Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? | Jim Yong Kim

115,085 views ใƒป 2017-07-19

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:12
I just want to share with you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
00:14
what I have been experiencing over the last five years
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์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
in having the great privilege of traveling
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ์•„๋ณธ ๋œป๊นŠ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
to many of the poorest countries in the world.
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00:21
This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”” ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
and these young children are looking at a smartphone,
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์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:28
and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries.
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
I said to my team, you know,
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์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ
00:34
what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜จ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์—ด๋ง์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ด๋ง์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋„๋ก ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Is this true?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:47
Are aspirations converging all around the world?
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์˜จ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์—ด๋ง์ด ์ˆ˜๋ ด์ค‘์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:50
So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฝ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet,
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
00:59
your satisfaction goes up.
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๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
But another thing happens that's very important:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
your reference income,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œ๋“ ์ง€ํ‘œ
01:05
the income to which you compare your own,
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๋น„๊ต ์†Œ๋“๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
also goes up.
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01:10
Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example,
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๊ฐ€๋ น ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์†Œ๋“์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€
01:13
goes up 10 percent
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ 10%๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:14
by comparing themselves to the outside,
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01:17
then on average,
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์€ ์ ์–ด๋„
01:19
people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent
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5%๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
to maintain the same level of satisfaction.
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01:25
But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
01:29
your income has to go up much more
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œ๋“์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
if the reference income goes up 10 percent,
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์†Œ๋“์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ 10%๋‚˜
01:33
something like 20 percent.
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20% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
01:35
And so with this rise of aspirations,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ด๋ง์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ
01:37
the fundamental question is:
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Are we going to have a situation
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์—ด๋ง์ด ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด
01:40
where aspirations are linked to opportunity
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01:44
and you get dynamism and economic growth,
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ํ™œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:46
like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:50
Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์—ด๋ง์€ ๊ณง ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
01:55
This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์šฐ๋ ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
2012๋…„๊ณผ 2015๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ 74% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.
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02:03
The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ 150%๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Right now, two billion people
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ, 20์–ต ๋ช…์ด
02:09
live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence,
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์ทจ์•ฝํ•จ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ, ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor
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2030๋…„ ์ฆˆ์Œ์—” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ตญ์˜ 60%์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:17
will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence.
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์ทจ์•ฝํ•จ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ด๋ง์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:24
Are there new ways of thinking
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ด๋ง์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:26
about how we can rise to meet these aspirations?
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜์„ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
02:29
Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ด๋ง์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
Everyone knows how everyone else lives.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Has our ability to meet those aspirations
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—ด๋ง์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:41
risen as well?
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02:43
And just to get at the details of this,
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์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:45
I want to share with you my own personal story.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
This is not my mother,
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:49
but during the Korean War,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ
02:51
my mother literally took her own sister,
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์ œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋™์ƒ์„ ๋“ฑ์— ์—…๊ณ 
02:54
her younger sister, on her back,
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02:55
and walked at least part of the way
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ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์„œ์šธ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ํ”ผ๋‚œํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
to escape Seoul during the Korean War.
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03:02
Now, through a series of miracles,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ
03:05
my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City.
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์ œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City.
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
My father, too, was a refugee.
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์ œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋„ ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ด์…จ์ฃ .
03:16
At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country,
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19์‚ด์— ๋ถํ•œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜
03:20
escaped through the border
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๋ถ„๊ณ„์„ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ”ผ๋‚œ์˜ค์‹  ํ›„
03:22
and never saw his family again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
Now, when they were married and living in New York,
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋•Œ
03:27
my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ๋จธํ”ผ ์‹๋‹น์˜ ์ข…์—…์›์ด์…จ์ฃ .
03:30
Their aspirations went up.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์—ด๋ง์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City
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1950๋…„ ๋Œ€์— ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
03:36
in the 1950s.
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03:38
Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea,
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์ œ ๋™์ƒ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์…จ๊ณ 
03:42
and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,
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์ œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋ก  ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
but what was happening in Korea at that time
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€
03:49
was the country was one of the poorest in the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์ด์ž
03:52
and there was political upheaval.
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์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฉ๋ณ€์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:54
There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time,
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์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:57
students protesting against the military government.
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋งž์„œ ํ•ญ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
And at the time,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—
04:04
the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์ด
04:07
were extremely low for Korea.
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด์™ธ์›์กฐ ์—†์ด๋Š”
04:14
to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life.
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ์ƒํ•„ํ’ˆ๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
my parents have seen what life is like in the United States.
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์ œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฒช์œผ์…จ์ฃ .
04:25
They got married there. My brother was born there.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋™์ƒ๋„ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ ์š”.
04:28
And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—ด๋ง์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
04:31
to reach their aspirations for us,
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04:34
we had to go and come back to the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์™€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Now, we came back.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
04:38
First we went to Dallas.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์Šค์— ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
My father did his dental degree all over again.
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
04:42
And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์„œ ์•„์ด์˜ค์™€๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
We grew up in Iowa.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ค์™€์—์„œ ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
And in Iowa, we went through the whole course.
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์•„์ด์˜ค์™€์— ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
I went to high school, I went to college.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ง„ํ•™ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:52
And then one day, something that I'll never forget,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:57
my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ 2ํ•™๋…„ ํ›„์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ์ €๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์— ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ 
05:02
and he was driving me home,
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์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations?
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"์ง, ๋„ˆ์˜ ์—ด๋ง์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ƒ?
๋ญ˜ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ˆ? ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ˆ?"
05:06
What do you want to study? What do you want to do?"
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์ €๋Š”, "์•„๋น ."
05:08
And I said, "Dad," --
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ฒ ํ•™์ž์ด์…”์„œ
05:09
My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
about protest and social justice,
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05:15
and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy,
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์ €๋Š”, "์•„๋น , ์ €๋Š” ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
05:19
and I'm going to become part of a political movement."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •์น˜ ์šด๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
My father, the Korean dentist,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ์ œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ๋Š”
05:23
slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ธธ ์˜†์— ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:28
He looked back at me, and he said,
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
05:29
"Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."
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"์ง, ์˜๋Œ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑฐ ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋ผ."
05:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:34
Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before.
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์ „์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:39
Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์•ˆ ์›ƒ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์ € ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋งŒ ๋„๋•์—ฌ์š”.
05:42
Of course.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:47
So, tragically, my father died at a young age,
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
30 years ago at the age of 57,
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30๋…„ ์ „ 57์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ์š”.
05:54
what happens to be how old I am right now,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ์ฃ .
06:00
You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
I studied both of them in graduate school.
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๋Œ€ํ•™์›์—์„œ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:08
But then right about that time, I met these two people,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.
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์˜คํ•„๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํด ํŒŒ๋จธ์ฃ .
06:13
And Paul and I were in the same program.
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ํด๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
We were studying medicine
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
06:17
and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฝค ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology --
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์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”...
06:27
I had come from parents who were refugees.
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์ œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.
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ํด์€ ๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์˜ ์ง„ํ™ํƒ• ์† ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
He liked to call himself "white trash."
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์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ "๋ฐฑ์ธ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋ถˆ๋ €์–ด์š”.
06:37
And so we had this opportunity
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
06:40
and we said,
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๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
what is it that we need to do?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ?
06:42
Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋“ค์—ฌ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:45
what is the nature of our responsibility to the world?
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?
06:48
And we decided that we needed to start an organization.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
It's called Partners in Health.
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๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” "๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:53
And by the way, there's a movie made about that.
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์ž ๊น ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
06:58
There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie
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์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜ํ™”์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
07:01
they made about it called "Bending the Arc."
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"๋ฐฉ์ฃผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ"๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
It launched at Sundance this past January.
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์ง€๋‚œ 1์›”์— ์„ ๋Œ„์Šค ์˜ํ™”์ œ์— ์ถœํ’ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
Jeff Skoll is here.
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์ œํ”„ ์Šค์ฝœ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
07:06
Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.
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์ œํ”„ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And we began to think about what it would take for us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ด๋ง์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ
07:14
to actually have our aspirations reach the level
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๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํ•„์š”ํ• ์ง€
07:18
of some of the poorest communities in the world.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 1988๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:23
and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement,
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1988๋…„์— ์ž„๋ฌด ๊ฐ•๋ น์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:29
which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
in health.
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07:34
Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:37
We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์ฃ .
07:40
Habermas. Fernand Braudel.
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋งˆ์Šค, ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋ธ๋„ ์ฝ๊ณ ์š”.
07:42
We were reading everything
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ• ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:48
So "O for the P," we called it,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "P๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ O" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
a preferential option for the poor.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋ž€ ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
07:53
The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด
07:56
is what it's not.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์›…์ฃผ์˜์— ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„  ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ .
08:02
It's not a preferential option
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋นˆ๊ณค์—์„œ ํƒˆ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ฌ
08:03
for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
It's not a preferential option for your own organization.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
And the hardest of all,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
08:12
it's not a preferential option for your poor.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
It's a preferential option for the poor.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
So what do you do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:19
Well, Haiti, we started building --
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์•„์ดํ‹ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์šฉํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:25
is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program.
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ธ‰์‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
They wanted schools.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธธ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example,
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ฃ .
08:41
who had gone to the United States.
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08:42
They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did.
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์ œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์…จ๋˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
I recognized them.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
And so that's what we did. We built hospitals.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ง“๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
We provided education.
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08:54
And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
Now, my experience really became intense
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์ €์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo,
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์นด๋ผ๋ฐ”์š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ "๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž"์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:03
in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.
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ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
And in this community,
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ
09:09
we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:12
and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ค‘์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•จ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
This is Melquiades.
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฉœํ€˜์—๋ฐ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old,
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๋ฉœํ€˜์—๋ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ 18์‚ด ์ •๋„์˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
09:24
and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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๋งค์šฐ ํž˜๋“  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus,
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ
09:31
said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
It's too complicated. It's too expensive.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
You just can't do it. It can't be done.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค, ๋  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
And in addition, they were getting angry at us,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
because the implication was
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
09:46
if it could be done, we would have done it.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:48
Who do you think you are?
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๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:50
And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์› ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:53
and probably the organization we fought with most
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‹ธ์› ๋˜ ์กฐ์ง์€
09:56
was the World Bank Group.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Now, we did everything we could
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์ด์ œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:02
to convince Melquiades to take his medicines,
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๋ฉœํ€˜์—๋ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน๊ณ ์š”.
10:05
because it's really hard,
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์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say,
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์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ์•ˆ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:10
"Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective.
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"์žˆ์ฃ , ์–˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
10:13
Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์š”?"
10:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:17
I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฉœํ€˜์—๋ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ 10๋…„์€ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:19
and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru
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ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ก€ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ
10:22
a couple of years ago,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„์ „์— ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ
10:24
the filmmakers found him
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10:26
and here is us getting together.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:35
He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings,
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์˜ํ™” ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์‹์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ข€ ์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋์–ด์š”.
10:38
and he knows how to work an audience now.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ด€๊ฐ์„ ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
10:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:43
But as soon as we won --
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธฐ์ž ๋งˆ์ž
10:45
We did win. We won the argument.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ด๊ฒผ์ฃ .
10:47
You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.
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2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— HIV์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
All of the leading global health people in the world said
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ๋„์ ์ธ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries.
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๋นˆ๊ณค๊ตญ์—์„œ HIV ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
11:00
Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ , ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
11:02
Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:04
it's actually easier.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋” ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
And we were seeing patients like this.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
Joseph Jeune.
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์กฐ์…‰ ์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective.
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์กฐ์…‰ ์ค€๋„ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
11:14
A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.
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๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋’ค ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:19
We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” HIV์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
Joseline came to us looking like this.
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์กฐ์…€๋ฆฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์™”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
This is what she looked like a few months later.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๋’ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:29
Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,
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๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜
11:32
was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective.
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๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›€์—
11:36
We were saying, no,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
11:38
preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations
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๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ด๋ง์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ด๋ง์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
to meet those of the poor for themselves.
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11:44
And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ข€ ๊ดด์งœ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:54
we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
It says that because the World Bank
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์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์—๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:59
has focused so much on just economic growth
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12:03
and said that governments have to shrink their budgets
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ
12:07
and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare --
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๋ณด๊ฑด, ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:11
we thought that was fundamentally wrong.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
And we argued with the World Bank.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
And then a crazy thing happened.
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ์ด์žฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:26
Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team,
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
12:31
they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "๋ชฉ์ˆจ ๋ฐ”์นœ ์„ฑ์žฅ" ์ฑ…์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
And I said, "OK, that's it, right?
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์ €๋Š”, "๋„ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?"
12:36
You guys are going to drop me?"
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์ €๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:38
He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€, "์•„๋‡จ, ์•„๋‡จ. ์ข‹์•„์š”." ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
12:40
And I was nominated,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,
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2012๋…„ 7์›” ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ๊ฑธ์–ด๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€์ž
12:46
and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty."
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๋ฒฝ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค."
12:50
A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal:
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๊ทธํ›„ ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ๋’ค ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
end extreme poverty by 2030,
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2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
12:55
boost shared prosperity.
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๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
That's what we do now at the World Bank Group.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์—
๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
to the World Bank Group.
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13:04
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:10
But this is TED,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” TED๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
13:11
and so I want to share with you some concerns,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ 
13:14
and then make a proposal.
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์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
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4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์€
13:18
now, you guys know so much better than I do,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์ €๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
13:20
but here's the thing that concerns me.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์ฃ .
13:22
What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that.
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์ €ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 2์ธ
13:25
Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs,
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13:27
currently existing jobs in developing countries,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์—…๋“ค์ด
13:29
will be lost because of automation.
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์ž๋™ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
13:36
is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force.
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์ง€์—ญ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต์‹๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
That's what we want to do.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:42
We think the numbers will work out,
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์ €ํฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ํ†ต๊ณ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work,
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๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๊ทœ์ง์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
13:48
we're going to be able to train them
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
with the soft-skills training that you add to it
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์Šคํ‚ฌ์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
13:52
to become workers that will have a huge impact,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ผ๊พผ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค์šฐ์ฃ .
13:56
and that may be the one area that grows the most.
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
But here's the other thing that bothers me:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:02
right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
์œก์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‹คํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
14:05
will be more digitally demanding,
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14:07
and there is a crisis in childhood stunting.
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์•„๋™๋ฐœ์œก ๋ถ€์ง„์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„ฌ์Šจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:15
from Harvard Medical School.
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์˜๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ํ•œํŽธ๊ณผ ์™ผํŽธ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:21
is a three-month-old who has been stunted:
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๋ฐœ์œก์ด ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•œ 3๊ฐœ์›” ์•„๊ธฐ๋กœ
14:26
not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation.
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์˜์–‘๊ณผ, ์ž๊ทน์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
And on the other side, of course, is a normal child,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽธ์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:31
and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections.
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์ด ์•„์ด๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
Now, the neuronal connections are important,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
because that is the definition of human capital.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ์ ์ž์›์˜ ์ •์˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:39
Now, we know that we can reduce these rates.
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly,
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์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋™ ๋ฐœ์œก๋ถ€์ง„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
14:47
but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting,
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๊ฐ€๋ น ์ธ๋„์˜ 38% ์•„๋™ ๋ฐœ์œก๋ถ€์ง„์— ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด
14:51
how are they going to compete in the economy of the future
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
14:54
if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally
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40%์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ชป ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์š”.
15:00
and certainly we worry about achieving economically
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
15:03
in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
Now, what are we going to do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
15:10
78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” 78์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds.
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8์กฐ 5์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์Šค ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ์ฑ„์— ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
That means that you give the German central bank your money
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋…์ผ ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์— ๋ˆ์„ ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:22
and then you pay them to keep your money.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
That's a negative interest rate bond.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์Šค ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ์ฑ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds.
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24์กฐ 4์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตญ์ฑ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people
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8์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์˜
15:35
under their very large mattresses.
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์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๋ˆ๋ฐฉ์„์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:37
What we are trying to do is now use our own tools --
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ผ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์ € ์ž ์‹œ ๊ดด์งœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
and just to get nerdy for a second,
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15:43
we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐจ ์†์‹ค์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
we're talking about derisking, blended finance,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†์‹ค์ถ•์†Œ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
we're talking about political risk insurance,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ
15:51
credit enhancement --
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์‹ ์šฉ์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:55
that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer,
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๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งค์ผ ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ
15:59
but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor
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๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž์›์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
16:03
to bring this capital in.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:12
So does this work?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:14
Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ
16:19
and really make things work?
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:20
Well, we've done it a couple of times.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž ๋น„์•„์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ์†”๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
It's a box-set solution from the World Bank
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์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ํ•œ ์„ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
16:26
where we come in and we do all the things you need
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ ํˆฌ์ž์ž ์œ ์น˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
to attract private-sector investors.
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16:31
And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ž ๋น„์•„๋Š” ํ‚ฌ๋กœ์™€ํŠธ์‹œ 25์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
16:35
at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,
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16:38
and by just doing simple things, doing the auction,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:42
changing some policies,
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ
16:43
we were able to bring the cost down.
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๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
Lowest bid,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž…์ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋กœ
16:47
25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?
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์ž ๋น„์•„์— 25์„ผํŠธ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ์™€ํŠธ์‹œ์š”?
16:50
The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.
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์ตœ์ € ์ž…์ฐฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 4.7์„ผํŠธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:56
But here's my proposal for you.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
This is from a group called Zipline,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€ํ”Œ๋ฆฐ์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
17:00
a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋กœ์ผ“๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda.
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๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋“œ๋ก ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
This is me launching a drone in Rwanda
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋“œ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
17:08
that delivers blood anywhere in the country
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ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค ์–ด๋””๋“ ์ง€
17:11
in less than an hour.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:12
So we save lives,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
this program saved lives --
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:16
This program made money for Zipline
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์ง€ํ”Œ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ˆ๊ณ 
17:18
and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda.
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๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
That's what we need, and we need that from all of you.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์…”์„œ
17:28
to think about the technology that you work on,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ
17:31
the companies that you start, the design that you do.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…, ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
17:34
Think a little bit and work with us
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์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์ฃผ์…”์„œ
17:36
to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œˆ์œˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
17:41
I'm going to leave you with one final story.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
17:44
I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ๊ต์‹ค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
17:47
This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 11์‚ด ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
17:51
And I asked them, as I always do,
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋“ฏ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
"What do you want to be when you grow up?"
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"์ปค์„œ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”?"
17:55
Two raised their hands and said,
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๋‘ ๋ช…์ด ์†๋“ค๋„ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
17:56
"I want to be President of the World Bank."
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"์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ์ด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”."
17:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:00
And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค๋„ ์›ƒ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
18:04
But then I stopped them.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
18:05
I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.
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"์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค„๊ฒŒ์š”.
18:08
When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
18:13
This is where I came from.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์™”์–ด์š”.
18:15
And when I was three years old,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์น˜์› ์„ธ ์‚ด ๋•Œ
18:18
in preschool,
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18:20
I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ์ด์žฌ์ธ ์กฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ์šฐ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€
18:23
if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด์„œ ์ œ ๊ต์‹ค์— ์™”๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:27
that he would have thought
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๊ทธ ๊ต์‹ค์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ์ด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•‰์•„์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
18:28
that the future President of the World Bank
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์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:30
was sitting in that classroom.
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18:32
Don't let anyone ever tell you
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„
18:34
that you cannot be President of the World Bank."
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์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ์ด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
18:37
Now -- thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:38
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:39
Let me leave you with one thought.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:42
I came from a country that was the poorest in the world.
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:44
I'm President of the World Bank.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ์ด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑท์–ด์น˜์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์น˜์šฐ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
This is urgent.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:51
Aspirations are going up.
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์—ด๋ง์€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
18:52
Everywhere aspirations are going up.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ง์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:54
You folks in this room, work with us.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
18:57
We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions
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์ง€ํ”Œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
19:01
and help the poor leapfrog into a better world,
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๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹์›€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
19:04
but it won't happen until we work together.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:08
The future "you" -- and especially for your children --
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ "๋‹น์‹ ", ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
19:10
the future you
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
19:12
will depend on how much care and compassion we bring
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•Œ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์ด
19:15
to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ"๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ
๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:20
for every child in the world.
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19:21
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:24
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:27
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:32
Chris Anderson: You'd almost think
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์ด์žฌ๋‹˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
19:34
people are surprised to hear a talk like this
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ ์ด์žฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
19:36
from the President of the World Bank.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋†€๋ž„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:38
It's kind of cool.
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:39
I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal.
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์ด์žฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž˜์š”.
19:43
There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์™€ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์š”? ์–ด๋–ค ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:47
How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?
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์ง ์šฉ ํ‚ด: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž ์‹œ ๊ดด์งœ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
19:50
Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.
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CA: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์š”. ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. JYK: ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:52
CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did.
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๋ณดํ—˜ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:54
Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure,
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์œ„ํ—˜๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋– ์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
19:58
for example, because they can't take the risk.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์ฃ .
20:00
They're holding money for people who pay for insurance.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์—์„œ
20:03
So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ค˜์„œ
20:06
gave us a little bit of money,
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20:07
we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ข€๋” ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ 1์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐจ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฆ‰ ์ผ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป ๋˜๋ฉด
20:10
and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad,
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์†์‹ค์˜ 10%๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ 
20:13
10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,
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20:15
and the rest of you will be safe.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:17
And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ 90%์˜ ํŠธ๋žœ์น˜ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ด
20:21
that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested.
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BBB ํˆฌ์ž๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ธ๋ฐ ๋ณดํ—˜ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:24
So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
20:29
and using it to derisk specific instruments
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ
20:32
to bring people in from the outside.
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์™ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ์–ด ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:34
So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ˆ๋ฐฉ์„์— ์•‰์•„ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
20:37
come to us. Right?
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์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ค์„ธ์š”. ์•„์…จ์ฃ ?
20:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
20:39
CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals
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CA: ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ด์žฌ๋‹˜์ด ์ฐพ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž ์ œ์•ˆ์ด
20:42
that create employment in the developing world.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ๊ณ ์šฉ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
JYK: ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:45
JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.
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20:46
So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ
20:50
builds roads, bridges, ports.
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๋„๋กœ, ๊ต๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ์“ฐ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:52
These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ
20:55
but also what we're saying is
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
20:57
you may think that the technology you're working on
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด
21:00
or the business that you're working on
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21:02
may not have applications in the developing world,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜
21:05
but look at Zipline.
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์ง€ํ”Œ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
21:06
And that Zipline thing didn't happen
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์ง€ํ”Œ๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:08
just because of the quality of the technology.
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21:10
It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๊ณ 
21:14
and used artificial intelligence --
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์ฃ .
21:16
one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญํšŒ์„ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:18
but these things fly completely on their own.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์ฃ .
21:21
So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋•๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:24
We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธˆ๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
CA: ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์„
21:27
CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy
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21:30
to back those kinds of efforts?
457
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋“ค์ด์‹ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
21:31
JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.
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JYK: ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ์‹œ๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
CA: ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. JYK: ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:34
CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 250์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
21:38
We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries,
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๋นˆ๊ณค๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:43
the poorest countries.
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21:44
And as we invest over the next three years,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 3๋…„ ๊ฐ„
21:46
25 billion a year,
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๋งค๋…„ 250์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
21:48
we have got to think with you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
21:49
about how to use that money more effectively.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:52
So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
21:55
So bring us your ideas,
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21:57
and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.
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์ž๊ธˆ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:03
CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.
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CA: ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋“ค์œผ์‹  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:05
Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.
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์ง, ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. JYK: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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