Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? | Jim Yong Kim

115,085 views ・ 2017-07-19

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翻译人员: Danyang Luo 校对人员: Yinchun Rui
00:12
I just want to share with you
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想与你们分享
00:14
what I have been experiencing over the last five years
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在过去的五年中
00:16
in having the great privilege of traveling
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有幸去到
00:19
to many of the poorest countries in the world.
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许多贫困国家的经历
00:21
This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,
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在各地都可以见到这一幕
00:25
and these young children are looking at a smartphone,
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这些年幼的孩子正盯着一部智能手机
00:28
and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries.
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即使是在最贫困的国家中,智能手机也有极大的影响力
00:32
I said to my team, you know,
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我对我的团队说,你们知道吗?
00:34
what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world.
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我看到的是世界各地愈发强烈的愿望
00:38
In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations.
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实际上,在我看来,人们的愿望正在趋于统一
00:42
And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.
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我与一众经济学家仔细研究了这一现象
00:46
Is this true?
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这是事实吗?
00:47
Are aspirations converging all around the world?
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世界各地的愿望正在统一?
00:50
So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life
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因此,他们安排了类似盖洛普民意测验的测试来调查人们的生活满意度
00:54
and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet,
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研究发现,如果可以访问互联网
00:59
your satisfaction goes up.
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人们的满意度就会有所提高
01:01
But another thing happens that's very important:
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与此同时,另一件重要的事情是:
01:04
your reference income,
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你的参考收入
01:05
the income to which you compare your own,
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与你自身收入相对比的收入
01:08
also goes up.
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也在提高
01:10
Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example,
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如果一个国家的参考收入相比于外界提高了10%
01:13
goes up 10 percent
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01:14
by comparing themselves to the outside,
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那么人均收入至少要提高5%才能维持同样的满意度
01:17
then on average,
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01:19
people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent
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01:22
to maintain the same level of satisfaction.
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01:25
But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,
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不过,当你的收入较低时
01:29
your income has to go up much more
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你的收入需要提高更多
01:31
if the reference income goes up 10 percent,
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当参考收入提高10%时
01:33
something like 20 percent.
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你的收入可能需要提高20%
01:35
And so with this rise of aspirations,
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随着人们愿望加强
01:37
the fundamental question is:
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根本问题在于
01:39
Are we going to have a situation
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我们是否能提供一个大环境
01:40
where aspirations are linked to opportunity
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愿望与机遇并存
01:44
and you get dynamism and economic growth,
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是否能充满活力,维持经济增长
01:46
like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea?
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就像我的祖国那样,像在韩国?
01:50
Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?
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或者说,愿望是否会受挫?
01:55
This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015,
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这是我所关心的。在2012至2015年期间
02:00
terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.
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恐怖袭击事件增加了74%
02:03
The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.
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受害人数上升了150%
02:07
Right now, two billion people
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现在,有二十亿人口
02:09
live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence,
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生活在支离破碎,充满暴力的环境中
02:11
and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor
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直至2030年,全球将有超过60%的贫困人民
02:17
will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence.
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生活于这样的水深火热之中
02:21
And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?
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我们怎么做才能实现这些愿望?
02:24
Are there new ways of thinking
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是否有新的思维方式
02:26
about how we can rise to meet these aspirations?
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指引我们如何提高以实现愿望?
02:29
Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried.
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如果不这样做,我十分担心
02:32
Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet.
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因为互联网的普及,愿望的增强前所未有
02:36
Everyone knows how everyone else lives.
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每个人都知道其他人是怎样生活的
02:39
Has our ability to meet those aspirations
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我们的能力是否足以满足这些愿望
02:41
risen as well?
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即使它们愈发强烈?
02:43
And just to get at the details of this,
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为了了解更多的细节
02:45
I want to share with you my own personal story.
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我想和你们分享我自己的故事
02:47
This is not my mother,
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这不是我的母亲
02:49
but during the Korean War,
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但在朝鲜战争期间
02:51
my mother literally took her own sister,
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我的母亲也是这样带着她的妹妹
02:54
her younger sister, on her back,
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背着她
02:55
and walked at least part of the way
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至少走了一长段路
02:58
to escape Seoul during the Korean War.
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逃离首尔
03:02
Now, through a series of miracles,
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经过一系列奇迹
03:05
my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City.
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我的父母都获得了去纽约的奖学金
03:09
They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City.
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他们在纽约相遇,结婚
03:13
My father, too, was a refugee.
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我的父亲也是一名难民
03:16
At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country,
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19岁那年,他离开了朝鲜的家
03:20
escaped through the border
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逃离了边境
03:22
and never saw his family again.
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再也没有见过他的家人
03:24
Now, when they were married and living in New York,
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他们在纽约结婚并定居
03:27
my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.
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我的父亲曾是帕特丽夏·墨菲酒店的服务员
03:30
Their aspirations went up.
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他们有着伟大的梦想
03:32
They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City
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他们知道在纽约这样的城市的生活是怎样的
03:36
in the 1950s.
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即使是在20世纪50年代
03:38
Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea,
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我的哥哥出生后,他们回到了韩国
03:42
and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,
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我们开始了记忆中的田园生活
03:46
but what was happening in Korea at that time
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但那时的韩国是怎样的
03:49
was the country was one of the poorest in the world
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它是世上最贫困的国家之一
03:52
and there was political upheaval.
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并且政治动荡
03:54
There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time,
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我家门前的街道常年有示威游行
03:57
students protesting against the military government.
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学生们和军阀政府水火不容
04:02
And at the time,
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那时
04:04
the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now,
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世界银行集团,我现在所领导的这一机构
04:07
were extremely low for Korea.
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对韩国抱有极低的期望
04:10
Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid
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他们认为,没有外国援助
04:14
to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life.
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韩国将很难维持它的子民的基本生活
04:19
So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,
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韩国正处于水深火热中
04:22
my parents have seen what life is like in the United States.
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而我的父母已经见过了美国的生活是怎样的
04:25
They got married there. My brother was born there.
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他们在那里结婚,我的哥哥在那里出生
04:28
And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity
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他们意识到,
04:31
to reach their aspirations for us,
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为了给我们提供实现梦想的机会
04:34
we had to go and come back to the United States.
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我们必须离开,回到美国
04:36
Now, we came back.
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现在,我们回来了
04:38
First we went to Dallas.
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最初,我们去到了达拉斯
04:39
My father did his dental degree all over again.
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在那里,我的父亲重新考取了牙医学士学位
04:42
And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places.
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之后我们搬去了爱荷华州
04:46
We grew up in Iowa.
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我在那儿长大
04:47
And in Iowa, we went through the whole course.
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我在爱荷华州完成了所有课程的学习
04:50
I went to high school, I went to college.
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高中,大学
04:52
And then one day, something that I'll never forget,
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有一天,我想我永不会忘记
04:57
my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college,
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我的父亲接到我,那时大二刚结束
05:02
and he was driving me home,
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他载我回家
05:03
and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations?
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他问我:“Jim,你的梦想是什么?
05:06
What do you want to study? What do you want to do?"
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你想学什么?又想做些什么?”
05:08
And I said, "Dad," --
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我回答到:“爸爸......”
05:09
My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas
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我的母亲是一名哲学家
05:12
about protest and social justice,
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她向我们传递了很多抗议和社会公正的观点
05:15
and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy,
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我说:“父亲,我想学政治科学与哲学
05:19
and I'm going to become part of a political movement."
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我想参与政治活动”
05:22
My father, the Korean dentist,
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我的父亲,一位韩国牙医
05:23
slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --
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慢慢地把车停在了路边
05:26
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:28
He looked back at me, and he said,
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他转过头来看着我说:
05:29
"Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."
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“Jim,你修完住院医师的课程后,你可以学任何你想学的”
05:33
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:34
Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before.
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我向很多亚洲观众讲过这个故事
05:39
Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.
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没有人笑,他们只是摇摇头
05:42
Of course.
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当然了
05:43
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:45
(Applause)
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(掌声)
05:47
So, tragically, my father died at a young age,
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不幸的是,我父亲很年轻时就去世了
05:52
30 years ago at the age of 57,
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30年前,他年仅57岁
05:54
what happens to be how old I am right now,
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到了我现在这个年龄会发生什么
05:57
and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies --
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他在我学医的研究生期间去世了
06:00
You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology.
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你们看,我确乎通过学习医学和人类学实现了它
06:03
I studied both of them in graduate school.
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我在研究生期间学习了它们
06:08
But then right about that time, I met these two people,
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在那个时候,我遇到了这两个人
06:11
Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.
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Ophelia Dahl和Paul Farmer
06:13
And Paul and I were in the same program.
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Paul和我在同一个团队里
06:15
We were studying medicine
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我们一起学了医学
06:17
and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology.
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并同时获得了人类学的博士学位
06:20
And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.
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我们开始探讨一些根本问题
06:23
For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology --
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对那些有幸学习医学和人类学的人而言
06:27
I had come from parents who were refugees.
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我的父母都是难民
06:30
Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.
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Paul在佛罗里达州的一片沼泽地里的一辆公共汽车上长大
06:34
He liked to call himself "white trash."
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他喜欢称自己为“白色垃圾”
06:37
And so we had this opportunity
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我们有了这次机会
06:40
and we said,
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我们想
06:41
what is it that we need to do?
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我们需要做些什么
06:42
Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,
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我们接受了荒谬的精英教育
06:45
what is the nature of our responsibility to the world?
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那我们对社会所需承担的责任的本质是什么?
06:48
And we decided that we needed to start an organization.
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我们决定组建一个组织
06:52
It's called Partners in Health.
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它被称为健康伙伴
06:53
And by the way, there's a movie made about that.
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顺便说说,有一部电影以它为原型展开
06:56
(Applause)
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(掌声)
06:58
There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie
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他们拍摄了一部很精彩的电影
07:01
they made about it called "Bending the Arc."
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叫做《Bending the Arc》
07:03
It launched at Sundance this past January.
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一月在圣丹斯国际电影节上映
07:05
Jeff Skoll is here.
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Jeff Skoll就在这里
07:06
Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.
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Jeff是促成其发生的人员之一
07:09
And we began to think about what it would take for us
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之后,我们开始思考
07:14
to actually have our aspirations reach the level
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我们究竟想做什么?
07:18
of some of the poorest communities in the world.
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对于世界上那些最贫穷的社区而言
07:20
This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,
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这是1988年我第一次访问海地
07:23
and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement,
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1988年,我们制定了一个使命宣言
07:29
which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor
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表明我们将会进行穷人优先的抉择
07:33
in health.
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在医疗健康上
07:34
Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology.
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现在,经过了很长时间,我们攻读完人类学的研究生
07:37
We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.
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我们了解了马克思的一面,也进行了延伸阅读
07:40
Habermas. Fernand Braudel.
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哈贝马斯,费尔南·布罗代尔
07:42
We were reading everything
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我们读尽每一本书
07:44
and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work?
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我们必须得出结论,我们将如何安排我们的工作?
07:48
So "O for the P," we called it,
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“O for the P”,我们这样称呼它
07:50
a preferential option for the poor.
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穷人优先
07:53
The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor
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穷人优先最重要的一点在于
07:56
is what it's not.
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它不是
07:58
It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.
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不是以你的个人英雄主义优先
08:02
It's not a preferential option
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不是以你自己如何帮助穷人脱贫的想法优先
08:03
for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty.
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08:07
It's not a preferential option for your own organization.
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不是以您自己的组织优先
08:10
And the hardest of all,
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最重要的是
08:12
it's not a preferential option for your poor.
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不是以你们的贫穷优先
08:15
It's a preferential option for the poor.
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它是以穷人们优先
08:18
So what do you do?
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那么,你会做些什么?
08:19
Well, Haiti, we started building --
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我们开始建设海地
08:23
Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing
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每个人都告诉我们,为了节约成本
08:25
is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program.
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我们可以专注于疫苗接种或是供膳计划
08:29
But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.
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但海地想要的是一所医院
08:32
They wanted schools.
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是学校
08:34
They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities
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是为孩子提供他们所听到的学习机会
08:36
that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example,
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从其它人,亲戚
08:41
who had gone to the United States.
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那些去过美国的人那儿听到的机会
08:42
They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did.
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他们想要和我父母一样的机会
08:47
I recognized them.
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我了解他们
08:49
And so that's what we did. We built hospitals.
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所以我们做了这些,我们修建了学校
08:52
We provided education.
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提供教育
08:54
And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.
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我们竭尽全力为他们提供机会
08:57
Now, my experience really became intense
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我的感受越来越强烈
09:00
at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo,
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这一社区的健康伙伴,在卡拉瓦伊略区
09:03
in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.
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在秘鲁利马北部的贫民窟
09:08
And in this community,
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在这个社区
09:09
we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people,
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我们开始走访
09:12
and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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我们发现了一场疫情,多耐药结核病的流行
09:18
This is Melquiades.
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这位是Melquiades
09:19
Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old,
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Melquiades当时是一位病人,大约18岁
09:24
and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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他患有难以治疗的耐药性结核病
09:29
All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus,
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全球所有健康专家都说
09:31
said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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治疗耐药性结核病并不划算
09:36
It's too complicated. It's too expensive.
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它太复杂了,也太昂贵。
09:38
You just can't do it. It can't be done.
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你不能做到,这不可能完成
09:41
And in addition, they were getting angry at us,
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除此之外,他们对我们大为光火
09:44
because the implication was
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因为这意味着
09:46
if it could be done, we would have done it.
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如果可以做到,早就该完成了。
09:48
Who do you think you are?
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你以为你是谁?
09:50
And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization
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我们与世界卫生组织为敌
09:53
and probably the organization we fought with most
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也许更多的是与世界银行集团相对抗
09:56
was the World Bank Group.
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09:58
Now, we did everything we could
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现在,我们竭尽全力
10:02
to convince Melquiades to take his medicines,
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说服Melquiades服药
10:05
because it's really hard,
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这真的很难
10:06
and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say,
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在治疗期间,他的家人不止一次说过,
10:10
"Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective.
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“你知道吗,治疗Melquiades并不划算,
10:13
Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"
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你们为什么不去治疗其他人”
10:15
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
10:17
I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years
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我已经有10年没有见过Melquiades了
10:19
and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru
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当我们在秘鲁利马举行年度会议时
10:22
a couple of years ago,
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几年前
10:24
the filmmakers found him
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电影制片人找到了他
10:26
and here is us getting together.
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这是我们聚在一起
10:28
(Applause)
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(掌声)
10:35
He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings,
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他已经成为了一个媒体明星,他去了电影首映礼
10:38
and he knows how to work an audience now.
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他现在已经知道如何驾驭观众了
10:41
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
10:43
But as soon as we won --
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但我们取得胜利后
10:45
We did win. We won the argument.
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我们确实获胜了,我们赢得了争论
10:47
You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --
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你应当治疗多耐药结核病
10:49
we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.
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在二十一世纪初,我们听到了同样的争论,关于艾滋
10:53
All of the leading global health people in the world said
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全球所有的健康领头人都说
10:56
it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries.
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在贫困国家不可能进行艾滋病毒的治疗
11:00
Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it.
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太昂贵了,太复杂了,你不可能做到
11:02
Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,
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与耐药性结核病的治疗相比
11:04
it's actually easier.
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实际上它更简单
11:06
And we were seeing patients like this.
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我们经常看到这样的病人
11:09
Joseph Jeune.
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Joseph Jeune
11:10
Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective.
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Joseph Jeune也从不提起治疗他是不划算的
11:14
A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.
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经过几个月的药物治疗,他现在是这样的
11:17
(Applause)
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(掌声)
11:19
We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment.
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我们称之为艾滋治疗的拉撒路效应
11:21
Joseline came to us looking like this.
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Joseline来找我们时是这样的
11:24
This is what she looked like a few months later.
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这是几个月后她的模样
11:26
(Applause)
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(掌声)
11:29
Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,
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现在,我们的争论,我们的斗争,我想
11:32
was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective.
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主要在于那些认为这不划算的机构
11:36
We were saying, no,
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我们在说,不
11:38
preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations
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穷人优先要求我们提高自己的愿望
11:42
to meet those of the poor for themselves.
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以满足穷人的愿望
11:44
And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective.
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他们会说,这是个不错的想法,但不划算
11:47
So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health,
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像个书呆子一样,我们坚持开创了健康伙伴
11:54
we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank.
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我们写了一本书,来与世界银行相抗衡
11:57
It says that because the World Bank
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里面提到,由于世界银行
11:59
has focused so much on just economic growth
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过于关注经济发展
12:03
and said that governments have to shrink their budgets
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认为政府应该减少在健康,教育及社会福利方面的预算及开支
12:07
and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare --
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12:11
we thought that was fundamentally wrong.
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我们认为这完全是错的
12:13
And we argued with the World Bank.
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我们与世界银行争辩
12:15
And then a crazy thing happened.
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之后,一件疯狂的事情发生了
12:17
President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.
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总统奥巴马提名我担任世界银行行长
12:20
(Applause)
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(掌声)
12:26
Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team,
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当我接受总统团队的审查时
12:31
they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page.
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他们拿着一本《为增长而死》,他们读完了那本书
12:35
And I said, "OK, that's it, right?
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我问道:“就是这样,不是吗?
12:36
You guys are going to drop me?"
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你们会放弃我”
12:38
He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."
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他们却说:“不,没关系”
12:40
And I was nominated,
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然后我被提名了
12:42
and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,
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2012年7月,我步入了世界银行集团的大门
12:46
and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty."
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墙上有这么一句话:“建立一个没有贫困的世界”
12:50
A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal:
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几个月后,我们以此制定了一个目标
12:53
end extreme poverty by 2030,
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2030年前终结极度贫困
12:55
boost shared prosperity.
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促进共享繁荣
12:57
That's what we do now at the World Bank Group.
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这是世界银行集团现在所做的
12:59
I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor
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我想我已经做到了穷人优先
13:03
to the World Bank Group.
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在世界银行集团中
13:04
(Applause)
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(掌声)
13:10
But this is TED,
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但是,这里是TED
13:11
and so I want to share with you some concerns,
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我想和你们分享一些我的担忧
13:14
and then make a proposal.
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并提出一些建议
13:16
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
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我们正在经历第四次工业革命
13:18
now, you guys know so much better than I do,
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你们比我更清楚
13:20
but here's the thing that concerns me.
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不过这正是我的担忧所在
13:22
What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that.
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失业充斥在我们耳畔,你们都听过吧
13:25
Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs,
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数据显示,由于自动化,发展中国家现有的三分之二的工作将不复存在
13:27
currently existing jobs in developing countries,
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13:29
will be lost because of automation.
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13:31
Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.
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现在,我们需要的是弥补这些工作的空缺
13:33
Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs
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弥补的方式之一
13:36
is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force.
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是将社区健康工作者划为正式工
13:39
That's what we want to do.
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这是我们想做的
13:41
(Applause)
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(掌声)
13:42
We think the numbers will work out,
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我们想这一问题终会得以解决
13:44
that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work,
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随着健康成果改善,人们得到正式工作
13:48
we're going to be able to train them
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我们可以通过培训
13:50
with the soft-skills training that you add to it
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提高他们的软技能
13:52
to become workers that will have a huge impact,
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他们将会成为影响力巨大的工人
13:56
and that may be the one area that grows the most.
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这一领域也将快速发展
13:59
But here's the other thing that bothers me:
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还有另一件事困扰着我
14:02
right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future
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我们清楚地知道
14:05
will be more digitally demanding,
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未来的工作将更数字化
14:07
and there is a crisis in childhood stunting.
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儿童发育迟缓将是一场危机
14:11
So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us
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这是在哈佛医学院的Charles Nelson与我们分享的照片
14:15
from Harvard Medical School.
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14:16
And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side,
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这些照片的左边是
14:21
is a three-month-old who has been stunted:
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一个三个月大的发育迟缓的婴儿
14:26
not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation.
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营养不足,刺激不足
14:28
And on the other side, of course, is a normal child,
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另一边,是一个正常的孩子
14:31
and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections.
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大脑有全部的神经元连接
14:34
Now, the neuronal connections are important,
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神经元连接十分重要
14:36
because that is the definition of human capital.
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我们基于它来定义人类行为能力
14:39
Now, we know that we can reduce these rates.
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现在,我们知道我们可以降低这一比率
14:43
We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly,
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我们可以快速降低儿童发育迟缓率
14:47
but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting,
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如果不这样做,在印度,就将有38%的儿童发育迟缓
14:51
how are they going to compete in the economy of the future
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他们如何在未来的经济中竞争
14:54
if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally
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如果40%的未来工人不能受到教育
15:00
and certainly we worry about achieving economically
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我们当然也担心有助于国家全面发展的经济发展方式
15:03
in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.
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15:07
Now, what are we going to do?
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我们现在要做些什么?
15:10
78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy.
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全球经济的规模达78万亿美元
15:14
8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds.
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其中有价值8.55万亿美元的负利率债券
15:18
That means that you give the German central bank your money
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4456
这意味着你把钱存进德国中央银行
15:22
and then you pay them to keep your money.
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然后你付款让他们替你保管
15:25
That's a negative interest rate bond.
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这就是负利率债券
15:26
24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds.
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有价值24.4万亿的低收入政府债券
15:30
And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people
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富人们坐拥差不多8万亿
15:35
under their very large mattresses.
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1960
15:37
What we are trying to do is now use our own tools --
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我们正在尝试借助我们自己的知识
15:41
and just to get nerdy for a second,
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再次像书呆子一样
15:43
we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments,
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我们谈论着一级风险债务工具
15:46
we're talking about derisking, blended finance,
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谈论着冒险,混合基金
15:48
we're talking about political risk insurance,
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我们谈论着政治风险保险
15:51
credit enhancement --
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信用增级
15:52
all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group
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我在世界银行集团所学到的这一切
15:55
that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer,
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富人们每天凭借它们变得更加富有
15:59
but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor
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但我们还没有积极地代表穷人
16:03
to bring this capital in.
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来筹集资金
16:04
(Applause)
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(掌声)
16:12
So does this work?
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这有用吗?
16:14
Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country
333
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你真的能把私营者引入一个国家
16:19
and really make things work?
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让事情发挥作用吗?
16:20
Well, we've done it a couple of times.
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我们尝试了几次
16:22
This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.
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这是在赞比亚,太阳能的规模化
16:24
It's a box-set solution from the World Bank
337
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这是世界银行提出的一套解决方案
16:26
where we come in and we do all the things you need
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我们尽全力,做所有你需要的事情
16:29
to attract private-sector investors.
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来吸引私营投资者
16:31
And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity
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这一案例中,赞比亚的电费刚开始是
16:35
at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,
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每千瓦时25美分
16:38
and by just doing simple things, doing the auction,
342
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通过一些简单的操作,比如拍卖
16:42
changing some policies,
343
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改变政策
16:43
we were able to bring the cost down.
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我们能够降低成本
16:46
Lowest bid,
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最低价
16:47
25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?
346
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每千瓦时25美分?
16:50
The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.
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最低价是每千瓦时4.7美分,这是可能的
16:54
(Applause)
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(掌声)
16:56
But here's my proposal for you.
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以下是我对你们的建议
16:58
This is from a group called Zipline,
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这是一家名为Zipline的公司
17:00
a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists.
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一家很棒的公司,他们可以说是火箭专家
17:03
They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda.
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他们发现了如何在卢旺达运用无人机
17:05
This is me launching a drone in Rwanda
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这是我在卢旺达操纵一架无人机
17:08
that delivers blood anywhere in the country
354
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它可以在一个小时内把血液送到城市的任何地方
17:11
in less than an hour.
355
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17:12
So we save lives,
356
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我们拯救了生命
17:14
this program saved lives --
357
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这一计划拯救了生命
17:15
(Applause)
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(掌声)
17:16
This program made money for Zipline
359
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这一计划为Zipline盈利
17:18
and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda.
360
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也为卢旺达节约了一大笔钱
17:22
That's what we need, and we need that from all of you.
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这就是我们所需要的,也是我们对你们的期盼
17:25
I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains
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想要你们,分出一部分时间想想
17:28
to think about the technology that you work on,
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你所掌握的技术
17:31
the companies that you start, the design that you do.
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你开创的公司,你所做的设计
17:34
Think a little bit and work with us
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想一想,然后和我们一起合作
17:36
to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.
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看我们是能得出其它这样非同寻常的双赢方案
17:41
I'm going to leave you with one final story.
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要留给你们最后一个故事
17:44
I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom.
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在坦桑尼亚,我去到了一间教室
17:47
This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds.
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这是我和一群十一岁大的孩子们在一起
17:51
And I asked them, as I always do,
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我像往常一样问他们:
17:52
"What do you want to be when you grow up?"
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“你们长大后想做什么?”
17:55
Two raised their hands and said,
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两个孩子举手答到
17:56
"I want to be President of the World Bank."
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2016
“我想成为世界银行行长”
17:58
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
18:00
And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed.
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和你们一样,我的团队和他们的老师也笑了
18:04
But then I stopped them.
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但我阻止了他们
18:05
I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.
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我说“听着,我想给你们讲一个故事”
18:08
When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like.
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当我在韩国出生时,它是这样的模样
18:13
This is where I came from.
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这就是我的家乡
18:15
And when I was three years old,
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当我三岁时
18:18
in preschool,
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在学前班
18:20
I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank,
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我从没想过世界银行行长George David Woods
18:23
if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom,
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如果某天他拜访韩国,来到我的教室
18:27
that he would have thought
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他是否会想到
18:28
that the future President of the World Bank
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未来的世界银行行长就在这间教室里
18:30
was sitting in that classroom.
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18:32
Don't let anyone ever tell you
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不要让其他人告诉你
18:34
that you cannot be President of the World Bank."
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你不能成为世界银行行长
18:37
Now -- thank you.
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谢谢你们
18:38
(Applause)
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(掌声)
18:39
Let me leave you with one thought.
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让我给你们留下一个想法
18:42
I came from a country that was the poorest in the world.
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我来自一个曾是世界上最贫穷的国家
18:44
I'm President of the World Bank.
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我现在是世界银行行长
18:46
I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me.
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我不能,也不会拉起我身后的梯子
18:49
This is urgent.
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现在十分迫切
18:51
Aspirations are going up.
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愿望变得愈发强烈
18:52
Everywhere aspirations are going up.
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到处都有强烈的希冀
18:54
You folks in this room, work with us.
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在这间房间里的你们,和我们一起努力
18:57
We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions
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我们知道我们能找到像Zipline这样的解决方案
19:01
and help the poor leapfrog into a better world,
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帮助穷人跨越到一个更好的世界
19:04
but it won't happen until we work together.
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这一切不会发生,除非我们一起努力
19:08
The future "you" -- and especially for your children --
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未来的你们,尤其是对你们的孩子来说
19:10
the future you
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19:12
will depend on how much care and compassion we bring
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未来取决于我们为未来的“我们”提供了多少关爱和同情
19:15
to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity
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以确保世界上每个儿童都享有平等的机会
19:20
for every child in the world.
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19:21
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢你们
19:22
(Applause)
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(掌声)
19:24
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
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谢谢!谢谢!谢谢!
19:27
(Applause)
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(掌声)
19:32
Chris Anderson: You'd almost think
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Chris Anderson:你肯定会想
19:34
people are surprised to hear a talk like this
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人们听到世界银行行长这样的讲话会感到惊讶
19:36
from the President of the World Bank.
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19:38
It's kind of cool.
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这有点特别
19:39
I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal.
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希望您可以再详细讲讲您的建议
19:43
There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room.
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在座有很多的投资者,企业家
19:47
How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?
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你想怎么和他们合作?你的建议是什么?
19:50
Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.
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金墉:我可以再次像书呆子一样吗?
19:52
CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did.
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CA:当然了 金墉:这是我们所做的,
19:54
Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure,
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保险公司从不会投资发展中国家的基础设施
19:58
for example, because they can't take the risk.
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因为他们不愿为此承担风险
20:00
They're holding money for people who pay for insurance.
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他们为那些为支付保险费用的人存储资金
20:03
So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association
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在瑞典国际开发协会给了我们一小笔资金后
20:06
gave us a little bit of money,
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20:07
we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million,
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我们去筹集了更多的钱,一亿
20:10
and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad,
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我们承担了最初的风险,这意味着,如果发展不顺
20:13
10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,
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我们会承担10%的损失
20:15
and the rest of you will be safe.
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而剩下的你们都是安全的
20:17
And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche
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3736
但还有90%的部分
20:21
that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested.
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投资级别可达3B,所以保险公司选择了投资
20:24
So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money
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对我们而言,我们所做的就是利用公共资金冒险
20:29
and using it to derisk specific instruments
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开展具体建设
20:32
to bring people in from the outside.
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从而从外引进人才
20:34
So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash,
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坐拥数万亿美元现金的你们
20:37
come to us. Right?
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会加入我们,对吗?
20:38
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
20:39
CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals
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CA:你们所寻找的是提高发展中国家就业率的投资建议?
20:42
that create employment in the developing world.
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20:45
JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.
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金墉:是的,就是这样的
20:46
So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy,
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这些基础建设将包括
20:50
builds roads, bridges, ports.
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引进能源、修建道路、桥梁、港口
20:52
These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs,
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这些是创造就业机会所必需的
20:55
but also what we're saying is
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也是我们所谈论的
20:57
you may think that the technology you're working on
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你可能会认为你所掌握的技术
21:00
or the business that you're working on
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你所在的行业
21:02
may not have applications in the developing world,
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没有可能应用在发展中国家中
21:05
but look at Zipline.
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但看看Zipline
21:06
And that Zipline thing didn't happen
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2016
它的成功不仅仅是因为技术的质量
21:08
just because of the quality of the technology.
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21:10
It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early
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更因为很早就和卢旺达合作
21:14
and used artificial intelligence --
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并且应用了人工智能
21:16
one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --
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还有一件事,卢旺达早已遍布宽带
21:18
but these things fly completely on their own.
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-但这些东西完全靠他们自己完成
21:21
So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions.
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我们会帮你做到这些,我们可以引荐你
21:24
We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.
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甚至提供资金,我们会让你成功
21:27
CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy
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CA:世界银行愿意为此提供多少资金?
21:30
to back those kinds of efforts?
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21:31
JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.
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金墉:“Chris,你总是让我做这样的事”
21:34
CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do.
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CA:我在给你找麻烦 金墉:这正是我们要做的
21:38
We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries,
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我们每年有250亿美元投资到贫穷国家
21:43
the poorest countries.
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最贫穷的国家
21:44
And as we invest over the next three years,
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正因为我们会在未来三年进行每年250亿美元的投资
21:46
25 billion a year,
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21:48
we have got to think with you
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我们需要和你们一起思考
21:49
about how to use that money more effectively.
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如何高效利用这笔资金
21:52
So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas.
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以我不能告诉你们具体的数目,这取决于项目的好坏
21:55
So bring us your ideas,
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所以,带来你们的想法
21:57
and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.
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资金不是问题
22:03
CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.
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CA:好吧,这是他亲口说的
22:05
Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.
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Jim,非常感谢 金墉:谢谢!谢谢!
22:07
(Applause)
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