Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? | Jim Yong Kim

譯者: Hui chu Chen 審譯者: Wilde Luo

I just want to share with you

我想跟你們分享

what I have been experiencing over the last five years

我過去五年來的經歷。

in having the great privilege of traveling

那期間，我享受著特權：

to many of the poorest countries in the world.

到世界上許多貧窮的國家去旅行。

This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,

我走到哪都看得到的是，

and these young children are looking at a smartphone,

一群孩子看著一隻智慧型手機，

and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries.

智慧型手機甚至對最貧窮的國家 也能產生重大影響。

I said to my team, you know,

我跟我的團隊說，你知道嗎，

what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world.

我所看到的是世界各地期望的興起。

In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations.

事實上，在我看來 這些期望有著趨同的現象。

And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.

並且，我請了一個經濟學家 團隊來對此做研究。

Is this true?

這是真的嗎？

Are aspirations converging all around the world?

世界各地的期望真的在趨於一致嗎？

So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life

所以他們檢視蓋洛普民意測驗 關於生活滿足度調查，

and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet,

他們瞭解到的是如果你能上網，

your satisfaction goes up.

你的滿意度會提高。

But another thing happens that's very important:

但另外一面要注意的是：

your reference income,

你的「參考收入」——

the income to which you compare your own,

你把它作為衡量 自己收入高低的標準，

also goes up.

也會升高。

Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example,

那麼，舉例來說， 如果國家的參考收入

goes up 10 percent

與外界相比較

by comparing themselves to the outside,

增加了 10% 的話，

then on average,

那麼平均而言，

people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent

人民的收入必須上漲至少 5％，

to maintain the same level of satisfaction.

才能保持和原來一樣水平的滿意度。

But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,

但是如果你屬於較低收入人群， 為了維持滿意度，

your income has to go up much more

你的收入需要漲得更多才行——

if the reference income goes up 10 percent,

如果參考收入漲 10％，

something like 20 percent.

那自身收入或許要漲 20％ 。

And so with this rise of aspirations,

所以隨著期望被激發，

the fundamental question is:

根本的問題是：

Are we going to have a situation

會不會產生一種情況，

where aspirations are linked to opportunity

期望與機遇相結合，

and you get dynamism and economic growth,

你會獲得動力和經濟增長，

like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea?

就像我出生的國家， 韓國，所發生的那樣？

Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?

或者，期望會遭遇挫折？

This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015,

這真的值得關切， 因為從 2012 年到 2015 年，

terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.

恐怖事件增長了 74%，

The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.

受恐怖主義影響的 死亡人數上升了 150%。

Right now, two billion people

現在，有 20 億人口，

live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence,

生活條件是脆弱的、 充斥衝突與暴力，

and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor

到了 2030 年，預計 世界上超過 60% 的窮人

will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence.

將會活在充斥著脆弱、 衝突與暴力的環境下。

And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?

為了滿足這些期望， 我們能做什麼？

Are there new ways of thinking

為了滿足這些期望，

about how we can rise to meet these aspirations?

關於「我們該如何努力」， 是否有新的思維方式？

Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried.

因為如果我們沒有， 我就非常擔心。

Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet.

因為大家都能上網， 期望被激發，到了前所未有的程度。

Everyone knows how everyone else lives.

每個人都能知道 其他人是如何生活的。

Has our ability to meet those aspirations

我們滿足這些期望的能力

risen as well?

也被激發、提升了嗎?

And just to get at the details of this,

為了得到更多相關細節，

I want to share with you my own personal story.

我想和你分享我自己的個人故事。

This is not my mother,

這不是我的母親，

but during the Korean War,

但在朝鮮戰爭時期，

my mother literally took her own sister,

為了逃離首爾，

her younger sister, on her back,

我的母親的確像這樣

and walked at least part of the way

揹著自己的妹妹，

to escape Seoul during the Korean War.

走過一段路。

Now, through a series of miracles,

經過一連串奇蹟，

my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City.

我的母親和父親都得到了 去紐約市的獎學金。

They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City.

實際上，他們在紐約市相遇， 並在紐約市結婚。

My father, too, was a refugee.

我的父親也是一個難民。

At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country,

19 歲時，他離開了 在韓國北方的家人，

escaped through the border

逃過邊境，

and never saw his family again.

再也看不到他的家人。

Now, when they were married and living in New York,

那時，他們結了婚並住在紐約，

my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.

我的父親是一個服務生， 在著名的派翠西亞莫非餐廳工作。

Their aspirations went up.

他們的期望被激發了。

They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City

他們明白了，在 1950 年代， 住在像紐約市這樣的地方

in the 1950s.

是什麼樣子。

Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea,

我的哥哥出生後，他們回到韓國，

and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,

在我的印象中，我們當時 過著快樂祥和的生活，

but what was happening in Korea at that time

但當時在韓國，

was the country was one of the poorest in the world

它是世界上最貧窮的國家之一，

and there was political upheaval.

並且發生了政治動盪。

There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time,

在門口外，總是有示威遊行，

students protesting against the military government.

學生抗議反對軍政府。

And at the time,

而當時，

the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now,

世界銀行， 也就是我現在領導的組織，

were extremely low for Korea.

對韓國方面的期望是非常低的。

Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid

他們的想法是， 如果沒有來自國外的援助，

to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life.

提供人們更多生活的必需品， 韓國將會很難生存下去。

So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,

實情就是韓國處於艱難的位置，

my parents have seen what life is like in the United States.

我的父母見識過在美國是如何生活。

They got married there. My brother was born there.

他們在那裡結婚，生了我哥哥。

And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity

他們覺得，為了給我們一個機會，

to reach their aspirations for us,

能讓我們達到他們的期望，

we had to go and come back to the United States.

我們不得不回到美國。

Now, we came back.

所以我們回來了。

First we went to Dallas.

首先我們去了達拉斯。

My father did his dental degree all over again.

我的父親重讀他的牙醫學位。

And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places.

然後我們又到處搬家， 最終在愛荷華州安定。

We grew up in Iowa.

我們在愛荷華州長大。

And in Iowa, we went through the whole course.

在愛荷華，我們完成學業。

I went to high school, I went to college.

我去了高中，又上了大學。

And then one day, something that I'll never forget,

然後有一天， 發生一件事讓我永生難忘，

my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college,

我父親在我大學二年級 學年結束後來接我，

and he was driving me home,

他正在開車載我回家，

and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations?

他說：「吉姆，你的抱負是什麼？

你想學什麼？你想做什麼？」

What do you want to study? What do you want to do?"

我說：「爸爸，」——

And I said, "Dad," --

我的母親其實是一個哲學家， 並給我們灌輸了很多關於

My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas

about protest and social justice,

抗議和社會正義方面的想法，

and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy,

於是我說：「爸爸， 我要去學習政治學與哲學，

and I'm going to become part of a political movement."

我要成為政治運動的一部分。」

My father, the Korean dentist,

我父親，一名韓國牙醫，

slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --

慢慢地把車停在路邊——

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

He looked back at me, and he said,

他回頭看著我，他說：

"Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."

「吉姆，先成為一名醫生， 之後學什麽我都不會管你！」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before.

以前我講過同樣的故事， 聽眾大部分為亞洲人，

Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.

沒有人笑，他們只是點頭。

Of course.

當然了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

So, tragically, my father died at a young age,

不幸的是，我父親去世時還很年輕，

30 years ago at the age of 57,

30 年前，57 歲的時候，

what happens to be how old I am right now,

正巧是我現在的這個年紀，

and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies --

他過世的時候我正忙於 醫學課程和研究生課程——

You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology.

實際上，為了實現我的抱負， 我選了醫學和人類學。

I studied both of them in graduate school.

我在研究所雙修這兩個科目。

But then right about that time, I met these two people,

但是那時候呢，我遇到這兩個人，

Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.

奧菲利亞．達爾和保羅．法默。

And Paul and I were in the same program.

而保羅和我在同一門課程中。

We were studying medicine

我們都是學醫學的，

and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology.

並在同一時間 也在博士班攻讀人類學。

And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.

我們開始探討一些相當基本的問題。

For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology --

對有幸能同時學習 醫學和人類學的人——

I had come from parents who were refugees.

我出生於一個父母都是難民的家庭。

Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.

保羅是在佛羅里達沼澤地的 一輛廢棄巴士上長大的。

He liked to call himself "white trash."

他喜歡稱自己為「白人中的垃圾。」

And so we had this opportunity

所以我們有這個機會，

and we said,

我們說，

what is it that we need to do?

我們需要做什麼？

Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,

我們接受了這難以置信的菁英教育，

what is the nature of our responsibility to the world?

我們對這世界的責任的本質是什麼？

And we decided that we needed to start an organization.

我們決定要組織一個機構。

It's called Partners in Health.

它被稱為「健康夥伴」。

And by the way, there's a movie made about that.

順便說一下， 這還被拍成了一部電影。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie

他們製作了一部電影， 是一部很精彩的電影，

they made about it called "Bending the Arc."

名字是「折轉那弧線。」 (Bending the Arc)

It launched at Sundance this past January.

今年一月在日舞影展上映。

Jeff Skoll is here.

傑夫．史柯爾在這。

Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.

他是這部電影能出現的功臣之一。

And we began to think about what it would take for us

我們開始思考：我們要怎樣才能

to actually have our aspirations reach the level

讓我們的期望能符合

of some of the poorest communities in the world.

世界上的貧窮社會所要的期望。

This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,

這是我 1988 年第一次訪問海地，

and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement,

在 1988 年，我們闡述了一個宗旨：

which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor

在健康護理方面，

我們要優先為貧窮的人們著想。

in health.

Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology.

我們在這上面花了很長時間， 並且我們是人類學博士。

We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.

我們一方面閱讀馬克思著作， 另一方面，也閲讀了

Habermas. Fernand Braudel.

哈貝馬斯、費爾南．布勞岱爾。

We were reading everything

我們當時讀了很多書，

and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work?

並且我們對於如何組織我們的工作 這個問題得出了結論。

So "O for the P," we called it,

我們把它稱之為，「O for the P」，

a preferential option for the poor.

即：關愛貧窮為先。

The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor

關於「愛貧為先」最重要的事情，

is what it's not.

是這個理念「不代表」的東西。

It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.

它不是為了喚起 你自己的英雄主義感。

It's not a preferential option

它也不是為了驗證

for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty.

你那自認為能幫助窮人脫貧的想法。

It's not a preferential option for your own organization.

它也不是給你所在的組織帶來利益。

And the hardest of all,

所有的一切中，最難的是，

it's not a preferential option for your poor.

它所關照的， 不只是你所認為的窮人，

It's a preferential option for the poor.

而是所有的窮人們。

So what do you do?

所以你會怎麼做？

Well, Haiti, we started building --

那麼從海地我們開始建設——

Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing

每個人都告訴我們： 成本效益高的方案就是

is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program.

專注在接種疫苗或者供膳計劃上。

But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.

但海地人想要的，是醫院。

They wanted schools.

他們想要學校。

They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities

他們想提供機遇給他們的孩子，

that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example,

他們從別人那裡聽說的機遇， 例如來自親戚，

who had gone to the United States.

以及去過美國的人。

They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did.

他們想要機會， 如同我雙親享有的那樣。

I recognized them.

我認可他們的想法。

And so that's what we did. We built hospitals.

所以這就是我們所做的。 我們建立醫院，

We provided education.

我們提供教育。

And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.

我們盡了一切努力 試圖提供機會給他們。

Now, my experience really became intense

有些經歷真的很令人難忘，

at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo,

像「健康夥伴」在祕魯 利馬北部的貧民窟──

in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.

卡拉瓦依略社區的行動。

And in this community,

在這個社區裡，

we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people,

我們開始僅僅只是 到人家的家裡和人交談，

and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

我們發現了一場爆發的疫情， 極為嚴重的多重耐藥性結核病。

This is Melquiades.

這是馬奎斯。

Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old,

馬奎斯當時是患者之一， 他大約 18 歲，

and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

他患了一類非常難以醫治的 耐藥性結核病。

All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus,

世界上所有的專家，全球健康專家，

said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.

都說治療耐藥性結核病 是不符合成本效益的。

It's too complicated. It's too expensive.

它太複雜、太昂貴了。

You just can't do it. It can't be done.

你真的做不到。沒辦法完成。

And in addition, they were getting angry at us,

除此之外，他們對我們很生氣，

because the implication was

因為這其中的隱藏含義是：

if it could be done, we would have done it.

如果這可以做到， 我們早就把它解決了。

Who do you think you are?

你以為自己有幾斤幾兩？

And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization

我們對抗的是世界衛生組織，

and probably the organization we fought with most

我們絕大部分的抗爭對象

was the World Bank Group.

是世界銀行集團。

Now, we did everything we could

現在，我們竭盡全力

to convince Melquiades to take his medicines,

說服馬奎斯按時服藥，

because it's really hard,

因為這真的很困難，

and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say,

在治療期間，馬奎斯的家人 曾經不只一次說過：

"Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective.

「嘿，你知道，治療馬奎斯 真的很不符合成本效益。

Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"

你為什麽不去治療其他人呢？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years

我差不多 10 年沒見馬奎斯了，

and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru

而在幾年前， 我們在秘魯利馬的年會上

a couple of years ago,

終於有機會見面，

the filmmakers found him

製片人找到了他，

and here is us getting together.

這是我們聚在一起的樣子。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings,

他儼然成為一個媒體明星， 因為他去了電影首映會，

and he knows how to work an audience now.

他現在學會了如何取悅觀眾。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But as soon as we won --

但是，一旦我們贏了——

We did win. We won the argument.

我們的確贏了。 我們在爭論中勝出了。

You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --

你應該治療多重耐藥結核病——

we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.

在二十世紀初期，關於愛滋病， 我們也聽到同樣的論調：

All of the leading global health people in the world said

世界上所有頂尖的醫療人員都說，

it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries.

在貧窮國家治療愛滋病是不可能的。

Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it.

太昂貴了、太複雜了，你做不到。

Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,

但是，與耐藥結核病的治療相比，

it's actually easier.

它實際上更容易。

And we were seeing patients like this.

我們看到像這樣的病人。

Joseph Jeune.

約瑟夫 · 尚恩。

Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective.

不用說，治療約瑟夫 · 尚恩 也不符合成本效益。

A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.

幾個月的藥物治療之後， 這就是他的樣子。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment.

我們把這稱之為 愛滋病治療的拉撒路效應。

Joseline came to us looking like this.

約瑟琳來找我們時看起來像這樣。

This is what she looked like a few months later.

這就是她幾個月後的樣子。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,

我們認為，我們的爭論、 我們的對抗，

was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective.

是針對那些不斷說著 「這不符合成本效益」的組織團體。

We were saying, no,

我們表示：不是這樣的。

preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations

「關愛貧窮為先」要求我們 激起我們的期望，

to meet those of the poor for themselves.

去滿足貧困人們的期望。

And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective.

他們說，那是一個很好的想法， 但它是不符合成本效益的。

So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health,

所以，就像我們以一種學究的方式 運營「健康夥伴」一樣，

we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank.

我們寫了一本書來反對── 說穿了就是，世界銀行集團。

It says that because the World Bank

書裡寫道，因為世界銀行集團

has focused so much on just economic growth

已經花費如此多精力在經濟增長上，

and said that governments have to shrink their budgets

並說政府不得不縮減預算，

and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare --

減少在健康、教育 和社會福利方面的支出──

we thought that was fundamentally wrong.

我們認為這是根本性的錯誤。

And we argued with the World Bank.

我們為此和世界銀行爭論。

And then a crazy thing happened.

然後發生了一件瘋狂的事情。

President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.

歐巴馬總統提名我 擔任世界銀行總裁。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team,

在與歐巴馬總統團隊的審查過程中，

they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page.

他們拿著我們寫的「渴望增長」， 他們每一頁都讀過了。

And I said, "OK, that's it, right?

我說：「好的，就這樣，對吧？

You guys are going to drop me?"

你們會剔除我，對吧？」

He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."

他說：「哦，不、不、沒關係。」

And I was nominated,

而且我被提名，

and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,

我在 2012 年 7 月， 走進世界銀行集團的門，

and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty."

牆上還有聲明：「我們的夢想 是一個沒有貧困的世界。」

A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal:

幾個月後，我們真的把它 當成了一個目標：

end extreme poverty by 2030,

2030 年前結束極端貧困，

boost shared prosperity.

促進共同繁榮。

That's what we do now at the World Bank Group.

這就是我們現在在世界銀行所做的。

I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor

我覺得我已經把 「關愛貧窮為先」理念

to the World Bank Group.

帶到了世界銀行集團。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

But this is TED,

但這是 TED 講臺，

and so I want to share with you some concerns,

所以我想和你們 分享一些共同關注的問題，

and then make a proposal.

然後提出建議。

The Fourth Industrial Revolution,

第四次工業革命，

now, you guys know so much better than I do,

現在，在座各位比我厲害的人很多，

但這是讓我覺得急需關切的事。

but here's the thing that concerns me.

當我們聽到失業，大家都聽說過。

What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that.

我們的數據向我們指出， 三分之二的工作崗位，

Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs,

currently existing jobs in developing countries,

目前在發展中國家現有的工作崗位，

will be lost because of automation.

將會因為自動化而消失。

Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.

你必須填補這些消失的工作。

Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs

有一個方法能彌補這些消失的工作，

is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force.

就是讓社區衛生工作者 成為正式的勞動力。

That's what we want to do.

這就是我們想要做的。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We think the numbers will work out,

我們認為這方法會有效，

that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work,

隨著健康結果越來越好， 隨著人們有正式工作，

we're going to be able to train them

我們將能夠利用 你加入的軟技能訓練方法

with the soft-skills training that you add to it

來訓練他們，

to become workers that will have a huge impact,

讓他們成為能產生巨大 影響的工作者，

and that may be the one area that grows the most.

這可能是一個發展最快的領域。

But here's the other thing that bothers me:

但這裡還有另一件事困擾我：

right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future

現在對我來說，這一點似乎 再清楚不過：未來的工作方向，

will be more digitally demanding,

將會更加高科技數位化，

and there is a crisis in childhood stunting.

但在有些地方， 面臨著兒童發育不良的危機。

So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us

與我們分享這些照片的 是查爾斯．納爾遜，

from Harvard Medical School.

來自哈佛醫學院。

And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side,

這些照片所展示的是，在左邊，

is a three-month-old who has been stunted:

是一個三個月大、發育不良的嬰兒：

not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation.

營養不足，沒有足夠的生理刺激。

And on the other side, of course, is a normal child,

在另一邊，是一個正常的孩子，

and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections.

正常的孩子具有 所有這些神經元連接。

Now, the neuronal connections are important,

神經元的連接很重要，

because that is the definition of human capital.

因為那就是人力資本的定義。

Now, we know that we can reduce these rates.

現在，我們知道我們 可以降低這些機率。

We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly,

我們可以很快地減少 世界上兒童發育不良的機率，

but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting,

如果我們不行動，舉印度為例， 38％ 的兒童發育遲緩，

how are they going to compete in the economy of the future

他們在未來的經濟社會中 要怎樣去同別人競爭？

if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally

有四成不能在教育上取得成功，

and certainly we worry about achieving economically

我們當然也擔心 他們不能在經濟上取得成功，

in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.

那麼這些人並不能 幫助國家實現整體的發展。

Now, what are we going to do?

但現在，我們要做什麼?

78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy.

全球經濟的規模達到了 78 兆美元。

8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds.

8.55 兆美元是投資在負利率債券。

That means that you give the German central bank your money

這意味著，你往德國中央銀行存錢，

and then you pay them to keep your money.

然後你付錢給他們 讓他們來保管你的錢。

That's a negative interest rate bond.

這就是負利率債券。

24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds.

24.4 兆美元投資在 獲利極低的政府債券。

And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people

8 兆元握在富人手中，

under their very large mattresses.

藏在他們非常大的床墊下。

What we are trying to do is now use our own tools --

我們正在努力做的， 是用我們自己的工具——

and just to get nerdy for a second,

現在再讓我做個學究，就幾秒──

we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments,

我們在說第一損失風險債務工具，

we're talking about derisking, blended finance,

我們在說去風險化、公益金融，

we're talking about political risk insurance,

我們在說政治風險保險，

credit enhancement --

信用增強——

all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group

這些是我在世界銀行學到的東西，

that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer,

而富人每天都在 用這些使自己更富有，

but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor

但我們還沒有完全積極地 為貧困的人們著想，

to bring this capital in.

把這個資本帶給他們。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So does this work?

那麼這個怎樣運作呢?

Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country

你真的可以讓一家 私營企業進入一個國家，

and really make things work?

真的把事情做成嗎？

Well, we've done it a couple of times.

嗯，我們已經有好幾次經驗了。

This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.

這是尚比亞太陽能專案 「Scaling Solar」。

It's a box-set solution from the World Bank

這是來自世界銀行的一個完整方案。

where we come in and we do all the things you need

我們參與進來， 把所有你頭疼的問題都解決了，

to attract private-sector investors.

來吸引私營部門投資者。

And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity

在這種情況下， 尚比亞地區電力的成本，

at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,

開始是每度 25 美分，

and by just doing simple things, doing the auction,

而通過做些小事，例如做拍賣，

changing some policies,

改變一些政策，

we were able to bring the cost down.

我們就能夠降低成本。

Lowest bid,

在尚比亞，最低的標

25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?

還是每度 25 美分嗎？

The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.

不，最低標為每度 4.7 美分。 這是可能的。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

But here's my proposal for you.

但還是聽聽我的建議。

This is from a group called Zipline,

這是來自一個叫 Zipline （飛索）的小組，

a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists.

一個很酷的公司， 他們其實是火箭科學家。

They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda.

他們探究明白了如何在 盧安達使用無人遙控飛機。

This is me launching a drone in Rwanda

這是我在盧安達發射一架無人機，

that delivers blood anywhere in the country

它能在不到一個小時內，

去國內的任何地方遞送血液。

in less than an hour.

So we save lives,

所以我們拯救了生命，

this program saved lives --

這個計畫拯救了生命──

(Applause)

（掌聲）

This program made money for Zipline

這個計畫為「飛索」賺了錢，

and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda.

這個計畫也省了 盧安達了大筆的金錢。

That's what we need, and we need that from all of you.

這就是我們需要的， 我們需要與你們所有人的合作。

I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains

我想請你，用一點時間思考一下，

to think about the technology that you work on,

思考你正在從事的技術，

the companies that you start, the design that you do.

你開的公司，你做的設計。

Think a little bit and work with us

想一下，和我們合作，

to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.

看看我們能否提出這些 非凡的雙贏解決方案。

I'm going to leave you with one final story.

我要告訴你最後一個故事。

I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom.

我在坦尚尼亞的一間教室裡，

This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds.

這是我和一群 11 歲的孩子們 在教室裡的樣子。

And I asked them, as I always do,

我像往常一樣問他們，

"What do you want to be when you grow up?"

你長大後想成為什麼？

Two raised their hands and said,

兩個孩子舉手說：

"I want to be President of the World Bank."

「我想當世界銀行的總裁。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed.

就像你們一樣，我自己的團隊、 他們的老師都笑了起來。

But then I stopped them.

但是我阻止了他們。

I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.

我說：「看，我想告訴你一個故事。

When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like.

當我在南韓出生時，這是它的樣子。

This is where I came from.

我來自這兒。

And when I was three years old,

當我三歲的時候，

in preschool,

在幼兒園，

I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank,

我認為喬治 · 戴維 · 伍茲， 當時的世界銀行總裁，

if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom,

如果他當天訪問韓國， 來到我的教室，

that he would have thought

他絶不會想到，

that the future President of the World Bank

未來的世界銀行的總裁，

was sitting in that classroom.

就坐在那個教室裡。

Don't let anyone ever tell you

不要讓任何人告訴你，

that you cannot be President of the World Bank."

你做不了世界銀行的總裁。」

Now -- thank you.

現在──謝謝大家。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Let me leave you with one thought.

讓我送給大家一個想法。

I came from a country that was the poorest in the world.

我出生的國家， 曾經是世界上最貧窮的國家。

I'm President of the World Bank.

現在，我是世界銀行總裁。

I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me.

我不能、也絶不會過河拆橋、 讓貧苦的孩子無法實現夢想。

This is urgent.

現在情況很緊急。

Aspirations are going up.

期望正在被激發著。

Everywhere aspirations are going up.

夢想正在被點亮，無處不在。

You folks in this room, work with us.

在座的各位，和我們一起工作吧。

We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions

我們知道我們可以找到更多 像「飛索」這樣的解決方案，

and help the poor leapfrog into a better world,

並幫助窮人大幅跨越， 進入一個更美好的世界。

but it won't happen until we work together.

但只有我們團結一致，才可能成功。

The future "you" -- and especially for your children --

未來的「你們」── 尤其是為了你們的孩子──

the future you

未來的你們

will depend on how much care and compassion we bring

將取決於我們給予了 多少關懷及同情心，

to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity

以確保未來的「我們」 能為世界上的每一個孩子

for every child in the world.

提供平等的機會。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝各位。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

謝謝、謝謝、謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Chris Anderson: You'd almost think

克里斯·安德森：「你似乎在想，

people are surprised to hear a talk like this

聽到來自世界銀行總裁這樣的演講，

from the President of the World Bank.

人們會很驚訝。

It's kind of cool.

這很酷。

I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal.

我鼓勵你讓你的建議 聽起來更加具體一些。

There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room.

在這個房間裡， 有很多投資者與企業家。

你將如何與他們合作？ 你的建議是甚麼？

How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?

金墉：我可以再學究一下嗎？ 就一秒鐘。

Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.

克：學究一下。當然的。 金：所以這是我們所做的。

CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did.

舉個例子，保險公司從來不投資在 發展中國家的基礎設施，

Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure,

因為不能承擔風險。

for example, because they can't take the risk.

他們拿著支付保險費用人的錢。

They're holding money for people who pay for insurance.

所以我們所做的就是，

So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association

一家瑞典國際開發協會 給了我們一點點錢，

gave us a little bit of money,

we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million,

我們出去並籌集到了 更多一點的錢，一億美元，

我們實行了第一損失， 意思是說如果這件事情沒有成功，

and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad,

我們只需吃下 10％ 的損失，

10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,

and the rest of you will be safe.

其他部分都會是安全的。

And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche

這樣創造了一個占總量 90％ 的資金塊、份額，

that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested.

達到了 3B 的投資級別， 所以保險公司可以進行投資。

So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money

對我們來說，我們在做的就是 拿出我們的公共資金

and using it to derisk specific instruments

並使用它來降低特定的 金融工具的風險，

to bring people in from the outside.

讓人們從外界加入進來。

所以你們這些 坐擁數萬億美元現金的人，

So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash,

come to us. Right?

加入我們，好嗎?

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals

克里斯：你專門在尋找的，

是關於在發展中國家 創造就業機會的投資建議。

that create employment in the developing world.

JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.

金墉：當然的，絕對是這樣。

So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy,

所以舉一個例，這些將會 進入基礎設施中，為我們帶來能源，

builds roads, bridges, ports.

建設道路、橋樑、港口等。

These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs,

這些東西是創造就業機會所必需的，

but also what we're saying is

而我們說的也是：

you may think that the technology you're working on

你可能會認為 你正在從事的這項技術，

or the business that you're working on

或者你正在開展的業務，

may not have applications in the developing world,

在發展中國家中可能沒有用途，

but look at Zipline.

但看看飛索這個例子。

And that Zipline thing didn't happen

而飛索的成功，

just because of the quality of the technology.

不只是因為技術卓越，

It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early

也是因為他們很早與盧安達人 建立了密切的關係，

and used artificial intelligence --

並使用了人工智慧──

one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --

這值得一提， 盧安達有很好的寬頻網路──

but these things fly completely on their own.

這些無人機能完全自主飛行。

So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions.

所以我們會幫助你做到這樣的事。 我們會幫忙做介紹。

We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.

我們甚至會提供融資。 我們會幫助你。

克里斯：世界銀行願意部屬多少資本

CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy

來支持這些行動？

to back those kinds of efforts?

JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.

金墉：克里斯， 你總是讓我好難做人。

克里斯：我就是來找碴的。 金墉：所以這是我們要做的。

CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do.

我們現在每年投資給 貧窮國家 250 億美元，

We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries,

the poorest countries.

是那些最貧窮的國家。

And as we invest over the next three years,

當我們在未來三年裡投資，

25 billion a year,

一年 250 億美元，

we have got to think with you

我們必須和你一起思考，

about how to use that money more effectively.

如何更有效地使用這筆錢。

So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas.

所以我不能給你一個具體的數字。 它取決於各個方案的品質。

So bring us your ideas,

所以給我們你的方案，

and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.

我不認為融資會是問題。

CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.

克里斯：好的， 我們都聽到他說的了。

Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.

吉姆，非常感謝。

金墉：謝謝、謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）