The Case for Radically Human Buildings | Thomas Heatherwick | TED

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

When was the last time you walked down the street

Kada ste poslednji put hodali ulicom

in a city with new buildings?

u gradu sa novogradnjom?

I want to talk to you about the problem

Želim da vam govorim o problemu

that we all know exists in our towns and cities.

za koji svi znamo da postoji u našim gradovima i velegradovima.

We're increasingly surrounded by characterless buildings.

Sve češće smo okruženi beskarakternim zgradama.

I believe we're living through an epidemic of boringness.

Verujem da proživljavamo epidemiju dosade.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

With a few exceptions,

Uz nekoliko izuzetaka,

we all know that new buildings will be dead and monotonous.

svi znamo da će nove zgrade da budu beživotne i monotone.

Everywhere is the same.

Svuda je isto.

Dull, flat, straight, shiny.

Dosadno, ravno, pravo, svetlucavo.

Inhuman.

Neljudsko.

They're what my daughter calls "meh" buildings.

Moja kćerka ih naziva „meh” zgradama.

These buildings justify themselves as being functional.

Ove zgrade se opravdavaju funkcionalnošću.

I’m a designer of buildings, and I’ve been told so many times

Ja dizajniram zgrade i toliko puta mi je rečeno

that form should follow function.

da bi forma trebalo da prati funkciju.

Meaning if I work out mechanically how a building goes together well,

U značenju, ako mehanički otkrijem kako da dobro uklopim građevinu,

the outcome will somehow inevitably look good.

rezultat će nekako neizbežno da izgleda dobro.

This mantra, form follows function, is a century old.

Ova mantra, forma prati funkciju, je stara jedan vek.

And it sounds good, doesn't it?

I zvuči dobro, zar ne?

Who can argue with that?

Ko bi se raspravljao s tim?

Surely any extra detail is just silly, unnecessary decoration.

Naravno da je svaki dodatni detalj prosto smešna, nepotrebna dekoracija.

I want to talk about the function

Želim da govorim o jednoj funkciji

that's crucial

koja je ključna

that I believe is missing.

i koja verujem da nedostaje.

The function of emotion.

Funkciji osećanja.

And when I say emotion,

A kada kažem osećanja,

I mean the ability of buildings to mean something to us.

mislim na sposobnost građevina da imaju neko značenje za nas.

To lift our spirits, to connect us.

Da nas oraspolože, povežu.

Buildings affect us.

Građevine utiču na nas.

We walk around them, we look up at them.

Hodamo oko njih, posmatramo ih.

And for most of us, for the vast majority of the time,

I većinu nas, veći deo vremena,

they just leave us feeling indifferent.

prosto nas ostavljaju ravnodušnim.

So if I took all of us to a city and said,

Kada bih nas sve poveo u grad i rekao:

"Which bit would you like to go to?

„U koji deo biste želeli da pođete?

Would you like to go to the old bit

Da li biste želeli u stari deo

or the new bit?"

ili novi deo?”

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

You've given me my answer already.

Već ste mi dali dogovor.

We all know instinctively,

Svi instinktivno znamo,

the majority are going to pick the old bit.

većina će da izabere stari deo.

Why?

Zašto?

Because we all know the new bit will be characterless and boring.

Jer znamo da će novi deo da bude beskarakteran i dosadan.

So where did all the lumps and bumps on buildings go?

Dakle, gde su sve kvržice i ispupčenja sa zgrada nestali?

The shadows, the textures, the three-dimensionality,

Senke, teksture, trodimenzionalnost,

the high points of light.

visoko osvetljene tačke.

How did it all become so two dimensional,

Kako je sve postalo tako dvodimenzionalno,

so simplistic and devoid of character?

tako pojednostavljeno i lišeno karaktera?

Well, it turns out,

Pa, ispostavlja se

I'm not the only one who's alarmed

da nisam jedini ko je uznemiren

by what's happening in our towns and cities.

onim što se dešava u našim gradovima i velegradovima.

There's research showing

Istraživanja pokazuju

that these buildings aren't just simplistic and monotonous.

da ove zgrade nisu samo pojednostavljene i monotone.

They're harming us.

Nanose nam štetu.

They're bad for our mental health,

Loše su za naše mentalno zdravlje

causing stress in our brains as we walk around them.

jer izazivaju stres u našim mozgovima dok hodamo oko njih.

They're bad for our physical health,

Loše su za naše fizičko zdravlje

making us take longer to recover from illness inside them.

jer uzrokuju da se unutar njih duže oporavljamo od bolesti.

And they're also bad for societal health,

A loše su i za zdravlje društva

increasing the likelihood of crime and anti-social behavior.

jer povećavaju izglede za kriminal i antisocijalno ponašanje.

But this gets most sinister when we step back

Međutim, postaje još zlokobnije kada se udaljimo

and think about the climate crisis unfolding around us.

i razmislimo o klimatskoj krizi koja se odvija oko nas.

Immense emphasis has been placed on the impact of cars and aviation.

Ogroman naglasak je stavljen na uticaj automobila i avijacije.

And in this 2019 study,

A u ovom istraživanju iz 2019,

aviation was responsible for 2.1 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

avijacija je odgovorna za 2,1 procenat emisija gasova staklene bašte.

But the crazy elephant in the room

Međutim, nešto suludo što bode oči ovde

is that the construction industry as a whole

je da je građevinska industrija u celosti

is responsible for a whopping 38 percent.

odgovorna za neverovatnih 38 procenata.

And in America every year,

A u Americi se svake godine

a billion square foot of buildings are destroyed and rebuilt.

oko 93 miliona metara kvadratnih građevina sruši i ponovo izgradi.

That’s the equivalent of half of Washington, DC being deconstructed

To je ekvivalent polovine Vašingtona koji se dekonstruiše

just to be reconstructed.

samo da bi se rekonstruisao.

And this isn't just in the US.

A ovo nije samo u SAD-u.

This is global.

Globalno je tako.

In the UK, we demolish 50,000 buildings a year.

U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, srušimo 50 000 građevina godišnje.

The average age of a commercial building in the UK is 40 years.

Prosečan životni vek komercijalne zgrade u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu je 40 godina.

So that means if I had been born as a commercial building,

To znači da sam rođen kao komercijalna zgrada,

I would have been killed 12 years ago.

ubili bi me pre 12 godina.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It's quite straightforward.

Prilično je prosto.

When people don't love --

Kada ljudi ne vole -

and I'm using the word love --

i koristim reč voleti -

love buildings,

ne vole građevine,

they're more likely to demolish them.

veće su šanse da ih sruše.

I feel those two dots haven't been connected together.

Osećam da te dve tačkice nisu spojene.

But when you make a building,

Međutim, kada napravite zgradu,

one of the most expensive things you can possibly do,

jednu od najskupljih stvari koje uopšte možete napraviti,

there are understandably huge pressures of cost of time,

postoje razumljivo veliki pritisci novca i vremena,

of politics and egos and regulations and the status quo.

politike, ega, regulativa i statusa kvo.

These forces of soullessness are immense.

Te sile bezdušnosti su ogromne.

And change is scary for everybody,

A promena je zastrašujuća za svakoga,

myself included.

uključujući i mene.

But I'm convinced that emotion is the crucial function

Ubeđen sam ipak da je emocija ključna funkcija

that's been forgotten.

koja se zanemaruje.

There are, however, a tiny handful of people

Postoji, međutim, šačica ljudi

who do understand and are trying to address this.

koji razumeju i pokušavaju da se bave ovim.

Here's a few of them.

Evo nekoliko njih.

In France,

U Francuskoj,

Sou Fujimoto has designed this amazingly textured apartment building.

Su Fuđimoto je dizajnirao ovu stambenu zgradu neverovatne teksture.

In Burkina Faso,

U Burkini Faso,

Francis Kéré has made this soulful health center.

Fransis Kere je napravio ovaj zdravstveni centar koji ima dušu.

In Lebanon,

U Libanu,

Lina Ghotmeh Architecture has been using splendidly thick walls

Arhitektura Line Gotmeh koristi divne debele zidove

to make characterful housing.

kako bi pravili stanove sa karakterom.

And in the UK,

A u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

ACME Studio have been bringing personality and detail

Studio ACME donosi osobenost i detalje

to city center buildings.

zgradama u gradskom centru.

I thought I'd now show you a few examples

Mislio sam da vam sad pokažem nekoliko primera

of ways my own studio has been trying to address this too.

načina na koje i moj studio pokušava da se bavi ovim.

In Cape Town,

U Kejptaunu,

there was a huge century-old disused grain silo

postojao je ogromni, vek star nekorišćen silos za žitarice

that was once used for storing maize from throughout South Africa

koji se nekad koristio za skladištenje kukuruza iz svih delova Južne Afrike,

that was at significant risk of being demolished.

a koji je bio pod značajnim rizikom od rušenja.

We proposed to not knock it down,

Predložili smo da se ne ruši,

but instead turned it into Africa's first major institution

već smo ga umesto toga pretvorili u prvu veću afričku instituciju

for contemporary African artists.

za savremene afričke umetnike.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

You haven't seen it yet.

Niste ga još videli.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We took one of the original grain --

Uzeli smo jedno izvorno zrno -

You might get disappointed now.

možda ćete se sad razočarati.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We took one of the original grains of corn

Uzeli smo jedno izvorno zrno kukuruza

that had been stored in the original building.

koje je skladišteno u prvobitnoj zgradi.

And we cut it out of the heart of that building.

I izdubili smo njegov oblik u središtu te zgrade.

And around that put 80 galleries.

A oko toga smo postavili 80 galerija.

And most of our work was about restoring and reinvigorating a historical structure.

A većina našeg rada je bila o obnavljanju i oživljavanju istorijske strukture.

But central part of our vision was using our limited budget

Međutim, centralni deo naše vizije je bila upotreba ograničenog budžeta

to create the most compelling heart possible

da se napravi najprimamljivije moguće središte

with those gigantic tubes.

od tih džinovskih tuba.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And the key thing was

A ključna stvar je bila

how we could make people not just stand at the outside

kako da navedemo ljude ne samo da stoje napolju

and admire a structure,

i dive se strukturi,

but how we could pull them into the inside

već kako da ih uvučemo u unutrašnjost

where curiosity would then do the rest of the work.

gde će potom znatiželja da odradi ostatak posla.

And you enter under the grain hoppers

A ulazite ispod silosa za žito

where the grain used to drop onto the conveyor belts.

odakle su zrna nekad padala na pokretne trake.

And we loved that by cutting through the original, historic,

A svidelo nam se što smo dubljenjem prvobitne, istorijske,

extraordinary structure,

izvanredne strukture

we could expose and share the building's idiosyncrasies.

mogli da ogolimo i podelimo idiosinkratičnosti građevine.

And like these nooks and crannies,

A svi ovi zavoji i prevoji,

they help to give the project its soulfulness.

oni daruju projektu njegovu dušu.

And on the top is a sculpture garden with a glass floor.

A na krovu je vrt sa skulpturama i staklenim podom.

And if you see those babies on the glass just there,

A ako vidite dečicu tu na staklu,

this is their view.

ovo je njihov pogled.

The finished museum is raw,

Gotov muzej je sirov,

it's rough, but it's true.

grub, ali je izistinski.

And it was an honor to bring this historic structure back into life.

I bila je čast vratiti ovu istorijsku strukturu nazad u život.

In Singapore,

U Singapuru

we searched for solutions

smo tražili odgovore

for why would people be excited to learn in universities anymore?

zašto bi ljudi uopšte bili uzbuđeni da uče na univerzitetima.

In this new digital era

U ovom novom digitalnom dobu

where you can do virtually everything online,

gde gotovo da sve možete da radite preko interneta,

and you can even get a PhD lying in bed, I've heard,

čak možete da doktorirate ležeći u krevetu, kako sam čuo,

why do we need university buildings anymore?

zašto su nam više potrebne univerzitetske zgrade?

Well, we believe they're where you come together to have ideas,

Mi verujemo da se tamo okupljate radi smišljanja ideja,

da biste upoznali budućeg poslovnog partnera

to meet your future business partner

or the person you're going to set up a not-for-profit with.

ili osobu sa kojom ćete osnovati neprofitnu organizaciju.

Yet this has been the typical experience.

Ipak, ovo je tipično iskustvo.

Polystyrene ceiling tiles, no natural daylight,

Polistirinske pločice na plafonu, nema dnevne svetlosti,

the least inspiring place to meet people.

najneinspirativnije mesto za upoznavanje ljudi.

So to counter that,

Kako bismo se suprotstavili tome,

we made a corridor-less university building

napravili smo univerzitetsku zgradu bez hodnika

where the students can all see each other.

gde studenti vide jedni druge.

A building which has no front and has no back.

Zgradu koja nema prednji i zadnji deo.

And it's not one building, it's actually 12 buildings.

I ne radi se o jednoj zgradi već se zapravo radi o 12 zgrada.

Our goal was to invent a new kind of tropical architecture

Cilj nam je bio da izumimo novi vid tropske arhitekture

that used the minimum possible energy,

koja koristi najmanju moguću količinu energije,

where you learn in corner-less classrooms.

gde učite u učionicama bez ćoškova.

Where those professors and teachers work with you

Gde profesori i predavači rade sa vama

rather than dictating to you.

umesto da vam diktiraju.

Where people can be inspired by learning

Gde su ljudi inspirisani učenjem,

but encouraged to linger.

ali i podstaknuti da se zadržavaju.

And it's open 24 hours.

I otvoren je 24 sata.

And when I was last in Singapore,

A kada sam poslednji put bio u Singapuru,

I had jet lag and it was two o'clock in the morning.

imao sam džet-leg i bilo je dva sata ujutru.

And so I went along

Pa sam pošao do tamo,

and there were students there just quietly working and connecting.

i tamo su bili studenti koji su prosto tiho radili i povezivali se.

In Yorkshire, in the UK,

U Jorkširu, u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

we had the chance to humanize a treatment building

imali smo priliku da humanizujemo rehabilitacioni centar

at one of the UK's largest cancer hospitals.

u jednoj od britanskih najvećih bolnica za onkologiju.

So when you think of the worst building environments you've ever been to,

Kada pomislite na najgore građevinsko okruženje u kom ste bili,

surely hospitals are at the top of that list.

svakako da su bolnice na vrhu liste.

They're some of the most stress and fear-inducing places

One su među najstresnijim i najstrašnijim mestima

you can possibly be in.

na kojima uopšte možete da budete.

So we set ourselves the mission

Pa smo se zaputili na misiju

to make a non-clinical building where you could feel vulnerable.

pravljenja nebolničke zgrade u kojoj se možete osećati ranjivo.

And cry and feel protected

Plakati, osećati se zaštićeno

and come together as a community.

i okupljati se kao zajednica.

But our site was on the last bit of greenery at the hospital.

Naše mesto je bilo pak na poslednjem parčetu zelenila u bolnici.

And we didn't want to be the ones who dropped a big box

I nismo želeli da budemo ti koji će baciti veliku kutiju

and wiped out all that greenery.

i zbrisati sve to zelenilo.

So we wondered instead,

Pa smo se umesto toga zapitali

could we amplify the greenery that we knew could help with healing?

možemo li da naglasimo zelenilo za koje smo znali da može pomoći u isceljenju.

So just like those dinosaur models made from plywood that slot together,

I baš poput modela dinosaurusa od šperploče koji se sklapaju,

we slotted together giant plywood

sklopili smo džinovsku šperploču

to make three structures

da bismo napravili tri strukture

to hold up three major gardens and make a garden building.

koje bi držale tri velike bašte i tako napravili zgradu koja je bašta.

This building has 17,000 plants,

Ova zgrada ima 17 000 biljaka,

23,000 bulbs,

23 000 sijalica

and actually a 436 percent biodiversity increase on that site.

i zapravo smo na tom mestu uvećali biodiverzitet za 436 procenata.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Our goal was to really make somewhere where people could come together

Naš cilj je bio da zaista napravimo nešto gde se ljudi mogu okupljati

and where by focusing on the emotion of the users

i gde, usredsređujući se na osećanja korisnika,

to really try to make an architecture of hope.

uistinu smo pokušali da napravimo arhitekturu nade.

Finally, in Shanghai,

Naposletku, u Šangaju

we had the chance that's typical of our time.

smo imali priliku koja je tipična za naše vreme.

The challenge of bigness.

Izazov ogromnosti.

To make a three and a half million square-foot site,

Napraviti građevinu od 325 000 metara kvadratnih,

a building project on a site that was 480 meters long.

građevinski projekat na gradilištu dugom 480 metara.

Where typically this is what would be built.

Gde bi obično ovo bilo sagrađeno.

The site was so big

Mesto je bilo toliko veliko

that the Empire State Building could fit on it lying sideways.

da bi Empajer stejt bilding mogla da stane na njega postrance.

So to make this cost efficient,

Kako bismo ovo učinili isplativim,

structurally effective,

strukturalno efikasnim,

we needed 1,000 columns on a grid,

bilo nam je potrebno hiljadu stubova na rešeci,

so we decided to not just decorate boxes,

pa smo odlučili ne samo da dekorišemo kutije

but to let the columns be our heroes

već i da stubovi budu naši junaci,

and to connect with the park to one side

da se povežu sa parkom sa jedne strane

and the art district on the other side

i umetničkim okrugom s druge strane,

and try to bring them together into one.

kao i da pokušamo da ih spojimo u jedinstvenu celinu.

The finished project is called “A Thousand Trees.”

Gotov projekat nosi naziv „Hiljadu stabala”.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Every one of those columns has a Chinese mountain tree,

Svaki od ovih stubova ima kinesko planinsko drvo,

semi-mature mountain tree on top.

poluodraslo planinsko drvo na vrhu.

And nourishment and drainage and lighting and moisture,

Kao i ishranu, drenažu, svetlo i vlagu

and because every column is the best place to put a heavy load.

zato što je svaki stub najbolje mesto da se stavi veliki teret.

And it has hundreds of outdoor terraces

A ima i na stotine spoljnih terasa,

and it has shading

kao i hladovinu.

and it has, we hope, the necessary complexity

A nadamo se da ima potrebnu složenost

to create the human engagement in a project at such a scale.

da stvori ljudski angažman unutar projekta ovolikih razmera.

We also worked with local artists

Takođe smo radili sa lokalnim umetnicima

to embed their work into our vision,

kako bismo ugradili njihova dela u našu viziju,

to really make a collaborative project together.

i da bismo uistinu sarađivali na zajedničkom projektu.

And that carries through all the way to the inside.

A to se prenosi skroz u unutrašnjost.

And this project opened at the end of last year,

Ovaj projekat je otvoren krajem prošle godine,

the first half of it.

u prvoj polovini.

And we have 100,000 people going to it every day.

Svakodnevno imamo 100 000 ljudi koji ga posećuju.

And it wasn't just about trees and plants,

Nije se radilo samo o drveću i biljkama,

but even structural columns were our friends

već su čak i strukturni stubovi bili naši prijatelji

to humanize the project at such a scale.

kako bismo humanizovali projekat ovolikih razmera.

So I'm not saying

Ne govorim

that there's any one language or approach

da postoji nekakav jedan jezik ili pristup

to deal with this epidemic of boring.

da se nosi sa ovom epidemijom dosade.

Just like in nature,

Baš kao što smo u prirodi

we've learned the vast importance of biodiversity,

spoznali ogroman značaj biodiverziteta,

we now desperately need architectural diversity.

sada nam je očajnički potreban arhitektonski diverzitet.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

My goal is to try to help trigger

Moj cilj je da pokušam da pokrenem

a global humanizing movement

globalni pokret humanizacije

that no longer tolerates soulless, inhuman places.

koji više ne toleriše bezdušna, nehumana mesta.

What if our buildings inspired us

Šta kad bi nas naše građevine inspirisale

to want to adapt and adjust and repair them?

da želimo da ih adaptiramo, prilagođavamo i popravljamo?

We can't keep knocking down the buildings around us all the time.

Ne možemo da nastavimo sve vreme da obaramo građevine oko nas.

Let’s stop building 40-year buildings,

Prestanimo da gradimo četrdesetogodišnje zgrade

and let's build a 1,000-year buildings.

i počnimo da gradimo hiljadugodišnje zgrade.

Please join me.

Molim vas, pridružite mi se.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause and cheers)

(Aplauz i ovacije)