Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? | Jim Yong Kim

Translator: Lilis Adiningsih Reviewer: Yolanda Raintina

I just want to share with you

Saya ingin membagikan

what I have been experiencing over the last five years

apa yang saya alami selama lima tahun terakhir

in having the great privilege of traveling

pada perjalanan luar biasa ke negara-negara termiskin di dunia.

to many of the poorest countries in the world.

This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,

Ini adalah salah satu bagian yang saya lihat di mana pun sepanjang masa.

and these young children are looking at a smartphone,

Anak-anak kecil ini sedang melihat ponsel pintar.

and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries.

Ponsel pintar sangatlah berdampak bahkan pada negara termiskin.

I said to my team, you know,

Saya katakan pada tim,

what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world.

saya melihat aspirasi yang meningkat di seluruh dunia.

In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations.

Bahkan, menurut saya ada penyatuan aspirasi.

And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.

Saya meminta tim ekonom untuk menyelidikinya.

Is this true?

Apakah ini benar?

Are aspirations converging all around the world?

Apakah aspirasi berkumpul di seluruh dunia?

So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life

Jadi mereka menelaah pendapat Gallup tentang kepuasan dalam hidup

and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet,

dan mereka mempelajari bahwa jika Anda punya akses internet,

your satisfaction goes up.

kepuasan Anda akan meningkat.

But another thing happens that's very important:

Tetapi hal lain yang sangat penting:

your reference income,

pendapatan referensi Anda,

the income to which you compare your own,

pendapatan yang Anda bandingkan sendiri,

also goes up.

juga akan naik.

Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example,

Jika referensi pendapatan suatu negara, misalnya, naik 10 persen

goes up 10 percent

by comparing themselves to the outside,

dengan membandingkan milik pribadi dengan orang lain,

then on average,

maka rata-rata pendapatan naik minimal 5 persen

people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent

to maintain the same level of satisfaction.

untuk mempertahankan tingkat kepuasan yang sama.

But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,

Tetapi, ketika Anda turun ke persentil pendapatan lebih rendah,

your income has to go up much more

maka pendapatan Anda harus naik lebih banyak

if the reference income goes up 10 percent,

jika pendapatan referensi naik 10 persen,

something like 20 percent.

atau sekitar 20%.

And so with this rise of aspirations,

Dengan munculnya aspirasi ini, pertanyaan dasarnya adalah:

the fundamental question is:

Are we going to have a situation

Apakah kita akan menghadapi situasi di mana aspirasi terkait dengan peluang

where aspirations are linked to opportunity

and you get dynamism and economic growth,

dan Anda mendapatkan dinamisme dan pertumbuhan ekonomi,

like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea?

seperti yang terjadi di negara asal saya, di Korea?

Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?

Atau apakah aspirasi akan berujung pada frustasi?

This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015,

Ini sungguh memprihatinkan karena antara tahun 2012 dan 2015,

terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.

insiden terorisme meningkat hingga 74 persen.

The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.

Total kematian akibat terorisme naik 150 persen.

Right now, two billion people

Saat ini, dua miliar orang mengalami kerapuhan, konflik, kekerasan,

live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence,

and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor

dan pada 2030, lebih dari 60% orang miskin di dunia

will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence.

akan mengalami kerapuhan, konflik, dan kekerasan ini.

And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?

Apa yang kita lakukan untuk memenuhi aspirasi ini?

Are there new ways of thinking

Apakah ada cara baru

about how we can rise to meet these aspirations?

agar kita dapat bangkit untuk memenuhi aspirasi ini?

Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried.

Karena jika tidak, saya sangat khawatir.

Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet.

Kini, aspirasi meningkat karena akses internet.

Everyone knows how everyone else lives.

Semua orang tahu bagaimana kehidupan orang lain.

Has our ability to meet those aspirations

Apakah kemampuan kita meningkat untuk memenuhi aspirasi itu?

risen as well?

And just to get at the details of this,

Untuk detailnya, saya akan membagikan kisah pribadi saya.

I want to share with you my own personal story.

This is not my mother,

Ini bukan ibu saya,

but during the Korean War,

tapi selama Perang Korea,

my mother literally took her own sister,

ibu saya menggendong sendiri saudara perempuannya,

her younger sister, on her back,

yaitu adik perempuannya, di punggungnya,

and walked at least part of the way

dan berjalan untuk melarikan diri dari Seoul selama Perang Korea.

to escape Seoul during the Korean War.

Now, through a series of miracles,

Kini, karena serangkaian keajaiban,

my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City.

ibu dan ayah saya mendapat beasiswa untuk pergi ke Kota New York.

They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City.

Mereka sebenarnya bertemu dan menikah di Kota New York.

My father, too, was a refugee.

Ayah saya juga seorang pengungsi.

At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country,

Pada usia 19 tahun, ia meninggalkan keluarganya di negaranya bagian utara,

escaped through the border

melarikan diri melalui perbatasan dan tidak melihat keluarganya lagi.

and never saw his family again.

Now, when they were married and living in New York,

Kini, saat mereka menikah dan hidup di Kota New York,

my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.

ayah saya seorang pelayan di restoran Patricia Murphy.

Their aspirations went up.

Aspirasi mereka meningkat.

They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City

Mereka mengerti rasanya tinggal di tempat seperti Kota New York

in the 1950s.

di tahun 1950-an.

Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea,

Saudara laki-laki saya lahir dan mereka kembali ke Korea,

and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,

dan kami memiliki kehidupan yang amat indah,

but what was happening in Korea at that time

tetapi yang terjadi di Korea saat itu

was the country was one of the poorest in the world

adalah negara itu salah satu negara termiskin di dunia

and there was political upheaval.

dan ada pergolakan politik.

There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time,

Sepanjang waktu ada demo di dekat rumah kami,

mahasiswa memprotes pemerintah militer.

students protesting against the military government.

And at the time,

Dan pada saat itu,

the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now,

aspirasi Grup Bank Dunia yang saya pimpin saat ini,

were extremely low for Korea.

sangat lemah untuk Korea.

Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid

Gagasan mereka adalah Korea akan kesulitan tanpa bantuan dari luar

to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life.

untuk menyediakan rakyatnya kebutuhan hidup yang lebih.

So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,

Korea berada di situasi yang sulit,

my parents have seen what life is like in the United States.

orang tua saya tahu kehidupan di Amerika Serikat.

They got married there. My brother was born there.

Mereka menikah dan saudara saya lahir disana.

And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity

Mereka merasa perlu memberi kami kesempatan

to reach their aspirations for us,

untuk mencapai aspirasinya bagi kami,

we had to go and come back to the United States.

kami pergi dan kembali ke Amerika Serikat.

Now, we came back.

Kini, kami kembali.

First we went to Dallas.

Pertama, kami pergi ke Dallas.

My father did his dental degree all over again.

Ayah saya mengambil gelar kedokteran giginya.

And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places.

Akhirnya, dari semua tempat, kami pindah ke Iowa.

Kami dibesarkan di Iowa.

We grew up in Iowa.

And in Iowa, we went through the whole course.

Di Iowa, kami mengikuti kursus lengkap.

I went to high school, I went to college.

Saya belajar di sekolah menengah, perguruan tinggi.

And then one day, something that I'll never forget,

Lalu suatu hari, sesuatu yang tidak akan saya lupakan,

my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college,

ayah menjemput saya pada tahun kedua saya di perguruan tinggi,

and he was driving me home,

mengantar saya pulang dan berkata,

and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations?

"Jim, apa aspirasimu?

Apa yang kamu pelajari dan lakukan?

What do you want to study? What do you want to do?"

Saya menjawab, "Ayah," --

And I said, "Dad," --

Ibu saya sebenarnya seorang filsuf, dan dia memberi kami pandangan

My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas

about protest and social justice,

tentang protes dan keadilan sosial,

and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy,

dan saya jawab, "Ayah, saya akan belajar ilmu dan filsafat politik,

and I'm going to become part of a political movement."

dan saya akan menjadi bagian dari gerakan politik."

My father, the Korean dentist,

Ayah saya, dokter gigi Korea,

slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --

menghentikan mobilnya ke sisi jalan --

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

He looked back at me, and he said,

Dia menatap saya dan berkata,

"Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."

"Jim, akhiri pendidikan kedokteranmu, dan pelajari apapun yang kamu mau."

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before.

Sebelumnya, saya menceritakan kisah ini pada penonton Asia.

Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.

Tak ada yang tertawa. Mereka hanya mengangguk.

Of course.

Tentu saja.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

(Tepuk tangan)

(Applause)

So, tragically, my father died at a young age,

Tragisnya, ayah saya meninggal di usia muda,

30 years ago at the age of 57,

30 tahun yang lalu saat berusia 57 tahun,

what happens to be how old I am right now,

seusia dengan saya saat ini,

and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies --

dan dia meninggal di tengah studi kedokteran saya --

dan saya menyelesaikannya dengan pengobatan dan antropologi.

You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology.

I studied both of them in graduate school.

Saya mempelajari keduanya saat pascasarjana.

But then right about that time, I met these two people,

Tetapi saat itu juga, saya bertemu dua orang ini,

Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.

Ophelia Dahl dan Paul Farmer.

And Paul and I were in the same program.

Paul dan saya berada di jurusan yang sama.

We were studying medicine

Kami mengambil kedokteran

and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology.

dan bersamaan mendapat gelar PhD di bidang antropologi.

And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.

Dan kami mulai mengajukan pertanyaan mendasar.

Bagi orang yang punya hak istimewa untuk mempelajari kedokteran dan antropologi --

For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology --

I had come from parents who were refugees.

saya berasal dari orang tua yang adalah pengungsi.

Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.

Paul tumbuh di dalam bus di rawa Florida.

He liked to call himself "white trash."

Dia suka menyebut dirinya "sampah putih."

And so we had this opportunity

Jadi kami memiliki kesempatan ini

and we said,

dan kami berkata, apa yang perlu kami lakukan?

what is it that we need to do?

Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,

Mengingat pendidikan kami yang sangat rumit,

what is the nature of our responsibility to the world?

apa tanggung jawab kami terhadap dunia?

And we decided that we needed to start an organization.

Kami memutuskan untuk membuat sebuah organisasi,

It's called Partners in Health.

yaitu Partner in Health.

And by the way, there's a movie made about that.

Dan ada film tentang itu.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie

Ada sebuah film yang brilian berjudul "Bending the Arc."

they made about it called "Bending the Arc."

Film ini diluncurkan di Sundance pada Januari lalu.

It launched at Sundance this past January.

Jeff Skoll is here.

Jeff Skoll ada disini.

Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.

Jeff adalah salah satu orang yang mewujudkannya.

And we began to think about what it would take for us

Kami mulai memikirkan apa yang kami perlukan

to actually have our aspirations reach the level

agar aspirasi kami bisa menjangkau

of some of the poorest communities in the world.

beberapa kelompok termiskin di dunia.

This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,

Ini kunjungan pertama saya di Haiti pada tahun 1988,

and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement,

dan saat itu kami mengembangkan semacam pernyataan misi,

which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor

yaitu kami memberi orang miskin pilihan istimewa di bidang kesehatan.

in health.

Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology.

Butuh waktu lama bagi kami karena kami lulusan di bidang antropologi.

We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.

Kami membaca karya-karya Marx, Habermas, Fernand Braudel.

Habermas. Fernand Braudel.

We were reading everything

Kami membaca semuanya

and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work?

dan kami menyimpulkan bagaimana kami menyusun pekerjaan ini?

So "O for the P," we called it,

Kami menyebut ini "O untuk P", pilihan istimewa untuk orang miskin.

a preferential option for the poor.

The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor

Hal terpenting dari pilihan istimewa untuk orang miskin

is what it's not.

adalah bukan pilihannya.

It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.

Itu bukan pilihan istimewa untuk rasa kepahlawanan Anda.

It's not a preferential option

Itu bukan pilihan istimewa

for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty.

untuk ide Anda dalam mengangkat orang miskin keluar dari kemiskinan.

It's not a preferential option for your own organization.

Itu bukan pilihan istimewa untuk organisasi Anda.

And the hardest of all,

Dan yang tersulit dari semuanya,

it's not a preferential option for your poor.

ini bukan pilihan istimewa untuk kemiskinan Anda.

It's a preferential option for the poor.

Ini pilihan istimewa bagi orang miskin.

So what do you do?

Jadi apa yang Anda lakukan?

Well, Haiti, we started building --

Di Haiti kami mulai membangun --

Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing

Semua orang memberi tahu kami, hal-hal yang hemat

is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program.

hanyalah pada vaksinasi dan program pemberian makan.

But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.

Tapi yang diinginkan orang Haiti adalah rumah sakit.

They wanted schools.

Mereka mengingkan sekolah.

They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities

Mereka ingin memberikan anak-anak kesempatan

that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example,

pada apa yang mereka dengar, misalnya dari kerabat,

who had gone to the United States.

yang telah pergi ke Amerika Serikat.

They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did.

Mereka ingin kesempatan yang sama seperti orang tua saya.

I recognized them.

Saya mengenali mereka.

And so that's what we did. We built hospitals.

Itulah yang kami lakukan. Kami membangun rumah sakit.

We provided education.

Kami menyediakan pendidikan.

And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.

Dan kami mencoba semuanya untuk memberi mereka kesempatan.

Now, my experience really became intense

Kini, pengalaman saya menjadi serius

at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo,

di Partners in Health pada kelompok Carabayllo,

in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.

di daerah kumuh utara Lima, Peru.

And in this community,

Di komunitas ini,

we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people,

kami memulainya dengan berkunjung dan berbicara pada orang-orang,

and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

dan menemukan wabah, epidemi TBC yang resistan terhadap beberapa obat.

This is Melquiades.

Ini Melquiades.

Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old,

Melquiades seorang pasien yang berusia sekitar 18 tahun,

and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

dan dia menderita tuberkulosis yang resistan terhadap obat.

All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus,

Semua ahli di dunia, ahli kesehatan global,

said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.

mengatakan bahwa biaya untuk mengobati penyakit itu tidaklah murah.

It's too complicated. It's too expensive.

Terlalu rumit dan terlalu mahal.

You just can't do it. It can't be done.

Anda tidak bisa melakukannya. Ini tidak bisa diselesaikan.

And in addition, they were getting angry at us,

Selain itu, mereka memarahi kami,

because the implication was

maksudnya adalah

if it could be done, we would have done it.

jika itu bisa dilakukan, kami pasti melakukannya.

Who do you think you are?

Anda pikir Anda siapa?

And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization

Orang yang kami lawan adalah Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia

and probably the organization we fought with most

dan organisasi yang sering kami lawan

was the World Bank Group.

adalah Grup Bank Dunia.

Now, we did everything we could

Kini, kami melakukan apapun

to convince Melquiades to take his medicines,

untuk meyakinkan Melquiades mendapatkan obatnya,

because it's really hard,

karena ini sangat sulit,

and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say,

dan selama perawatan Melquiades, keluarganya selalu mengatakan

"Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective.

"Hey, kamu tahu, biaya Melquiades tidaklah murah.

Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"

Mengapa kalian tak merawat orang lain saja?

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years

Saya tidak melihat Melquiades selama 10 tahun

and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru

dan saat kami mengadakan pertemuan tahunan di Lima, Peru

a couple of years ago,

beberapa tahun yang lalu, pembuat film menemukannya

the filmmakers found him

and here is us getting together.

dan di sinilah kami bersama.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings,

Dia sedikit menjadi sorotan media karena dia pergi ke pembukaan film,

and he knows how to work an audience now.

dan kini dia tahu cara menarik penonton.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

But as soon as we won --

Tetapi kami menang --

We did win. We won the argument.

Kami berhasil. Kami menang argumennya.

You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --

Anda harus mengobati TBC yang resistan terhadap obat --

we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.

kami mendengar argumen yang sama tentang HIV di awal tahun 2000-an.

All of the leading global health people in the world said

Semua ahli kesehatan global terkemuka di dunia berkata

it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries.

HIV tidak dapat diobati di negara-negara miskin.

Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it.

Terlalu mahal dan rumit, Anda tak bisa melakukannya.

Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,

Dibanding pengobatan TB yang resistan obat,

it's actually easier.

sebenarnya ini lebih mudah.

And we were seeing patients like this.

Kami melihat pasien seperti ini.

Joseph Jeune.

Joseph Jeune.

Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective.

Joseph Jeune juga menyebutkan bahwa biayanya tidaklah murah.

A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.

Beberapa bulan pengobatan, beginilah penampilannya.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment.

Kami menyebutnya Efek Lazarus dari pengobatan HIV.

Joseline came to us looking like this.

Joseline mendatangi kami berpenampilan seperti ini.

This is what she looked like a few months later.

Inilah penampilannya beberapa bulan kemudian.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,

Kini, saya merasa argumen kami dan pertempuran kami

was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective.

adalah dengan organisasi yang terus mengatakan itu boros.

We were saying, no,

Kami katakan, tidak,

preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations

pilihan istimewa untuk orang miskin mengharuskan kami meningkatkan aspirasi

to meet those of the poor for themselves.

untuk memenuhi orang miskin demi diri mereka sendiri.

And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective.

Dan mereka berkata, itu pemikiran yang hebat, tapi itu tidak hemat.

So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health,

Jadi kami dengan cara lama, mengoperasikan Partners in Health,

we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank.

kami menulis sebuah buku yang menentang, pada dasarnya, Bank Dunia.

It says that because the World Bank

Tertulis bahwa karena Bank Dunia terlalu berfokus pada pertumbuhan ekonomi

has focused so much on just economic growth

and said that governments have to shrink their budgets

dan mengatakan bahwa pemerintah harus menyusutkan anggarannya

and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare --

dan mengurangi pengeluaran kesehatan, pendidikan dan kesejahteraan sosial --

we thought that was fundamentally wrong.

kami pikir itu pada dasarnya salah.

And we argued with the World Bank.

Dan kami berdebat dengan Bank Dunia.

And then a crazy thing happened.

Dan kemudian hal gila terjadi.

President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.

Presiden Obama mencalonkan saya menjadi Presiden Bank Dunia.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team,

Kini, ketika saya melakukan proses pemeriksaan dengan tim Presiden Obama,

they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page.

mereka ada salinan "Dying For Growth," dan membacanya setiap halaman.

And I said, "OK, that's it, right?

Saya berkata, "Baik, itu saja, 'kan?

You guys are going to drop me?"

Anda akan menurunkan saya?"

He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."

Dia berkata, "Oh, tidak, tidak apa-apa."

And I was nominated,

Saya dinominasikan,

and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,

dan saya bergabung dengan Grup Bank Dunia pada Juli 2012,

and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty."

dan di dinding tertera,

"Mimpi kita adalah dunia bebas kemiskinan."

A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal:

Beberapa bulan setelahnya, kami mengubahnya menjadi tujuan:

end extreme poverty by 2030,

mengakhiri kemiskinan ekstrem pada tahun 2030,

boost shared prosperity.

mendorong kesejahteraan sosial.

That's what we do now at the World Bank Group.

Itu yang kini kami lakukan di Grup Bank Dunia.

I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor

Saya merasa telah membawa pilihan istimewa bagi orang miskin

to the World Bank Group.

ke Grup Bank Dunia.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

But this is TED,

Tapi ini adalah TED,

and so I want to share with you some concerns,

jadi saya ingin membagikan pada Anda beberapa masalah,

and then make a proposal.

dan kemudian membuat proposal.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution,

Revolusi Industri Keempat,

now, you guys know so much better than I do,

Anda lebih mengerti itu daripada saya,

but here's the thing that concerns me.

tapi ini yang saya khawatirkan.

Kita mendengar tentang hilangnya pekerjaan.

What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that.

Data kami menyatakan dua pertiga dari semua pekerjaan,

Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs,

currently existing jobs in developing countries,

yang ada di negara berkembang,

will be lost because of automation.

akan hilang karena otomatisasi.

Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.

Kini, Anda harus mengganti pekerjaan itu.

Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs

Salah satu cara untuk menggantinya

adalah mengubah petugas kesehatan masyarakat menjadi tenaga kerja formal.

is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force.

That's what we want to do.

Itu yang ingin kami lakukan.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

We think the numbers will work out,

Kami pikir itu akan berhasil,

that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work,

saat kesehatan membaik dan orang-orang memiliki pekerjaan formal,

we're going to be able to train them

kami akan melatih mereka dengan pelatihan keterampilan tambahan

with the soft-skills training that you add to it

to become workers that will have a huge impact,

untuk menjadi pekerja yang akan punya dampak besar,

and that may be the one area that grows the most.

dan itu mungkin menjadi satu area yang paling berkembang.

But here's the other thing that bothers me:

Tetapi hal lain yang mengganggu saya:

right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future

saat ini terlihat jelas bagi saya bahwa pekerjaan di masa depan

will be more digitally demanding,

akan lebih menuntut secara digital,

and there is a crisis in childhood stunting.

dan ada krisis kekurangan gizi pada anak.

So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us

Ini adalah foto yang dibagikan oleh Charles Nelson,

from Harvard Medical School.

dari Sekolah Kedokteran Harvard.

And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side,

Foto ini menunjukkan di satu sisi, di sisi kiri,

is a three-month-old who has been stunted:

ada seorang anak kerdil yang berusia tiga bulan:

not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation.

nutrisi dan stimulasinya tidak memadai.

And on the other side, of course, is a normal child,

Dan di sisi lain, tentu saja, seorang anak yang normal,

and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections.

dan anak normal memiliki semua koneksi saraf ini.

Now, the neuronal connections are important,

Koneksi saraf itu sangat penting,

because that is the definition of human capital.

karena itulah definisi modal manusia.

Now, we know that we can reduce these rates.

Kita tahu bahwa kita dapat mengurangi angka ini.

We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly,

Kita bisa mengurangi angka kekurangan gizi pada anak dengan cepat,

but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting,

tapi jika tidak, misalnya India dengan 38 persen kekurangan gizi,

how are they going to compete in the economy of the future

bagaimana mereka akan bersaing dengan ekonomi masa depan

if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally

jika 40 persen calon pekerjanya tidak dapat mencapai pendidikan

and certainly we worry about achieving economically

dan tentu saja kami khawatir tentang pencapaian ekonomi

in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.

yang secara keseluruhan membantu pertumbuhan negara.

Now, what are we going to do?

Apa yang akan kita lakukan?

78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy.

78 triliun dolar adalah ukuran ekonomi global.

8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds.

8,55 triliun dolar diam di obligasi dengan suku bunga negatif.

That means that you give the German central bank your money

Artinya Anda memberikan uang kepada bank sentral Jerman

and then you pay them to keep your money.

dan membayar mereka untuk menyimpan uang Anda.

That's a negative interest rate bond.

Itulah obligasi suku bunga negatif.

24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds.

24.4 triliun dolar di obligasi pemerintah, berpenghasilan sangat rendah.

And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people

Dan 8 triliun berada di tangan orang kaya

under their very large mattresses.

di bawah kasur mereka yang besar.

What we are trying to do is now use our own tools --

Hal yang kami coba lakukan adalah menggunakan alat kami sendiri --

and just to get nerdy for a second,

dan mempelajarinya sebentar.

we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments,

Kita membicarakan alat hutang risiko kerugian pertama,

we're talking about derisking, blended finance,

membahas penurunan risiko, keuangan campuran,

we're talking about political risk insurance,

membahas asuransi risiko politik, peningkatan kredit --

credit enhancement --

all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group

semua hal yang saya pelajari di Grup Bank Dunia

that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer,

yang orang kaya gunakan setiap hari agar mereka semakin kaya,

but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor

tapi kami belum cukup agresif untuk menggunakannya atas nama orang miskin

to bring this capital in.

untuk mewujudkan modalnya masuk.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

So does this work?

Apakah ini berhasil?

Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country

Dapatkah Anda membawa pemain sektor swasta ke suatu negara

and really make things work?

dan membuat semuanya lancar?

Well, we've done it a couple of times.

Kami melakukannya beberapa kali.

This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.

Ini adalah Zambia, Scaling Solar

It's a box-set solution from the World Bank

adalah satu set kotak solusi dari Bank Dunia

where we come in and we do all the things you need

tempat kami hadir dan memenuhi semua kebutuhan Anda

to attract private-sector investors.

untuk menarik investor sektor swasta.

And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity

Dalam kasus ini, Zambia berubah

dari biaya listrik sebesar 25 sen per kilowatt jam,

at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,

and by just doing simple things, doing the auction,

dan dengan hal sederhana, melakukan pelelangan,

changing some policies,

mengubah beberapa peraturan,

we were able to bring the cost down.

kami menurunkan biaya itu.

Lowest bid,

Apakah tawaran terendahnya adalah 25 sen per kilowatt jam?

25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?

The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.

Tawaran terendahnya adalah 4,7 sen per kilowatt jam.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

But here's my proposal for you.

Inilah proposal saya untuk Anda.

This is from a group called Zipline,

Sebuah grup bernama Zipline,

a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists.

perusahaan yang keren, dan mereka adalah ilmuwan roket.

They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda.

Mereka mencari cara menggunakan drone di Rwanda.

This is me launching a drone in Rwanda

Saya meluncurkan drone di Rwanda

that delivers blood anywhere in the country

yang mengirimkan darah ke mana saja di negara ini

in less than an hour.

dalam waktu kurang dari sejam.

So we save lives,

Jadi kami menyelamatkan nyawa,

this program saved lives --

program ini menyelamatkan kehidupan --

(Applause)

This program made money for Zipline

(Tepuk tangan)

Program ini menghasilkan uang untuk Zipline

and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda.

dan program ini menghemat banyak uang bagi Rwanda.

That's what we need, and we need that from all of you.

Itulah yang kami butuhkan, dan kami butuh itu dari Anda.

I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains

Saya meminta Anda agar meluangkan sedikit waktu

to think about the technology that you work on,

untuk memikirkan teknologi yang Anda kerjakan,

the companies that you start, the design that you do.

perusahaan yang Anda mulai, rancangan yang Anda buat.

Think a little bit and work with us

Pikirkan sedikit saja dan bekerja samalah dengan kami

to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.

untuk melihat apakah kita dapat menemukan solusi yang terbaik.

I'm going to leave you with one final story.

Saya akan menyampaikan satu cerita terakhir.

I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom.

Saya berada di Tanzania, dan dalam ruang kelas.

This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds.

Ini saya di ruang kelas dengan anak-anak usia 11 tahun.

And I asked them, as I always do,

Dan saya bertanya pada mereka,

"What do you want to be when you grow up?"

"Kalian ingin menjadi apa ketika dewasa?"

Two raised their hands and said,

Dua anak angkat tangan dan berkata,

"I want to be President of the World Bank."

"Saya ingin menjadi Presiden Bank Dunia."

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed.

Seperti Anda, tim saya dan guru mereka tertawa.

But then I stopped them.

Lalu saya menghentikan mereka.

I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.

Saya berkata, "Dengarkan cerita saya.

When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like.

Saat saya lahir di Korea Selatan, seperti inilah rupanya.

This is where I came from.

Dari sinilah saya berasal.

And when I was three years old,

Dan saat saya berusia tiga tahun,

in preschool,

di prasekolah,

I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank,

Saya tidak membayangkan George David Woods, Presiden Bank Dunia,

if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom,

jika dia mengunjungi Korea saat itu dan datang ke ruang kelas saya,

that he would have thought

dan dia akan mengira

that the future President of the World Bank

bahwa Presiden Bank Dunia di masa depan duduk di kelas itu.

was sitting in that classroom.

Jangan biarkan siapapun memberitahu kamu

Don't let anyone ever tell you

that you cannot be President of the World Bank."

bahwa kamu tidak bisa menjadi Presiden Bank Dunia."

Now -- thank you.

Kini -- terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Let me leave you with one thought.

Saya sampaikan sesuatu pada Anda.

I came from a country that was the poorest in the world.

Saya berasal dari negara termiskin di dunia.

I'm President of the World Bank.

Saya seorang Presiden Bank Dunia.

I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me.

Saya tidak bisa dan tidak akan mencegah siapapun untuk meraihnya.

This is urgent.

Ini begitu penting.

Aspirations are going up.

Aspirasi semakin meningkat.

Everywhere aspirations are going up.

Aspirasi meningkat di mana pun.

You folks in this room, work with us.

Anda di ruangan ini, bekerja samalah dengan kami.

We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions

Kami dapat menemukan solusi tipe Zipline tersebut

and help the poor leapfrog into a better world,

dan membantu orang miskin melompat ke dunia yang lebih baik,

but it won't happen until we work together.

tapi itu tidak akan terjadi sampai kita bekerja sama.

The future "you" -- and especially for your children --

Masa depan "Anda" -- dan terutama untuk anak Anda --

the future you

masa depan Anda bergantung pada kepedulian dan kasih yang kita bawa

will depend on how much care and compassion we bring

to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity

agar masa depan "kita" menyediakan kesempatan yang sama

for every child in the world.

untuk setiap anak di dunia.

Thank you very much.

Terima kasih banyak.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

Terima kasih. Terima kasih. Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Chris Anderson: You'd almost think

Chris Anderson: Anda hampir mengira

people are surprised to hear a talk like this

orang akan terkejut mendengar ceramah ini

from the President of the World Bank.

dari Presiden Bank Dunia.

It's kind of cool.

Ini keren.

I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal.

Saya menganjurkan Anda untuk sedikit lebih spesifik pada proposal Anda.

There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room.

Ada banyak investor, pengusaha di ruangan ini.

Bagaimana Anda akan berelasi dengan mereka?

How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?

Apa proposal Anda?

Jim Yong Kim: Bisakah saya jelaskan sedikit?

Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.

CA: Ya. Tentu saja.

CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did.

JYK: Ini yang kami lakukan.

Perusahaan asuransi tak berinvestasi di infrastruktur negara berkembang

Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure,

misalnya, karena mereka tidak mau ambil resiko.

for example, because they can't take the risk.

Mereka memegang uang untuk orang yang membayar asuransi.

They're holding money for people who pay for insurance.

Jadi yang kami melakukan Swedish International Development Association

So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association

gave us a little bit of money,

memberi kami sedikit uang,

we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million,

kami pergi dan mengumpulkan lebih banyak uang, seratus juta,

and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad,

mengambil kerugian pertama, artinya jika ini memburuk,

10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,

10 persen kerugian akan kami makan, dan sisanya akan aman.

and the rest of you will be safe.

And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche

Dan itu menciptakan potongan 90 persen,

that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested.

tahap BBB, tingkat investasi, jadi perusahaan asuransi berinvestasi.

So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money

Jadi yang kami lakukan adalah mengambil uang publik

and using it to derisk specific instruments

dan menggunakannya untuk meminimalkan risiko alat itu

to bring people in from the outside.

untuk membawa orang dari luar.

So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash,

Jadi Anda semua yang memiliki triliunan dolar uang tunai,

come to us. Right?

datanglah ke kami. Baik?

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals

CA: Anda secara khusus mencari proposal investasi

that create employment in the developing world.

yang menciptakan pekerjaan di negara berkembang.

JYK: Tentu. Benar.

JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.

So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy,

Jadi ini, misalnya pada infrastruktur yang menghasilkan energi,

builds roads, bridges, ports.

pembangunan jalan, jembatan, pelabuhan.

These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs,

Hal semacam ini diperlukan untuk membuat lapangan kerja,

but also what we're saying is

tetapi yang kami katakan adalah mungkin Anda pikir

you may think that the technology you're working on

teknologi yang Anda kerjakan atau bisnis yang Anda jalankan

or the business that you're working on

may not have applications in the developing world,

mungkin tidak sesuai di negara berkembang,

but look at Zipline.

tapi lihatlah Zipline.

And that Zipline thing didn't happen

Zipline tidak hanya terjadi karena kualitas dari teknologinya.

just because of the quality of the technology.

It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early

Tetapi karena mereka terlibat dengan Rwanda lebih awal

and used artificial intelligence --

dan menggunakan kecerdasan buatan --

one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --

satu hal, Rwanda memiliki jalur koneksi internet yang kuat --

but these things fly completely on their own.

tetapi hal-hal ini sepenuhnya berjalan sendiri.

So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions.

Jadi kami akan membantu agar Anda melakukannya.

Kami membuat pengenalan.

We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.

Kami bahkan menyediakan biaya.

CA: Berapa banyak modal yang Bank Dunia berikan

CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy

untuk mendukung usaha ini?

to back those kinds of efforts?

JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.

JYK: Chris, Anda membuat saya melakukan hal ini.

CA: Saya bersalah.

CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do.

JYK: Jadi ini yang akan kami lakukan.

Kami punya 25 miliar setahun yang kami investasikan di negara miskin,

We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries,

the poorest countries.

negara-negara termiskin.

And as we invest over the next three years,

Dan saat kami berinvestasi selama tiga tahun ke depan,

25 billion a year,

25 miliar dalam setahun,

we have got to think with you

kita harus mendiskusikan cara efektif dalam menggunakan uang itu.

about how to use that money more effectively.

So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas.

Saya tak bisa memberikan angka spesifiknya.

Itu tergantung kualitas ide.

So bring us your ideas,

Jadi bawakan kami ide Anda,

and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.

dan menurut saya pembiayaan tidak akan menjadi masalah.

CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.

CA: Baiklah, Anda langsung dengar dari pria ini.

Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.

Terima kasih banyak, Jim.

JYK: Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)