The Case for Radically Human Buildings | Thomas Heatherwick | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

When was the last time you walked down the street

上一次你走在城市裡的街道上，

in a city with new buildings?

還有看到新建築物，是什麼時候？

I want to talk to you about the problem

我想和各位談的問題，

that we all know exists in our towns and cities.

在我們的小鎮及城市中都有， 且我們心知肚明。

We're increasingly surrounded by characterless buildings.

我們身邊沒有特色的建築物越來越多。

I believe we're living through an epidemic of boringness.

我認為我們正在經歷「無趣」的疫情。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

With a few exceptions,

除了少數例外，我們都知道

we all know that new buildings will be dead and monotonous.

新建築物會很沉悶且單調。

Everywhere is the same.

每個地方都一樣。

Dull, flat, straight, shiny.

乏味、無聊、直挺挺、閃亮、

Inhuman.

沒有人性。

They're what my daughter calls "meh" buildings.

我女兒稱它們為「咩」（無趣平庸）建築物。

These buildings justify themselves as being functional.

這些建築物的辯解理由是

功能比較重要。

I’m a designer of buildings, and I’ve been told so many times

我是建築物設計師，我太常聽別人說

that form should follow function.

有功能就應該會有形式。

Meaning if I work out mechanically how a building goes together well,

意即，若我能想通在機械面上 如何讓建築物搭配得很好，

the outcome will somehow inevitably look good.

結果就一定會很好看。

This mantra, form follows function, is a century old.

有功能就會有形式這個口號，

是有一世紀歷史的古董。

And it sounds good, doesn't it?

聽起來很好，對吧？

Who can argue with that?

這點誰能爭辯？

Surely any extra detail is just silly, unnecessary decoration.

當然，任何額外的細節就只是

愚蠢且不必要的裝飾。

I want to talk about the function

我想要談的功能

that's crucial

是很重要的，

that I believe is missing.

且我認為它已經不見了。

The function of emotion.

那就是，情緒的功能。

And when I say emotion,

我說的情緒，

I mean the ability of buildings to mean something to us.

我指的是建築物要能夠

對我們產生意義。

To lift our spirits, to connect us.

能提振我們的心情，

能連結我們。

Buildings affect us.

建築物會影響我們。

We walk around them, we look up at them.

我們從它們旁邊走過， 我們抬頭看著它們。

And for most of us, for the vast majority of the time,

對多數人而言，大部分的時候

they just leave us feeling indifferent.

它們只是讓我們覺得冷漠。

So if I took all of us to a city and said,

如果我帶大家到一個城市，說：

"Which bit would you like to go to?

「你們想要去哪個區域？

Would you like to go to the old bit

你們想要去舊的區域？

or the new bit?"

還是新的？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

You've given me my answer already.

各位已經知道答案了。

We all know instinctively,

我們都知道，

直覺上，大多數人會選擇舊的區域。

the majority are going to pick the old bit.

Why?

為什麼？因為我們都知道

Because we all know the new bit will be characterless and boring.

新的區域會很沒特色且很無聊。

So where did all the lumps and bumps on buildings go?

所以，建築物上的各種起伏到哪兒去了？

The shadows, the textures, the three-dimensionality,

陰影、紋理、

三維設計、光的高點。

the high points of light.

How did it all become so two dimensional,

為什麼一切都變得這麼平板？

so simplistic and devoid of character?

如此……

過度簡單且缺乏特色？

Well, it turns out,

結果發現，

I'm not the only one who's alarmed

警覺到小鎮及城市中正在發生 這種現象的人不只我一個。

by what's happening in our towns and cities.

There's research showing

有研究指出，這些建築物

that these buildings aren't just simplistic and monotonous.

不只是過度簡單又單調。

They're harming us.

它們還會傷害我們。

They're bad for our mental health,

它們對我們的心理健康不好， 當我們從旁走過時，

causing stress in our brains as we walk around them.

會造成我們大腦的壓力。

They're bad for our physical health,

它們對我們的身體健康不好，

making us take longer to recover from illness inside them.

當我們在這些建築物中時， 從疾病復元的時間要更久。

And they're also bad for societal health,

它們也對社會健康不好，

increasing the likelihood of crime and anti-social behavior.

增加犯罪和反社會行為的機率。

But this gets most sinister when we step back

但最糟糕的是，

當我們退後一步，

and think about the climate crisis unfolding around us.

想想看我們周圍出現的氣候危機。

Immense emphasis has been placed on the impact of cars and aviation.

大量關注的焦點都被放在

汽車及航空造成的衝擊。

And in this 2019 study,

這份 2019 年的研究指出，

aviation was responsible for 2.1 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

溫室氣體排放有 2.1% 來自於航空業。

But the crazy elephant in the room

但有一點顯而易見卻被忽略，

is that the construction industry as a whole

那就是，整個營造業

is responsible for a whopping 38 percent.

要為高達 38% 的排放負責。

And in America every year,

在美國，每年，

a billion square foot of buildings are destroyed and rebuilt.

有十億平方呎的建築物

被推毀再重建。

That’s the equivalent of half of Washington, DC being deconstructed

那等同於有半個華盛頓特區

只為了重建而被拆除。

just to be reconstructed.

And this isn't just in the US.

這現象不是美國才有，全球都一樣。

This is global.

In the UK, we demolish 50,000 buildings a year.

在英國，我們一年會拆除五萬棟建築物。

The average age of a commercial building in the UK is 40 years.

在英國，商業大樓的平均壽命是四十年。

So that means if I had been born as a commercial building,

意思就是，如果我出生時是棟商業大樓，

I would have been killed 12 years ago.

我十二年前就被殺了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's quite straightforward.

這相當明確。

When people don't love --

當大家不會

愛——我用愛這個字——建築物，

and I'm using the word love --

love buildings,

they're more likely to demolish them.

就很有可能會拆除它們。

I feel those two dots haven't been connected together.

我覺得這兩點被連結起來了。

But when you make a building,

蓋一棟建築物

one of the most expensive things you can possibly do,

是你所能做出最昂貴的事情之一，

there are understandably huge pressures of cost of time,

不難理解會有大量的壓力，

來自時間、成本、

of politics and egos and regulations and the status quo.

政治、自我、規範，以及現狀。

These forces of soullessness are immense.

這些沒有靈魂的力量非常強大。

And change is scary for everybody,

且人人都害怕改變，

myself included.

包括我在內。

But I'm convinced that emotion is the crucial function

但我深信，

情緒是關鍵的功能，

that's been forgotten.

卻已被遺忘。

There are, however, a tiny handful of people

然而，還是有少數人

確實了解這一點，且在想辦法處理。

who do understand and are trying to address this.

Here's a few of them.

這裡有幾個例子。

In France,

在法國，藤本壯介

Sou Fujimoto has designed this amazingly textured apartment building.

設計了這棟相當有特色的住宅大樓。

In Burkina Faso,

在布吉納法索，

Francis Kéré has made this soulful health center.

弗朗西斯‧凱雷打造了 這間很有靈魂的健康中心。

In Lebanon,

在黎巴嫩，

Lina Ghotmeh Architecture has been using splendidly thick walls

Lina Ghotmeh Architecture 採用

很壯麗的厚牆

to make characterful housing.

打造很性格的住房。

And in the UK,

在英國，

ACME Studio have been bringing personality and detail

ACME Studio 將個性和細節帶給

to city center buildings.

市中心的建築物。

I thought I'd now show you a few examples

接下來給各位看的幾個例子，

of ways my own studio has been trying to address this too.

是我自己的工作室 處理這個問題的方式。

In Cape Town,

在開普敦，

there was a huge century-old disused grain silo

有一間廢棄的百年老穀倉，

that was once used for storing maize from throughout South Africa

曾經用來貯存來自 非洲各地的玉蜀黍，

that was at significant risk of being demolished.

它很有可能會被拆除。

We proposed to not knock it down,

我們提議不要把它拆掉，

but instead turned it into Africa's first major institution

而是把它轉變成

非洲針對現代非洲藝術家 設立的第一間主要機構。

for contemporary African artists.

（掌聲）

(Applause)

You haven't seen it yet.

你們還沒看到耶。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We took one of the original grain --

我們拿了一顆原始的穀物——

You might get disappointed now.

你們現在可能會失望了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

We took one of the original grains of corn

我們用了原始建築物中的 一顆原始玉米穀物。

that had been stored in the original building.

And we cut it out of the heart of that building.

我們把它從建築物的心臟刻出來。

And around that put 80 galleries.

並在周圍放了八十間展畫廊。

And most of our work was about restoring and reinvigorating a historical structure.

我們的工作大部分是

將歷史構造體還元、復甦。

But central part of our vision was using our limited budget

但，

我們的遠景中很重要的一部分

是要用我們有限的預算

to create the most compelling heart possible

用那些巨大的管子來盡可能創造出

with those gigantic tubes.

最引人入勝的心臟。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And the key thing was

關鍵是

how we could make people not just stand at the outside

我們要如何讓大家不只是站在外頭

and admire a structure,

欣賞建物，

but how we could pull them into the inside

還要把他們拉進來內部，

where curiosity would then do the rest of the work.

剩下的就交給好奇心了。

And you enter under the grain hoppers

你進入到穀物斗的下方，

where the grain used to drop onto the conveyor belts.

以前，穀物會從這裡落到輸送帶上。

And we loved that by cutting through the original, historic,

我們很喜歡的一點是，

透過切割開原始的、歷史性的

extraordinary structure,

不凡建物，

we could expose and share the building's idiosyncrasies.

我們就能揭露、分享 該建築的特性和氣質。

And like these nooks and crannies,

就像這些隱蔽處和裂縫，

they help to give the project its soulfulness.

它們協助讓這個建案更有情。

And on the top is a sculpture garden with a glass floor.

頂樓是一座雕塑花園， 搭配玻璃地板。

And if you see those babies on the glass just there,

可以看見玻璃上面的那些嬰兒，

this is their view.

這是他們的視角。

The finished museum is raw,

完成後的博物館

沒有加工感、

it's rough, but it's true.

很粗糙，

但卻是真實的。

And it was an honor to bring this historic structure back into life.

能讓這個歷史建物起死回生

是一種榮幸。

In Singapore,

在新加坡，

we searched for solutions

我們想要解釋

for why would people be excited to learn in universities anymore?

為什麼大家還會很興奮

能到大學去學習？

In this new digital era

在這個數位新時代，你可以

where you can do virtually everything online,

在線上做任何事，

and you can even get a PhD lying in bed, I've heard,

我聽說，你還可以躺在床上 就拿到一個博士學位，

why do we need university buildings anymore?

為什麼我們還會需要大學建築物？

Well, we believe they're where you come together to have ideas,

嗯，我們相信，

在大學裡，大家可以 集合起來一同發想、

to meet your future business partner

認識未來的生意夥伴，

or the person you're going to set up a not-for-profit with.

或者一同成立非營利機構的人。

Yet this has been the typical experience.

但，大學通常都長這個樣子。

Polystyrene ceiling tiles, no natural daylight,

聚苯乙烯天花板瓷磚，

沒有自然採光，

the least inspiring place to meet people.

實在不是會讓人 想要去認識人的地方。

So to counter that,

為了打破這一點，

we made a corridor-less university building

我們打造了一間 沒有走廊的大學建築物，

where the students can all see each other.

讓學生都能看見彼此。

A building which has no front and has no back.

這間建築物沒有前面、沒有後面。

And it's not one building, it's actually 12 buildings.

它其實不是一棟建築物， 是十二棟建築物。

Our goal was to invent a new kind of tropical architecture

我們的目標是要發明 一種新的熱帶建築，

that used the minimum possible energy,

把能源使用盡可能減少，

where you learn in corner-less classrooms.

在沒有角落的教室裡學習。

Where those professors and teachers work with you

在教室裡，教授及老師是和你合作，

rather than dictating to you.

而不是對你授課。

Where people can be inspired by learning

在那裡，大家會被學習所鼓舞，

but encouraged to linger.

並被鼓勵逗留下來。

And it's open 24 hours.

且二十四小時開放。

And when I was last in Singapore,

我上次去新加坡時，

I had jet lag and it was two o'clock in the morning.

我有時差，半夜兩點還醒著。

And so I went along

我就去了，

and there were students there just quietly working and connecting.

那裡還有學生，安靜地工作和連結。

In Yorkshire, in the UK,

在英國的約克郡，

we had the chance to humanize a treatment building

我們有機會為一棟治療大樓 進行人性化改造，

at one of the UK's largest cancer hospitals.

它隸屬英國最大的癌症醫院之一。

So when you think of the worst building environments you've ever been to,

想想看

你曾經去過最糟糕的大樓環境，

surely hospitals are at the top of that list.

醫院肯定名列前茅。

They're some of the most stress and fear-inducing places

在你可能會去的地方當中， 醫院是最會帶來

you can possibly be in.

壓力和恐懼的。

So we set ourselves the mission

於是，我們定下目標，

to make a non-clinical building where you could feel vulnerable.

要打造一棟非醫療大樓，

在那裡，你可以展現脆弱。

And cry and feel protected

可以哭泣，並感到受保護，

and come together as a community.

並團結起來成為一個群體。

But our site was on the last bit of greenery at the hospital.

但我們的地點是在醫院的最後一點綠色植物上。

And we didn't want to be the ones who dropped a big box

我們不想當劊子手，蓋一棟大樓

and wiped out all that greenery.

抹煞所有的綠意。

So we wondered instead,

所以我們在想替代方案，

could we amplify the greenery that we knew could help with healing?

我們知道綠意可以協助療癒， 那麼我們能否將它放大？

So just like those dinosaur models made from plywood that slot together,

就像用膠合板組合 而成的恐龍模型一樣，

we slotted together giant plywood

我們將巨型的膠合板組合起來，

to make three structures

建造了三棟建物，

to hold up three major gardens and make a garden building.

來支撐三座主花園，

並建造一間花園建築物。

This building has 17,000 plants,

該建築物有一萬七千棵植物，

23,000 bulbs,

兩萬三千個燈泡，

and actually a 436 percent biodiversity increase on that site.

該地點的生物多樣性增加了 436%。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Our goal was to really make somewhere where people could come together

我們的目標是要打造一個 大家可以聚集的地方，

and where by focusing on the emotion of the users

且，這個地方把焦點放在 使用者的情緒上，

to really try to make an architecture of hope.

因而能成為希望的建築。

Finally, in Shanghai,

最後一個例子，上海，

we had the chance that's typical of our time.

我們遇到了這個時代很典型的機會。

The challenge of bigness.

「大」的挑戰。

To make a three and a half million square-foot site,

建造地點有三百五十萬平方呎，

a building project on a site that was 480 meters long.

這個建案

地點有四百八十公尺長。

Where typically this is what would be built.

一般來說，會建成這樣。

The site was so big

這個建地大到帝國大廈 都可以橫躺在上面。

that the Empire State Building could fit on it lying sideways.

So to make this cost efficient,

所以，為了達到好的成本效益，

structurally effective,

並發揮建築的效果，

we needed 1,000 columns on a grid,

我們需要一千根圓柱，

so we decided to not just decorate boxes,

所以我們決定不要只是去裝飾盒子結構，

but to let the columns be our heroes

而是讓柱子當主角，

and to connect with the park to one side

公園連接到

其中一端，另一端則連接到藝術區，

and the art district on the other side

and try to bring them together into one.

並試著將它們合而為一。

The finished project is called “A Thousand Trees.”

完成的成品稱為「千棵樹」。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Every one of those columns has a Chinese mountain tree,

每一根柱子上，都有一棵中國山樹，

semi-mature mountain tree on top.

半成熟的山樹。

And nourishment and drainage and lighting and moisture,

還有營養、排水、

光線，

以及水分，

and because every column is the best place to put a heavy load.

因為每根柱子都是 最適合承載重量的地方。

And it has hundreds of outdoor terraces

且這裡有數以百計的戶外露台，

and it has shading

還有蔭蔽，

and it has, we hope, the necessary complexity

我們也希望，還有必要的複雜性，

to create the human engagement in a project at such a scale.

在這麼大規模的建案中 能夠吸引到人的參與。

We also worked with local artists

我們也與當地的藝術家合作，

to embed their work into our vision,

把他們的作品嵌入到我們的遠景中，

to really make a collaborative project together.

真正一起進行這個協作建案。

And that carries through all the way to the inside.

這項特色一路貫徹到內部。

And this project opened at the end of last year,

去年年底開放了

這個建案的前半部份。

the first half of it.

And we have 100,000 people going to it every day.

每天有十萬人前往。

And it wasn't just about trees and plants,

重點不只是樹木和植物，

but even structural columns were our friends

就連結構上的柱子也是我們的朋友，

to humanize the project at such a scale.

讓這麼大規模的建案也能具有人性。

So I'm not saying

所以，我的意思並不是有任何一種

that there's any one language or approach

語言或方法

to deal with this epidemic of boring.

能夠處理這種「無趣」的疫情。

Just like in nature,

就像在大自然中，

we've learned the vast importance of biodiversity,

我們已經學到了 生物多樣性有多麼重要，

we now desperately need architectural diversity.

我們現在急需要

建築的多樣性。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

My goal is to try to help trigger

我的目標是協助觸發

a global humanizing movement

一項全球性的人性化運動，

that no longer tolerates soulless, inhuman places.

不要再容忍沒有靈魂、 沒有人性的地方。

What if our buildings inspired us

如果我們的建築物鼓舞我們，

to want to adapt and adjust and repair them?

讓我們想要改建、 調整、修復它們呢？

We can't keep knocking down the buildings around us all the time.

我們不能一直把我們 周遭的建築物拆除。

Let’s stop building 40-year buildings,

別再建造四十年的建築物了，

and let's build a 1,000-year buildings.

咱們來建造一千年的建築物。

Please join me.

請加入我。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌聲及歡呼）