
297740
4736
我的父亲接到我,那时大二刚结束
05:02
and he was driving me home,
99
302500
1336
他载我回家
05:03
and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations?
100
303860
2136
他问我:“Jim,你的梦想是什么?
05:06
What do you want to study? What do you want to do?"
101
306020
2416
你想学什么?又想做些什么?”
05:08
And I said, "Dad," --
102
308460
1216
我回答到:“爸爸......”
05:09
My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas
103
309700
3256
我的母亲是一名哲学家
05:12
about protest and social justice,
104
312980
2336
她向我们传递了很多抗议和社会公正的观点
05:15
and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy,
105
315340
3656
我说:“父亲,我想学政治科学与哲学
05:19
and I'm going to become part of a political movement."
106
319020
2560
我想参与政治活动”
05:22
My father, the Korean dentist,
107
322140
1656
我的父亲,一位韩国牙医
05:23
slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --
108
323820
2496
慢慢地把车停在了路边
05:26
(Laughter)
109
326340
1656
(笑声)
05:28
He looked back at me, and he said,
110
328020
1696
他转过头来看着我说:
05:29
"Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."
111
329740
3477
“Jim,你修完住院医师的课程后,你可以学任何你想学的”
05:33
(Laughter)
112
333241
1555
(笑声)
05:34
Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before.
113
334820
4936
我向很多亚洲观众讲过这个故事
05:39
Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.
114
339780
2536
没有人笑,他们只是摇摇头
05:42
Of course.
115
342340
1216
当然了
05:43
(Laughter)
116
343580
1856
(笑声)
05:45
(Applause)
117
345460
1536
(掌声)
05:47
So, tragically, my father died at a young age,
118
347020
5016
不幸的是,我父亲很年轻时就去世了
05:52
30 years ago at the age of 57,
119
352060
2456
30年前,他年仅57岁
05:54
what happens to be how old I am right now,
120
354540
2496
到了我现在这个年龄会发生什么
05:57
and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies --
121
357060
3216
他在我学医的研究生期间去世了
06:00
You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology.
122
360300
3416
你们看,我确乎通过学习医学和人类学实现了它
06:03
I studied both of them in graduate school.
123
363740
3840
我在研究生期间学习了它们
06:08
But then right about that time, I met these two people,
124
368700
2936
在那个时候,我遇到了这两个人
06:11
Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.
125
371660
1600
Ophelia Dahl和Paul Farmer
06:13
And Paul and I were in the same program.
126
373780
2016
Paul和我在同一个团队里
06:15
We were studying medicine
127
375820
1576
我们一起学了医学
06:17
and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology.
128
377420
2736
并同时获得了人类学的博士学位
06:20
And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.
129
380180
2816
我们开始探讨一些根本问题
06:23
For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology --
130
383020
4896
对那些有幸学习医学和人类学的人而言
06:27
I had come from parents who were refugees.
131
387940
2136
我的父母都是难民
06:30
Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.
132
390100
4456
Paul在佛罗里达州的一片沼泽地里的一辆公共汽车上长大
06:34
He liked to call himself "white trash."
133
394580
2576
他喜欢称自己为“白色垃圾”
06:37
And so we had this opportunity
134
397180
2896
我们有了这次机会
06:40
and we said,
135
400100
1216
我们想
06:41
what is it that we need to do?
136
401340
1456
我们需要做些什么
06:42
Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,
137
402820
2736
我们接受了荒谬的精英教育
06:45
what is the nature of our responsibility to the world?
138
405580
3336
那我们对社会所需承担的责任的本质是什么?
06:48
And we decided that we needed to start an organization.
139
408940
3256
我们决定组建一个组织
06:52
It's called Partners in Health.
140
412220
1496
它被称为健康伙伴
06:53
And by the way, there's a movie made about that.
141
413740
2256
顺便说说,有一部电影以它为原型展开
06:56
(Applause)
142
416020
2856
(掌声)
06:58
There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie
143
418900
2216
他们拍摄了一部很精彩的电影
07:01
they made about it called "Bending the Arc."
144
421140
2096
叫做《Bending the Arc》
07:03
It launched at Sundance this past January.
145
423260
2416
一月在圣丹斯国际电影节上映
07:05
Jeff Skoll is here.
146
425700
1216
Jeff Skoll就在这里
07:06
Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.
147
426940
2936
Jeff是促成其发生的人员之一
07:09
And we began to think about what it would take for us
148
429900
4816
之后,我们开始思考
07:14
to actually have our aspirations reach the level
149
434740
3576
我们究竟想做什么?
07:18
of some of the poorest communities in the world.
150
438340
2256
对于世界上那些最贫穷的社区而言
07:20
This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,
151
440620
3176
这是1988年我第一次访问海地
07:23
and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement,
152
443820
5336
1988年,我们制定了一个使命宣言
07:29
which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor
153
449180
3856
表明我们将会进行穷人优先的抉择
07:33
in health.
154
453060
1216
在医疗健康上
07:34
Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology.
155
454300
3536
现在,经过了很长时间,我们攻读完人类学的研究生
07:37
We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.
156
457860
2616
我们了解了马克思的一面,也进行了延伸阅读
07:40
Habermas. Fernand Braudel.
157
460500
2456
哈贝马斯,费尔南·布罗代尔
07:42
We were reading everything
158
462980
1656
我们读尽每一本书
07:44
and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work?
159
464660
4056
我们必须得出结论,我们将如何安排我们的工作?
07:48
So "O for the P," we called it,
160
468740
1856
“O for the P”,我们这样称呼它
07:50
a preferential option for the poor.
161
470620
2080
穷人优先
07:53
The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor
162
473380
3056
穷人优先最重要的一点在于
07:56
is what it's not.
163
476460
1240
它不是
07:58
It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.
164
478180
4256
不是以你的个人英雄主义优先
08:02
It's not a preferential option
165
482460
1456
不是以你自己如何帮助穷人脱贫的想法优先
08:03
for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty.
166
483940
3576
08:07
It's not a preferential option for your own organization.
167
487540
2896
不是以您自己的组织优先
08:10
And the hardest of all,
168
490460
1896
最重要的是
08:12
it's not a preferential option for your poor.
169
492380
2840
不是以你们的贫穷优先
08:15
It's a preferential option for the poor.
170
495660
2080
它是以穷人们优先
08:18
So what do you do?
171
498260
1416
那么,你会做些什么?
08:19
Well, Haiti, we started building --
172
499700
3856
我们开始建设海地
08:23
Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing
173
503580
2256
每个人都告诉我们,为了节约成本
08:25
is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program.
174
505860
2680
我们可以专注于疫苗接种或是供膳计划
08:29
But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.
175
509020
3480
但海地想要的是一所医院
08:32
They wanted schools.
176
512820
1256
是学校
08:34
They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities
177
514100
2856
是为孩子提供他们所听到的学习机会
08:36
that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example,
178
516980
4016
从其它人,亲戚
08:41
who had gone to the United States.
179
521020
1896
那些去过美国的人那儿听到的机会
08:42
They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did.
180
522940
4600
他们想要和我父母一样的机会
08:47
I recognized them.
181
527979
1361
我了解他们
08:49
And so that's what we did. We built hospitals.
182
529979
2177
所以我们做了这些,我们修建了学校
08:52
We provided education.
183
532180
1816
提供教育
08:54
And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.
184
534020
3416
我们竭尽全力为他们提供机会
08:57
Now, my experience really became intense
185
537460
2656
我的感受越来越强烈
09:00
at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo,
186
540140
3256
这一社区的健康伙伴,在卡拉瓦伊略区
09:03
in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.
187
543420
3840
在秘鲁利马北部的贫民窟
09:08
And in this community,
188
548020
1216
在这个社区
09:09
we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people,
189
549260
3616
我们开始走访
09:12
and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
190
552900
5256
我们发现了一场疫情,多耐药结核病的流行
09:18
This is Melquiades.
191
558180
1256
这位是Melquiades
09:19
Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old,
192
559460
4816
Melquiades当时是一位病人,大约18岁
09:24
and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
193
564300
3880
他患有难以治疗的耐药性结核病
09:29
All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus,
194
569100
2776
全球所有健康专家都说
09:31
said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.
195
571900
4816
治疗耐药性结核病并不划算
09:36
It's too complicated. It's too expensive.
196
576740
1953
它太复杂了,也太昂贵。
09:38
You just can't do it. It can't be done.
197
578717
2839
你不能做到,这不可能完成
09:41
And in addition, they were getting angry at us,
198
581580
3176
除此之外,他们对我们大为光火
09:44
because the implication was
199
584780
1536
因为这意味着
09:46
if it could be done, we would have done it.
200
586340
2376
如果可以做到,早就该完成了。
09:48
Who do you think you are?
201
588740
1696
你以为你是谁?
09:50
And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization
202
590460
3256
我们与世界卫生组织为敌
09:53
and probably the organization we fought with most
203
593740
3136
也许更多的是与世界银行集团相对抗
09:56
was the World Bank Group.
204
596900
1536
09:58
Now, we did everything we could
205
598460
4216
现在,我们竭尽全力
10:02
to convince Melquiades to take his medicines,
206
602700
2416
说服Melquiades服药
10:05
because it's really hard,
207
605140
1496
这真的很难
10:06
and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say,
208
606660
3856
在治疗期间,他的家人不止一次说过,
10:10
"Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective.
209
610540
3216
“你知道吗,治疗Melquiades并不划算,
10:13
Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"
210
613780
2136
你们为什么不去治疗其他人”
10:15
(Laughter)
211
615940
1296
(笑声)
10:17
I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years
212
617260
2256
我已经有10年没有见过Melquiades了
10:19
and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru
213
619540
3096
当我们在秘鲁利马举行年度会议时
10:22
a couple of years ago,
214
622660
1536
几年前
10:24
the filmmakers found him
215
624220
2216
电影制片人找到了他
10:26
and here is us getting together.
216
626460
1936
这是我们聚在一起
10:28
(Applause)
217
628420
3720
(掌声)
10:35
He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings,
218
635380
3496
他已经成为了一个媒体明星,他去了电影首映礼
10:38
and he knows how to work an audience now.
219
638900
2296
他现在已经知道如何驾驭观众了
10:41
(Laughter)
220
641220
1856
(笑声)
10:43
But as soon as we won --
221
643100
2136
但我们取得胜利后
10:45
We did win. We won the argument.
222
645260
1816
我们确实获胜了,我们赢得了争论
10:47
You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --
223
647100
2856
你应当治疗多耐药结核病
10:49
we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.
224
649980
3440
在二十一世纪初,我们听到了同样的争论,关于艾滋
10:53
All of the leading global health people in the world said
225
653940
2896
全球所有的健康领头人都说
10:56
it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries.
226
656860
3256
在贫困国家不可能进行艾滋病毒的治疗
11:00
Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it.
227
660140
2456
太昂贵了,太复杂了,你不可能做到
11:02
Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,
228
662620
1936
与耐药性结核病的治疗相比
11:04
it's actually easier.
229
664580
1200
实际上它更简单
11:06
And we were seeing patients like this.
230
666540
2936
我们经常看到这样的病人
11:09
Joseph Jeune.
231
669500
1216
Joseph Jeune
11:10
Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective.
232
670740
3416
Joseph Jeune也从不提起治疗他是不划算的
11:14
A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.
233
674180
2816
经过几个月的药物治疗,他现在是这样的
11:17
(Applause)
234
677020
2416
(掌声)
11:19
We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment.
235
679460
2496
我们称之为艾滋治疗的拉撒路效应
11:21
Joseline came to us looking like this.
236
681980
2296
Joseline来找我们时是这样的
11:24
This is what she looked like a few months later.
237
684300
2256
这是几个月后她的模样
11:26
(Applause)
238
686580
2696
(掌声)
11:29
Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,
239
689300
3576
现在,我们的争论,我们的斗争,我想
11:32
was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective.
240
692900
3976
主要在于那些认为这不划算的机构
11:36
We were saying, no,
241
696900
1416
我们在说,不
11:38
preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations
242
698340
3896
穷人优先要求我们提高自己的愿望
11:42
to meet those of the poor for themselves.
243
702260
1953
以满足穷人的愿望
11:44
And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective.
244
704237
3639
他们会说,这是个不错的想法,但不划算
11:47
So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health,
245
707900
6536
像个书呆子一样,我们坚持开创了健康伙伴
11:54
we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank.
246
714460
2696
我们写了一本书,来与世界银行相抗衡
11:57
It says that because the World Bank
247
717180
2616
里面提到,由于世界银行
11:59
has focused so much on just economic growth
248
719820
3856
过于关注经济发展
12:03
and said that governments have to shrink their budgets
249
723700
3776
认为政府应该减少在健康,教育及社会福利方面的预算及开支
12:07
and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare --
250
727500
4056
12:11
we thought that was fundamentally wrong.
251
731580
1976
我们认为这完全是错的
12:13
And we argued with the World Bank.
252
733580
1856
我们与世界银行争辩
12:15
And then a crazy thing happened.
253
735460
1600
之后,一件疯狂的事情发生了
12:17
President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.
254
737780
2976
总统奥巴马提名我担任世界银行行长
12:20
(Applause)
255
740780
2760
(掌声)
12:26
Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team,
256
746780
4816
当我接受总统团队的审查时
12:31
they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page.
257
751620
3496
他们拿着一本《为增长而死》,他们读完了那本书
12:35
And I said, "OK, that's it, right?
258
755140
1736
我问道:“就是这样,不是吗?
12:36
You guys are going to drop me?"
259
756900
1536
你们会放弃我”
12:38
He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."
260
758460
2416
他们却说:“不,没关系”
12:40
And I was nominated,
261
760900
1376
然后我被提名了
12:42
and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,
262
762300
4616
2012年7月,我步入了世界银行集团的大门
12:46
and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty."
263
766940
3376
墙上有这么一句话:“建立一个没有贫困的世界”
12:50
A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal:
264
770340
2976
几个月后,我们以此制定了一个目标
12:53
end extreme poverty by 2030,
265
773340
2616
2030年前终结极度贫困
12:55
boost shared prosperity.
266
775980
1256
促进共享繁荣
12:57
That's what we do now at the World Bank Group.
267
777260
2176
这是世界银行集团现在所做的
12:59
I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor
268
779460
3976
我想我已经做到了穷人优先
13:03
to the World Bank Group.
269
783460
1376
在世界银行集团中
13:04
(Applause)
270
784860
4480
(掌声)
13:10
But this is TED,
271
790300
1256
但是,这里是TED
13:11
and so I want to share with you some concerns,
272
791580
2576
我想和你们分享一些我的担忧
13:14
and then make a proposal.
273
794180
2160
并提出一些建议
13:16
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
274
796860
1616
我们正在经历第四次工业革命
13:18
now, you guys know so much better than I do,
275
798500
2096
你们比我更清楚
13:20
but here's the thing that concerns me.
276
800620
1856
不过这正是我的担忧所在
13:22
What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that.
277
802500
2536
失业充斥在我们耳畔,你们都听过吧
13:25
Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs,
278
805060
2616
数据显示,由于自动化,发展中国家现有的三分之二的工作将不复存在
13:27
currently existing jobs in developing countries,
279
807700
2239
13:29
will be lost because of automation.
280
809963
1713
13:31
Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.
281
811700
2136
现在,我们需要的是弥补这些工作的空缺
13:33
Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs
282
813860
2176
弥补的方式之一
13:36
is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force.
283
816060
3656
是将社区健康工作者划为正式工
13:39
That's what we want to do.
284
819740
1256
这是我们想做的
13:41
(Applause)
285
821020
1256
(掌声)
13:42
We think the numbers will work out,
286
822300
2336
我们想这一问题终会得以解决
13:44
that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work,
287
824660
3776
随着健康成果改善,人们得到正式工作
13:48
we're going to be able to train them
288
828460
1736
我们可以通过培训
13:50
with the soft-skills training that you add to it
289
830220
2256
提高他们的软技能
13:52
to become workers that will have a huge impact,
290
832500
3536
他们将会成为影响力巨大的工人
13:56
and that may be the one area that grows the most.
291
836060
3376
这一领域也将快速发展
13:59
But here's the other thing that bothers me:
292
839460
2576
还有另一件事困扰着我
14:02
right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future
293
842060
3896
我们清楚地知道
14:05
will be more digitally demanding,
294
845980
1856
未来的工作将更数字化
14:07
and there is a crisis in childhood stunting.
295
847860
3936
儿童发育迟缓将是一场危机
14:11
So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us
296
851820
3576
这是在哈佛医学院的Charles Nelson与我们分享的照片
14:15
from Harvard Medical School.
297
855420
1456
14:16
And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side,
298
856900
4776
这些照片的左边是
14:21
is a three-month-old who has been stunted:
299
861700
4416
一个三个月大的发育迟缓的婴儿
14:26
not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation.
300
866140
2536
营养不足,刺激不足
14:28
And on the other side, of course, is a normal child,
301
868700
2576
另一边,是一个正常的孩子
14:31
and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections.
302
871300
2856
大脑有全部的神经元连接
14:34
Now, the neuronal connections are important,
303
874180
2456
神经元连接十分重要
14:36
because that is the definition of human capital.
304
876660
3216
我们基于它来定义人类行为能力
14:39
Now, we know that we can reduce these rates.
305
879900
3696
现在,我们知道我们可以降低这一比率
14:43
We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly,
306
883620
3376
我们可以快速降低儿童发育迟缓率
14:47
but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting,
307
887020
4456
如果不这样做,在印度,就将有38%的儿童发育迟缓
14:51
how are they going to compete in the economy of the future
308
891500
2736
他们如何在未来的经济中竞争
14:54
if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally
309
894260
5856
如果40%的未来工人不能受到教育
15:00
and certainly we worry about achieving economically
310
900140
3736
我们当然也担心有助于国家全面发展的经济发展方式
15:03
in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.
311
903900
3240
15:07
Now, what are we going to do?
312
907700
2616
我们现在要做些什么?
15:10
78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy.
313
910340
3856
全球经济的规模达78万亿美元
15:14
8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds.
314
914220
3896
其中有价值8.55万亿美元的负利率债券
15:18
That means that you give the German central bank your money
315
918140
4456
这意味着你把钱存进德国中央银行
15:22
and then you pay them to keep your money.
316
922620
2496
然后你付款让他们替你保管
15:25
That's a negative interest rate bond.
317
925140
1816
这就是负利率债券
15:26
24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds.
318
926980
3176
有价值24.4万亿的低收入政府债券
15:30
And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people
319
930180
5216
富人们坐拥差不多8万亿
15:35
under their very large mattresses.
320
935420
1960
15:37
What we are trying to do is now use our own tools --
321
937860
3936
我们正在尝试借助我们自己的知识
15:41
and just to get nerdy for a second,
322
941820
1696
再次像书呆子一样
15:43
we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments,
323
943540
2496
我们谈论着一级风险债务工具
15:46
we're talking about derisking, blended finance,
324
946060
2576
谈论着冒险,混合基金
15:48
we're talking about political risk insurance,
325
948660
2496
我们谈论着政治风险保险
15:51
credit enhancement --
326
951180
1216
信用增级
15:52
all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group
327
952420
2936
我在世界银行集团所学到的这一切
15:55
that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer,
328
955380
4136
富人们每天凭借它们变得更加富有
15:59
but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor
329
959540
3736
但我们还没有积极地代表穷人
16:03
to bring this capital in.
330
963300
1616
来筹集资金
16:04
(Applause)
331
964940
2840
(掌声)
16:12
So does this work?
332
972100
2136
这有用吗?
16:14
Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country
333
974260
4816
你真的能把私营者引入一个国家
16:19
and really make things work?
334
979100
1376
让事情发挥作用吗?
16:20
Well, we've done it a couple of times.
335
980500
1856
我们尝试了几次
16:22
This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.
336
982380
2216
这是在赞比亚,太阳能的规模化
16:24
It's a box-set solution from the World Bank
337
984620
2176
这是世界银行提出的一套解决方案
16:26
where we come in and we do all the things you need
338
986820
2416
我们尽全力,做所有你需要的事情
16:29
to attract private-sector investors.
339
989260
1856
来吸引私营投资者
16:31
And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity
340
991140
4576
这一案例中,赞比亚的电费刚开始是
16:35
at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,
341
995740
1960
每千瓦时25美分
16:38
and by just doing simple things, doing the auction,
342
998260
3736
通过一些简单的操作,比如拍卖
16:42
changing some policies,
343
1002020
1496
改变政策
16:43
we were able to bring the cost down.
344
1003540
2976
我们能够降低成本
16:46
Lowest bid,
345
1006540
1216
最低价
16:47
25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?
346
1007780
2456
每千瓦时25美分?
16:50
The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.
347
1010260
4176
最低价是每千瓦时4.7美分,这是可能的
16:54
(Applause)
348
1014460
2136
(掌声)
16:56
But here's my proposal for you.
349
1016620
1936
以下是我对你们的建议
16:58
This is from a group called Zipline,
350
1018580
1896
这是一家名为Zipline的公司
17:00
a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists.
351
1020500
2856
一家很棒的公司,他们可以说是火箭专家
17:03
They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda.
352
1023380
2416
他们发现了如何在卢旺达运用无人机
17:05
This is me launching a drone in Rwanda
353
1025820
2216
这是我在卢旺达操纵一架无人机
17:08
that delivers blood anywhere in the country
354
1028060
2936
它可以在一个小时内把血液送到城市的任何地方
17:11
in less than an hour.
355
1031020
1536
17:12
So we save lives,
356
1032580
1456
我们拯救了生命
17:14
this program saved lives --
357
1034060
1856
这一计划拯救了生命
17:15
(Applause)
358
1035939
1017
(掌声)
17:16
This program made money for Zipline
359
1036980
1736
这一计划为Zipline盈利
17:18
and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda.
360
1038740
4015
也为卢旺达节约了一大笔钱
17:22
That's what we need, and we need that from all of you.
361
1042780
2696
这就是我们所需要的,也是我们对你们的期盼
17:25
I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains
362
1045500
3255
想要你们,分出一部分时间想想
17:28
to think about the technology that you work on,
363
1048780
2576
你所掌握的技术
17:31
the companies that you start, the design that you do.
364
1051380
2615
你开创的公司,你所做的设计
17:34
Think a little bit and work with us
365
1054020
2936
想一想,然后和我们一起合作
17:36
to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.
366
1056980
4296
看我们是能得出其它这样非同寻常的双赢方案
17:41
I'm going to leave you with one final story.
367
1061300
2360
要留给你们最后一个故事
17:44
I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom.
368
1064700
2296
在坦桑尼亚,我去到了一间教室
17:47
This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds.
369
1067020
3040
这是我和一群十一岁大的孩子们在一起
17:51
And I asked them, as I always do,
370
1071300
1616
我像往常一样问他们:
17:52
"What do you want to be when you grow up?"
371
1072940
2056
“你们长大后想做什么?”
17:55
Two raised their hands and said,
372
1075020
1736
两个孩子举手答到
17:56
"I want to be President of the World Bank."
373
1076780
2016
“我想成为世界银行行长”
17:58
(Laughter)
374
1078820
1816
(笑声)
18:00
And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed.
375
1080660
3416
和你们一样,我的团队和他们的老师也笑了
18:04
But then I stopped them.
376
1084100
1536
但我阻止了他们
18:05
I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.
377
1085660
2040
我说“听着,我想给你们讲一个故事”
18:08
When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like.
378
1088860
3480
当我在韩国出生时,它是这样的模样
18:13
This is where I came from.
379
1093100
1240
这就是我的家乡
18:15
And when I was three years old,
380
1095180
1880
当我三岁时
18:18
in preschool,
381
1098060
1200
在学前班
18:20
I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank,
382
1100140
3376
我从没想过世界银行行长George David Woods
18:23
if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom,
383
1103540
3576
如果某天他拜访韩国,来到我的教室
18:27
that he would have thought
384
1107140
1336
他是否会想到
18:28
that the future President of the World Bank
385
1108500
2016
未来的世界银行行长就在这间教室里
18:30
was sitting in that classroom.
386
1110540
1456
18:32
Don't let anyone ever tell you
387
1112020
2296
不要让其他人告诉你
18:34
that you cannot be President of the World Bank."
388
1114340
2776
你不能成为世界银行行长
18:37
Now -- thank you.
389
1117140
1216
谢谢你们
18:38
(Applause)
390
1118380
1576
(掌声)
18:39
Let me leave you with one thought.
391
1119980
1640
让我给你们留下一个想法
18:42
I came from a country that was the poorest in the world.
392
1122060
2656
我来自一个曾是世界上最贫穷的国家
18:44
I'm President of the World Bank.
393
1124740
1576
我现在是世界银行行长
18:46
I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me.
394
1126340
3176
我不能,也不会拉起我身后的梯子
18:49
This is urgent.
395
1129540
1536
现在十分迫切
18:51
Aspirations are going up.
396
1131100
1496
愿望变得愈发强烈
18:52
Everywhere aspirations are going up.
397
1132620
2296
到处都有强烈的希冀
18:54
You folks in this room, work with us.
398
1134940
2616
在这间房间里的你们,和我们一起努力
18:57
We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions
399
1137580
4016
我们知道我们能找到像Zipline这样的解决方案
19:01
and help the poor leapfrog into a better world,
400
1141620
3296
帮助穷人跨越到一个更好的世界
19:04
but it won't happen until we work together.
401
1144940
2600
这一切不会发生,除非我们一起努力
19:08
The future "you" -- and especially for your children --
402
1148060
2736
未来的你们,尤其是对你们的孩子来说
19:10
the future you
403
1150820
1576
19:12
will depend on how much care and compassion we bring
404
1152420
2976
未来取决于我们为未来的“我们”提供了多少关爱和同情
19:15
to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity
405
1155420
4616
以确保世界上每个儿童都享有平等的机会
19:20
for every child in the world.
406
1160060
1416
19:21
Thank you very much.
407
1161500
1256
非常感谢你们
19:22
(Applause)
408
1162780
1696
(掌声)
19:24
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
409
1164500
3056
谢谢!谢谢!谢谢!
19:27
(Applause)
410
1167580
3080
(掌声)
19:32
Chris Anderson: You'd almost think
411
1172860
1656
Chris Anderson:你肯定会想
19:34
people are surprised to hear a talk like this
412
1174540
2136
人们听到世界银行行长这样的讲话会感到惊讶
19:36
from the President of the World Bank.
413
1176700
1816
19:38
It's kind of cool.
414
1178540
1216
这有点特别
19:39
I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal.
415
1179780
3256
希望您可以再详细讲讲您的建议
19:43
There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room.
416
1183060
4496
在座有很多的投资者,企业家
19:47
How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?
417
1187580
2496
你想怎么和他们合作?你的建议是什么?
19:50
Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.
418
1190100
2256
金墉:我可以再次像书呆子一样吗?
19:52
CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did.
419
1192380
2576
CA:当然了 金墉:这是我们所做的,
19:54
Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure,
420
1194980
3296
保险公司从不会投资发展中国家的基础设施
19:58
for example, because they can't take the risk.
421
1198300
2176
因为他们不愿为此承担风险
20:00
They're holding money for people who pay for insurance.
422
1200500
2616
他们为那些为支付保险费用的人存储资金
20:03
So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association
423
1203140
3136
在瑞典国际开发协会给了我们一小笔资金后
20:06
gave us a little bit of money,
424
1206300
1456
20:07
we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million,
425
1207780
3136
我们去筹集了更多的钱,一亿
20:10
and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad,
426
1210940
2616
我们承担了最初的风险,这意味着,如果发展不顺
20:13
10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,
427
1213580
1856
我们会承担10%的损失
20:15
and the rest of you will be safe.
428
1215460
1776
而剩下的你们都是安全的
20:17
And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche
429
1217260
3736
但还有90%的部分
20:21
that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested.
430
1221020
3456
投资级别可达3B,所以保险公司选择了投资
20:24
So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money
431
1224500
4616
对我们而言,我们所做的就是利用公共资金冒险
20:29
and using it to derisk specific instruments
432
1229140
3536
开展具体建设
20:32
to bring people in from the outside.
433
1232700
1736
从而从外引进人才
20:34
So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash,
434
1234460
2936
坐拥数万亿美元现金的你们
20:37
come to us. Right?
435
1237420
1216
会加入我们,对吗?
20:38
(Laughter)
436
1238660
1016
(笑声)
20:39
CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals
437
1239700
3256
CA:你们所寻找的是提高发展中国家就业率的投资建议?
20:42
that create employment in the developing world.
438
1242980
2216
20:45
JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.
439
1245220
1376
金墉:是的,就是这样的
20:46
So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy,
440
1246620
3736
这些基础建设将包括
20:50
builds roads, bridges, ports.
441
1250380
2456
引进能源、修建道路、桥梁、港口
20:52
These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs,
442
1252860
2736
这些是创造就业机会所必需的
20:55
but also what we're saying is
443
1255620
2296
也是我们所谈论的
20:57
you may think that the technology you're working on
444
1257940
2416
你可能会认为你所掌握的技术
21:00
or the business that you're working on
445
1260380
1856
你所在的行业
21:02
may not have applications in the developing world,
446
1262260
3056
没有可能应用在发展中国家中
21:05
but look at Zipline.
447
1265340
1336
但看看Zipline
21:06
And that Zipline thing didn't happen
448
1266700
2016
它的成功不仅仅是因为技术的质量
21:08
just because of the quality of the technology.
449
1268740
2176
21:10
It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early
450
1270940
3176
更因为很早就和卢旺达合作
21:14
and used artificial intelligence --
451
1274140
1856
并且应用了人工智能
21:16
one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --
452
1276020
2856
还有一件事,卢旺达早已遍布宽带
21:18
but these things fly completely on their own.
453
1278900
2856
-但这些东西完全靠他们自己完成
21:21
So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions.
454
1281780
2856
我们会帮你做到这些,我们可以引荐你
21:24
We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.
455
1284660
2696
甚至提供资金,我们会让你成功
21:27
CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy
456
1287380
2656
CA:世界银行愿意为此提供多少资金?
21:30
to back those kinds of efforts?
457
1290060
1536
21:31
JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.
458
1291620
3296
金墉:“Chris,你总是让我做这样的事”
21:34
CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do.
459
1294940
3576
CA:我在给你找麻烦 金墉:这正是我们要做的
21:38
We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries,
460
1298540
4736
我们每年有250亿美元投资到贫穷国家
21:43
the poorest countries.
461
1303300
1216
最贫穷的国家
21:44
And as we invest over the next three years,
462
1304540
2056
正因为我们会在未来三年进行每年250亿美元的投资
21:46
25 billion a year,
463
1306620
1416
21:48
we have got to think with you
464
1308060
1856
我们需要和你们一起思考
21:49
about how to use that money more effectively.
465
1309940
2136
如何高效利用这笔资金
21:52
So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas.
466
1312100
3816
以我不能告诉你们具体的数目,这取决于项目的好坏
21:55
So bring us your ideas,
467
1315940
1536
所以,带来你们的想法
21:57
and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.
468
1317500
5160
资金不是问题
22:03
CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.
469
1323220
2336
CA:好吧,这是他亲口说的
22:05
Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.
470
1325580
2216
Jim,非常感谢 金墉:谢谢!谢谢!
22:07
(Applause)
471
1327820
3400
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7