Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life? | Jim Yong Kim

115,549 views ใƒป 2017-07-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I just want to share with you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:14
what I have been experiencing over the last five years
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:16
in having the great privilege of traveling
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื ืกื•ืข
00:19
to many of the poorest countries in the world.
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ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:21
This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,
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ืืช ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
00:25
and these young children are looking at a smartphone,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื,
00:28
and the smartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorest countries.
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ื•ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:32
I said to my team, you know,
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
00:34
what I see is a rise in aspirations all over the world.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:38
In fact, it seems to me that there's a convergence of aspirations.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช.
00:42
And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
00:46
Is this true?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:47
Are aspirations converging all around the world?
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ื”ืื ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
00:50
So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfaction in life
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืงืจื™ ื’ืืœื•ืค ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
00:54
and what they learned was that if you have access to the internet,
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
00:59
your satisfaction goes up.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืœื”.
01:01
But another thing happens that's very important:
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ืจื”:
01:04
your reference income,
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื,
01:05
the income to which you compare your own,
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ืืชื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื›ื,
01:08
also goes up.
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ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”.
01:10
Now, if the reference income of a nation, for example,
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ืื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”
01:13
goes up 10 percent
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
01:14
by comparing themselves to the outside,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
01:17
then on average,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
01:19
people's own incomes have to go up at least five percent
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ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ 5 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
01:22
to maintain the same level of satisfaction.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ.
01:25
But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:29
your income has to go up much more
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ื”ื›ื ืกืชื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:31
if the reference income goes up 10 percent,
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ืื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ - 10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
01:33
something like 20 percent.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
01:35
And so with this rise of aspirations,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช,
01:37
the fundamental question is:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื:
01:39
Are we going to have a situation
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ื”ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืฆื‘
01:40
where aspirations are linked to opportunity
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
01:44
and you get dynamism and economic growth,
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ื•ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
01:46
like that which happened in the country I was born in, in Korea?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™, ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”?
01:50
Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?
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ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ืชืกื›ื•ืœ?
01:55
This is a real concern, because between 2012 and 2015,
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 2012 ืœ 2015,
02:00
terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.
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ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœื” ื‘ 47%.
02:03
The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœื” ื‘ -150%.
02:07
Right now, two billion people
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:09
live in conditions of fragility, conflict, violence,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืกื›ืกื•ืš, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
02:11
and by 2030, more than 60 percent of the world's poor
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ื•ืขื“ 2030, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 60 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:17
will live in these situations of fragility, conflict and violence.
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ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื”.
02:21
And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื”?
02:24
Are there new ways of thinking
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:26
about how we can rise to meet these aspirations?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื•?
02:29
Because if we don't, I'm extremely worried.
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ื›ื™ ืืœืžืœื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’.
02:32
Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to the internet.
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ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
02:36
Everyone knows how everyone else lives.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:39
Has our ability to meet those aspirations
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื•
02:41
risen as well?
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ืขืœืชื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื?
02:43
And just to get at the details of this,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืš,
02:45
I want to share with you my own personal story.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™.
02:47
This is not my mother,
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืืžื™,
02:49
but during the Korean War,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”,
02:51
my mother literally took her own sister,
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ืืžื™ ืžืžืฉ ื ืฉืื” ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื”,
02:54
her younger sister, on her back,
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ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื”,
02:55
and walked at least part of the way
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ื•ืฆืขื“ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืจืš
02:58
to escape Seoul during the Korean War.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืกื™ืื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
03:02
Now, through a series of miracles,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื,
03:05
my mother and father both got scholarships to go to New York City.
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ืืžื™ ื•ืื‘ื™, ื–ื›ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
03:09
They actually met in New York City and got married in New York City.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
03:13
My father, too, was a refugee.
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ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคืœื™ื˜.
03:16
At the age of 19, he left his family in the northern part of the country,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19, ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
03:20
escaped through the border
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ื‘ืจื— ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
03:22
and never saw his family again.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื.
03:24
Now, when they were married and living in New York,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื•, ื•ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
03:27
my father was a waiter at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.
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ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืฆืจ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืจืคื™.
03:30
Their aspirations went up.
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ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœื•.
03:32
They understood what it was like to live in a place like New York City
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
03:36
in the 1950s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื.
03:38
Well, my brother was born and they came back to Korea,
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ืื—ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืงื•ืจื™ืื”,
03:42
and we had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื™ื,
03:46
but what was happening in Korea at that time
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช
03:49
was the country was one of the poorest in the world
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:52
and there was political upheaval.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืคืš ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
03:54
There were demonstrations just down the street from our house all the time,
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื•,
03:57
students protesting against the military government.
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ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™.
04:02
And at the time,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
04:04
the aspirations of the World Bank Group, the organization I lead now,
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ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:07
were extremely low for Korea.
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ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
04:10
Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult without foreign aid
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ื”ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืชืชืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“, ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
04:14
to provide its people with more than the bare necessities of life.
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ืœืกืคืง ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
04:19
So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,
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ืื– ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื”,
04:22
my parents have seen what life is like in the United States.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ ืจืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
04:25
They got married there. My brother was born there.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ืฉื, ืื—ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื,
04:28
And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
04:31
to reach their aspirations for us,
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•,
04:34
we had to go and come back to the United States.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:36
Now, we came back.
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื•.
04:38
First we went to Dallas.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืกืขื ื• ืœื“ืืœืืก.
04:39
My father did his dental degree all over again.
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ืื‘ื™ ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ืจื•ืคื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:42
And then we ended up moving to Iowa, of all places.
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ื•ืื–, ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืื™ื•ื•ื”.
04:46
We grew up in Iowa.
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ื’ื“ืœื ื• ื‘ืื™ื•ื•ื”.
04:47
And in Iowa, we went through the whole course.
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœื•.
04:50
I went to high school, I went to college.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžื›ืœืœื”.
04:52
And then one day, something that I'll never forget,
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื—,
04:57
my father picked me up after my sophomore year in college,
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ืื‘ื™ ืืกืฃ ืื•ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”,
05:02
and he was driving me home,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
05:03
and he said, "Jim, what are your aspirations?
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ื•ืืžืจ: "ื’'ื™ื, ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœืš?"
05:06
What do you want to study? What do you want to do?"
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“? ืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
05:08
And I said, "Dad," --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื‘ื," --
05:09
My mother actually was a philosopher, and had filled us with ideas
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ืืžื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ืžื™ืœืื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
05:12
about protest and social justice,
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ืขืœ ืžื—ืื” ื•ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
05:15
and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study political science and philosophy,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื‘ื, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
05:19
and I'm going to become part of a political movement."
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ื•ืื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ".
05:22
My father, the Korean dentist,
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ืื‘ื™, ืจื•ืคื ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™,
05:23
slowly pulled the car over to the side of the road --
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ื”ืกื™ืข ืœืื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš -
05:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:28
He looked back at me, and he said,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืœื™, ื•ืืžืจ.
05:29
"Jim, you finish your medical residency, you can study anything you want."
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"ื’'ื™ื, ืืชื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœืš, ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื”".
05:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:34
Now, I've told this story to a mostly Asian audience before.
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•.
05:39
Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืฆื—ืง. ื”ื ืจืง ื”ื ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ื”ื.
05:42
Of course.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:47
So, tragically, my father died at a young age,
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ืื–, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจื’ื™, ืื‘ื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
05:52
30 years ago at the age of 57,
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 57,
05:54
what happens to be how old I am right now,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:57
and when he died in the middle of my medical and graduate studies --
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ -
06:00
You see, I actually got around it by doing medicine and anthropology.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:03
I studied both of them in graduate school.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™.
06:08
But then right about that time, I met these two people,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš, ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:11
Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.
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ืื•ืคืœื™ื” ื“ืื”ืœ ื•ืคื•ืœ ืคืืจืžืจ.
06:13
And Paul and I were in the same program.
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ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
06:15
We were studying medicine
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืจืคื•ืื”
06:17
and at the same time getting our PhD's in anthropology.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:20
And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
06:23
For people who have the great privilege of studying medicine and anthropology --
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืคืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื’ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” -
06:27
I had come from parents who were refugees.
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ื‘ืืชื™ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
06:30
Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.
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ืคื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
06:34
He liked to call himself "white trash."
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ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื• "ื–ื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ".
06:37
And so we had this opportunity
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช
06:40
and we said,
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ื•ืืžืจื ื•,
06:41
what is it that we need to do?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
06:42
Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ืขื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•,
06:45
what is the nature of our responsibility to the world?
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ืžื”ื• ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
06:48
And we decided that we needed to start an organization.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
06:52
It's called Partners in Health.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช."
06:53
And by the way, there's a movie made about that.
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:58
There's a movie that was just a brilliant movie
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ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง
07:01
they made about it called "Bending the Arc."
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื ืงืจื " ืžื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช."
07:03
It launched at Sundance this past January.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืกืื ื“ื ืก ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
07:05
Jeff Skoll is here.
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ื’'ืฃ ืกืงื•ืœ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ.
07:06
Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.
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ื’'ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
07:09
And we began to think about what it would take for us
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
07:14
to actually have our aspirations reach the level
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ืจืžื”
07:18
of some of the poorest communities in the world.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:20
This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ 1988,
07:23
and in 1988, we elaborated a sort of mission statement,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988 ืขื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช,
07:29
which is we are going to make a preferential option for the poor
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ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
07:33
in health.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
07:34
Now, it took us a long time, and we were graduate students in anthropology.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
07:37
We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืงืจืื ื• ืืช ืžืจืงืก , ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™
07:40
Habermas. Fernand Braudel.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ืจืžืืก, ืคืจื ื ื“ ื‘ืจืื•ื“ืœ.
07:42
We were reading everything
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ืงืจืื ื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ
07:44
and we had to come to a conclusion of how are we going to structure our work?
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ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•ื•?
07:48
So "O for the P," we called it,
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ืื– ืงืจืื ื• ืœื–ื” "O for the P,"
07:50
a preferential option for the poor.
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ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
07:53
The most important thing about a preferential option for the poor
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ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
07:56
is what it's not.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื.
07:58
It's not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.
08:02
It's not a preferential option
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ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
08:03
for your own idea about how to lift the poor out of poverty.
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ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
08:07
It's not a preferential option for your own organization.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
08:10
And the hardest of all,
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ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืœ,
08:12
it's not a preferential option for your poor.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
08:15
It's a preferential option for the poor.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื.
08:18
So what do you do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
08:19
Well, Haiti, we started building --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช -
08:23
Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing
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ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืœื ื•, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช
08:25
is just focus on vaccination and maybe a feeding program.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื ื”.
08:29
But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืจืฆื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
08:32
They wanted schools.
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ.
08:34
They wanted to provide their children with the opportunities
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
08:36
that they'd been hearing about from others, relatives, for example,
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ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ.
08:41
who had gone to the United States.
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ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
08:42
They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parents did.
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ ืจืฆื•,
08:47
I recognized them.
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ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ.
08:49
And so that's what we did. We built hospitals.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
08:52
We provided education.
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ืกื™ืคืงื ื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
08:54
And we did everything we could to try to give them opportunities.
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:57
Now, my experience really became intense
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
09:00
at Partners in Health in this community, Carabayllo,
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ื‘"ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช" ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืงืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื•,
09:03
in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื”, ืคืจื•.
09:08
And in this community,
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ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:09
we started out by really just going to people's homes and talking to people,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:12
and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืคืช ืฉื—ืคืช ืฉืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
09:18
This is Melquiades.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืœืงื™ืื“ืก.
09:19
Melquiades was a patient at that time, he was about 18 years old,
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ืžืœืงื™ืื“ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื—ื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืŸ 18.
09:24
and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืคืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
09:29
All of the gurus in the world, the global health gurus,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื’ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
09:31
said it is not cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื—ืคืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
09:36
It's too complicated. It's too expensive.
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ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžื“ื™. ื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™.
09:38
You just can't do it. It can't be done.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช.
09:41
And in addition, they were getting angry at us,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ื›ืขืกื• ืขืœื™ื ื•,
09:44
because the implication was
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื”
09:46
if it could be done, we would have done it.
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ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
09:48
Who do you think you are?
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ืžื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื?
09:50
And the people that we fought with were the World Health Organization
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
09:53
and probably the organization we fought with most
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืœื—ืžื ื• ื‘ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
09:56
was the World Bank Group.
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ื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
09:58
Now, we did everything we could
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•
10:02
to convince Melquiades to take his medicines,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืœืงื™ืื“ืก ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
10:05
because it's really hard,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื”,
10:06
and not once during the time of treatment did Melquiades's family ever say,
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ื•ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•
10:10
"Hey, you know, Melquiades is just not cost-effective.
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"ื”ื™ื™ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœืงื™ืื“ืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช..
10:13
Why don't you go on and treat somebody else?"
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื›ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ?"
10:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:17
I hadn't seen Melquiades for about 10 years
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ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžืœืงื™ืื“ืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื
10:19
and when we had our annual meetings in Lima, Peru
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ื•ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื”, ืคืจื•
10:22
a couple of years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
10:24
the filmmakers found him
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื•
10:26
and here is us getting together.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื.
10:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:35
He has become a bit of a media star because he goes to the film openings,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”,
10:38
and he knows how to work an audience now.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืงื”ืœ ื›ืขืช.
10:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:43
But as soon as we won --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ื ื• -
10:45
We did win. We won the argument.
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ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•. ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
10:47
You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื—ืคืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช --
10:49
we heard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ HIV ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -2000.
10:53
All of the leading global health people in the world said
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืžืจื•
10:56
it is impossible to treat HIV in poor countries.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘- HIV ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
11:00
Too expensive, too complicated, you can't do it.
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ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™, ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžื“ื™, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:02
Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื—ืคืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
11:04
it's actually easier.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:06
And we were seeing patients like this.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
11:09
Joseph Jeune.
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ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื–'ืŸ.
11:10
Joseph Jeune also never mentioned that he was not cost-effective.
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ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื–'ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
11:14
A few months of medicines, and this is what he looked like.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”.
11:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:19
We call that the Lazarus Effect of HIV treatment.
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ืœื–ืืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ HIV.
11:21
Joseline came to us looking like this.
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ื’'ื•ื–ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืš.
11:24
This is what she looked like a few months later.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:26
(Applause)
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{ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:29
Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•,
11:32
was with the organizations that kept saying it's not cost-effective.
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
11:36
We were saying, no,
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ืืžืจื ื•, ืœื,
11:38
preferential option for the poor requires us to raise our aspirations
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ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื•
11:42
to meet those of the poor for themselves.
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื.
11:44
And they said, well, that's a nice thought but it's just not cost-effective.
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžื“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
11:47
So in the nerdy way that we have operated Partners in Health,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืคืขืœื ื• ื‘ "ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,"
11:54
we wrote a book against, basically, the World Bank.
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืกืคืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
11:57
It says that because the World Bank
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
11:59
has focused so much on just economic growth
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
12:03
and said that governments have to shrink their budgets
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ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
12:07
and reduce expenditures in health, education and social welfare --
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ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช -
12:11
we thought that was fundamentally wrong.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
12:13
And we argued with the World Bank.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืขื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
12:15
And then a crazy thing happened.
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ื•ืื– ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
12:17
President Obama nominated me to be President of the World Bank.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
12:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:26
Now, when I went to do the vetting process with President Obama's team,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
12:31
they had a copy of "Dying For Growth," and they had read every page.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ"ืžืชื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”", ืฉื”ื ืงืจืื• ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”.
12:35
And I said, "OK, that's it, right?
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:36
You guys are going to drop me?"
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื™?"
12:38
He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื•, ืœื, ืœื, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ."
12:40
And I was nominated,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ืชื™.
12:42
and I walked through the door of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2012.
12:46
and that statement on the wall, "Our dream is a world free of poverty."
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ื•ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืช, "ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืขื•ื ื™".
12:50
A few months after that, we actually turned it into a goal:
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืคื›ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืžื˜ืจื”:
12:53
end extreme poverty by 2030,
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขื“ 2030,
12:55
boost shared prosperity.
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
12:57
That's what we do now at the World Bank Group.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
12:59
I feel like I have brought the preferential option for the poor
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
13:03
to the World Bank Group.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
13:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:10
But this is TED,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” TED,
13:11
and so I want to share with you some concerns,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืื’ื•ืช,
13:14
and then make a proposal.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื”.
13:16
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
13:18
now, you guys know so much better than I do,
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ื›ืขืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื™,
13:20
but here's the thing that concerns me.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™.
13:22
What we hear about is job loss. You've all heard that.
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
13:25
Our own data suggest to us that two thirds of all jobs,
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
13:27
currently existing jobs in developing countries,
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ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
13:29
will be lost because of automation.
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ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”.
13:31
Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
13:33
Now, one of the ways to make up for those jobs
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
13:36
is to turn community health workers into a formal labor force.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืฉืžื™.
13:39
That's what we want to do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:42
We think the numbers will work out,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืกืชื“ืจื•,
13:44
that as health outcomes get better and as people have formal work,
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ื›ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืฉืชืคืจื•, ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช,
13:48
we're going to be able to train them
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื
13:50
with the soft-skills training that you add to it
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ืขื ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช-ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื–ื”
13:52
to become workers that will have a huge impact,
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ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
13:56
and that may be the one area that grows the most.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ืœ.
13:59
But here's the other thing that bothers me:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™:
14:02
right now it seems pretty clear to me that the jobs of the future
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ื›ืขืช ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
14:05
will be more digitally demanding,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
14:07
and there is a crisis in childhood stunting.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
14:11
So these are photos from Charles Nelson, who shared these with us
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ืื– ืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆ'ืจืœืก ื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืื™ืชื ื•
14:15
from Harvard Medical School.
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ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
14:16
And what these photos show on the one side, on the left side,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืจืื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™,
14:21
is a three-month-old who has been stunted:
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ื”ื•ื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช;
14:26
not adequate nutrition, not adequate stimulation.
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ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื ื ืื•ืชื”, ืœืœื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื•ืœื.
14:28
And on the other side, of course, is a normal child,
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
14:31
and the normal child has all of these neuronal connections.
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ื•ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.
14:34
Now, the neuronal connections are important,
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
14:36
because that is the definition of human capital.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
14:39
Now, we know that we can reduce these rates.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
14:43
We can reduce these rates of childhood stunting quickly,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจ,
14:47
but if we don't, India, for example, with 38 percent childhood stunting,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช. ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื™ืฉ 38% ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
14:51
how are they going to compete in the economy of the future
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
14:54
if 40 percent of their future workers cannot achieve educationally
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ืื 40% ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
15:00
and certainly we worry about achieving economically
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
15:03
in a way that will help the country as a whole grow.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
15:07
Now, what are we going to do?
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ืื ื›ืš, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
15:10
78 trillion dollars is the size of the global economy.
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78 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
15:14
8.55 trillion dollars are sitting in negative interest rate bonds.
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8.55 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
15:18
That means that you give the German central bank your money
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืกืคื›ื ืœื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™
15:22
and then you pay them to keep your money.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื›ื.
15:25
That's a negative interest rate bond.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื’ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
15:26
24.4 trillion dollars in very low-earning government bonds.
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24.4 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
15:30
And 8 trillion literally sitting in the hands of rich people
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ื• 8 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
15:35
under their very large mattresses.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื–ืจื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
15:37
What we are trying to do is now use our own tools --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• -
15:41
and just to get nerdy for a second,
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ื•ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืข ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื,
15:43
we're talking about first-loss risk debt instruments,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™
15:46
we're talking about derisking, blended finance,
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘
15:48
we're talking about political risk insurance,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
15:51
credit enhancement --
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ --
15:52
all these things that I've now learned at the World Bank Group
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
15:55
that rich people use every single day to make themselves richer,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,
15:59
but we haven't used aggressively enough on behalf of the poor
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
16:03
to bring this capital in.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
16:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:12
So does this work?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
16:14
Can you actually bring private-sector players into a country
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
16:19
and really make things work?
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“?
16:20
Well, we've done it a couple of times.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
16:22
This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื–ืžื‘ื™ื”, ืกื•ืœืœื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
16:24
It's a box-set solution from the World Bank
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ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ืžื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
16:26
where we come in and we do all the things you need
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ
16:29
to attract private-sector investors.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
16:31
And in this case, Zambia went from having a cost of electricity
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื–ืžื‘ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื ื”ื’ื™ืข
16:35
at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,
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ืœ 25 ืกื ื˜. ืœืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืขื”,
16:38
and by just doing simple things, doing the auction,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืจื–,
16:42
changing some policies,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื
16:43
we were able to bring the cost down.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ
16:46
Lowest bid,
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช,
16:47
25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?
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25 ืกื ื˜ ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžื‘ื™ื”?
16:50
The lowest bid was 4.7 cents a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” 4.7 ืกื ื˜ ืœืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืขื”. ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
16:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:56
But here's my proposal for you.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
16:58
This is from a group called Zipline,
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ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ื–ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ,
17:00
a cool company, and they literally are rocket scientists.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
17:03
They figured out how to use drones in Rwanda.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืœ"ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”.
17:05
This is me launching a drone in Rwanda
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืฉื™ืง ืžื–ืœ"ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
17:08
that delivers blood anywhere in the country
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ื”ืžืกืคืง ื“ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
17:11
in less than an hour.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื”.
17:12
So we save lives,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
17:14
this program saved lives --
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื -
17:15
(Applause)
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17:16
This program made money for Zipline
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœื–ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ
17:18
and this program saved huge amounts of money for Rwanda.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื—ืกื›ื” ืœืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
17:22
That's what we need, and we need that from all of you.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื•ืœื›ื.
17:25
I'm asking you, carve out a little bit of time in your brains
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ
17:28
to think about the technology that you work on,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”,
17:31
the companies that you start, the design that you do.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื, ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
17:34
Think a little bit and work with us
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฆืช ื•ืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืื™ืชื ื•
17:36
to see if we can come up with these kinds of extraordinary win-win solutions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืชืœืžื• ืœื›ื•ืœื.
17:41
I'm going to leave you with one final story.
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื•ืคื™ ืื—ื“.
17:44
I was in Tanzania, and I was in a classroom.
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ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”.
17:47
This is me with a classroom of 11-year-olds.
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ 11.
17:51
And I asked them, as I always do,
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืžื™ื“,
17:52
"What do you want to be when you grow up?"
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"ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืชื’ื“ืœื•?"
17:55
Two raised their hands and said,
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืืžืจื•,
17:56
"I want to be President of the World Bank."
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ".
17:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:00
And just like you, my own team and their teachers laughed.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื›ื, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฆื—ืงื•.
18:04
But then I stopped them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืขืฆืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื.
18:05
I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.
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ืืžืจืชื™, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
18:08
When I was born in South Korea, this is what it looked like.
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืื–.
18:13
This is where I came from.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ื‘ืืชื™.
18:15
And when I was three years old,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
18:18
in preschool,
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ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
18:20
I don't think that George David Woods, the President of the World Bank,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’'ื•ืจื’' ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื“ืก, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
18:23
if he had visited Korea on that day and come to my classroom,
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ืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™,
18:27
that he would have thought
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘
18:28
that the future President of the World Bank
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ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
18:30
was sitting in that classroom.
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ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
18:32
Don't let anyone ever tell you
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ืืœ ืชื™ืชื ื• ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
18:34
that you cannot be President of the World Bank."
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ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
18:37
Now -- thank you.
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ื›ืขืช - ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:39
Let me leave you with one thought.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช.
18:42
I came from a country that was the poorest in the world.
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ื‘ืืชื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
18:44
I'm President of the World Bank.
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ืื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
18:46
I cannot and I will not pull up the ladder behind me.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืง ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช
18:49
This is urgent.
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ื–ื” ื“ื—ื•ืฃ.
18:51
Aspirations are going up.
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ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื”.
18:52
Everywhere aspirations are going up.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื”.
18:54
You folks in this room, work with us.
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ืืชื ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืื™ืชื ื•.
18:57
We know that we can find those Zipline-type solutions
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ
19:01
and help the poor leapfrog into a better world,
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
19:04
but it won't happen until we work together.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“.
19:08
The future "you" -- and especially for your children --
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื-
19:10
the future you
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ืืชื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
19:12
will depend on how much care and compassion we bring
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ืชื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื
19:15
to ensuring that the future "us" provides equality of opportunity
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื ืกืคืง ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
19:20
for every child in the world.
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ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
19:21
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
19:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:24
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
19:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:32
Chris Anderson: You'd almost think
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
19:34
people are surprised to hear a talk like this
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื™ื—ื” ื›ื–ื•
19:36
from the President of the World Bank.
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ืžื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
19:38
It's kind of cool.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
19:39
I'd encourage you to even be a little more specific on your proposal.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœืš.
19:43
There's many investors, entrepreneurs in this room.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
19:47
How will you partner with them? What's your proposal?
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ืื™ืš ืชืฉืชืชืฃ ืื™ืชื? ืžื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœืš?
19:50
Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy for just a second.
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ื’'.ื™.ืง.: ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื—ื ื•ืŸ ืœืจื’ืข?
19:52
CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely. JYK: So here's what we did.
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ื›.ื.: ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ื’'.ื™.ืง.: ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
19:54
Insurance companies never invest in developing country infrastructure,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช,
19:58
for example, because they can't take the risk.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
20:00
They're holding money for people who pay for insurance.
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ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
20:03
So what we did was a Swedish International Development Association
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
20:06
gave us a little bit of money,
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ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ,
20:07
we went out and raised a little bit more money, a hundred million,
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ื•ื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
20:10
and we took first loss, meaning if this thing goes bad,
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ื•ืœืงื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืคืกื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืฉืœ,
20:13
10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,
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10% ืžื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื ืกืคื•ื’,
20:15
and the rest of you will be safe.
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ื•ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
20:17
And that created a 90-percent chunk, tranche
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื ืชื— ืฉืœ 90 ืื—ื•ื–, ืคื™ืกื”
20:21
that was triple B, investment-grade, so the insurance companies invested.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื˜ืจื™ืคืœ B, ื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘' ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•.
20:24
So for us, what we're doing is taking our public money
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื•
20:29
and using it to derisk specific instruments
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
20:32
to bring people in from the outside.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
20:34
So all of you who are sitting on trillions of dollars of cash,
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ
20:37
come to us. Right?
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืืœื™ื ื•. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
20:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:39
CA: And what you're specifically looking for are investment proposals
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ื›.ื.: ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“?
20:42
that create employment in the developing world.
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
20:45
JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.
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ื’'.ื™.ืง.: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
20:46
So these will be, for example, in infrastructure that brings energy,
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ืื– ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
20:50
builds roads, bridges, ports.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ื ืžืœื™ื.
20:52
These kinds of things are necessary to create jobs,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
20:55
but also what we're saying is
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ื
20:57
you may think that the technology you're working on
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื
21:00
or the business that you're working on
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ืื• ืœืขืกืง ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
21:02
may not have applications in the developing world,
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
21:05
but look at Zipline.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ.
21:06
And that Zipline thing didn't happen
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ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงืจื”
21:08
just because of the quality of the technology.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
21:10
It was because they engaged with the Rwandans early
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ืื ื“ื™ื
21:14
and used artificial intelligence --
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช --
21:16
one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ืœืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื™ืฉ โ€‹โ€‹ืคืก ืจื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ -
21:18
but these things fly completely on their own.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืคื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืขืฆืžื.
21:21
So we will help you do that. We will make the introductions.
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ืื– ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื ื™ื–ื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
21:24
We will even provide financing. We will help you do that.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืกืคืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
21:27
CA: How much capital is the World Bank willing to deploy
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ื›.ื.: ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืคืจื•ืก?
21:30
to back those kinds of efforts?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืืžืฆื ื›ืืœื”?
21:31
JYK: Chris, you're always getting me to try to do something like this.
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ื’'.ื™.ืง.: ื›ืจื™ืก, ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
21:34
CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble. JYK: So here's what we're going to do.
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ื›.ื.: ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชืš ืœืฆืจื•ืช .ื’'.ื™.ืง.: ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”.
21:38
We have 25 billion a year that we're investing in poor countries,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 25 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”
21:43
the poorest countries.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
21:44
And as we invest over the next three years,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
21:46
25 billion a year,
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25 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
21:48
we have got to think with you
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื›ื
21:49
about how to use that money more effectively.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
21:52
So I can't give you a specific number. It depends on the quality of the ideas.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
21:55
So bring us your ideas,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
21:57
and I don't think that financing is going to be the problem.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
22:03
CA: All right, you heard it from the man himself.
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ื›.ื.: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื•.
22:05
Jim, thanks so much. JYK: Thank you. Thank you.
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ื’'ื™ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. .ื’'.ื™.ืง.: ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
22:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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