How we'll become cyborgs and extend human potential | Hugh Herr

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

I'm an MIT professor,

Profesor sam na MIT-u,

but I do not design buildings or computer systems.

ali ne konstruišem zgrade niti kompjuterske sisteme.

Rather, I build body parts,

Pravim delove tela,

bionic legs that augment human walking and running.

bioničke noge koje pomažu ljudima da hodaju i trče.

In 1982, I was in a mountain-climbing accident,

Godine 1982, imao sam nesreću na planinarenju

and both of my legs had to be amputated due to tissue damage from frostbite.

i morali su da mi amputiraju obe noge zbog promrzlina koje su oštetile tkivo.

Here, you can see my legs:

Ovde možete videti moje noge:

24 sensors, six microprocessors and muscle-tendon-like actuators.

24 senzora, šest mikroprocesora i izvršnih jedinica u obliku tetiva.

I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts from the knee down.

U suštini sam napravljen od gomile šrafova od kolena nadole.

But with this advanced bionic technology,

Ali, sa ovom naprednom bioničkom tehnologijom

I can skip, dance and run.

mogu da skačem, plešem i trčim.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I'm a bionic man, but I'm not yet a cyborg.

Ja sam bionički čovek, ali nisam još uvek kiborg.

When I think about moving my legs,

Kada razmišljam o pomeranju nogu,

neural signals from my central nervous system

nervni signali iz mog centralnog nervnog sistema

pass through my nerves

prolaze mi kroz nerve

and activate muscles within my residual limbs.

i aktiviraju mi mišiće u ostacima udova.

Artificial electrodes sense these signals,

Veštačke elektrode opažaju te signale

and small computers in the bionic limb

i mali kompjuteri u bioničkom udu

decode my nerve pulses into my intended movement patterns.

dekodiraju moje nervne impulse u željene obrasce pokreta.

Stated simply,

Jednostavno rečeno,

when I think about moving,

kada pomislim na kretanje,

that command is communicated to the synthetic part of my body.

ta komanda se prenosi u sintetički deo mog tela.

However, those computers can't input information into my nervous system.

Međutim, ovi kompjuteri ne mogu da unesu informacije u moj nervni sistem.

When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,

Kada dodirnem i pokrenem svoje sintetičke udove,

I do not experience normal touch and movement sensations.

ne osećam normalan dodir i pokrete.

If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs

Kad bih bio kiborg i mogao da osetim noge

via small computers inputting information into my nervous system,

pomoću malih kompjutera koji ubacuju informacije u moj nervni sistem,

it would fundamentally change, I believe,

iz osnova bih, verujem, promenio

my relationship to my synthetic body.

odnos prema svom sintetičkom telu.

Today, I can't feel my legs,

Sada ne mogu da osetim noge

and because of that,

i zbog toga su one

my legs are separate tools from my mind and my body.

odvojena pomagala od mog uma i tela.

They're not part of me.

One nisu deo mene.

I believe that if I were a cyborg and could feel my legs,

Verujem da bi, kad bih bio kiborg i mogao da osetim noge,

they would become part of me, part of self.

one postale deo mene.

At MIT, we're thinking about NeuroEmbodied Design.

Na MIT-u, razmišljamo o neurootelovljavanju.

In this design process,

U ovom procesu

the designer designs human flesh and bone, the biological body itself,

kreator konstruiše ljudsko meso i kost, biološko telo,

along with synthetics to enhance the bidirectional communication

zajedno sa sintetikom da bi pojačao dvosmernu komunikaciju

between the nervous system and the built world.

između nervnog sistema i konstruisanog sveta.

NeuroEmbodied Design is a methodology to create cyborg function.

Neurootelovljavanje je metodologija za kreiranje kiborškog funkcionisanja.

In this design process, designers contemplate a future

U ovom procesu dizajniranja, konstruktori razmišljaju o budućnosti

in which technology no longer compromises separate,

u kojoj tehnologija više neće sadržati delove

lifeless tools from our minds and our bodies,

koji su beživotni i odvojeni od našeg uma i tela,

a future in which technology has been carefully integrated

o budućnosti u kojoj je tehnologija brižljivo integrisana

within our nature,

u našu prirodu,

a world in which what is biological and what is not,

o svetu u kome će razlika između biološkog i nebiološkog,

what is human and what is not,

ljudskog i onog što nije ljudsko,

what is nature and what is not

prirodnog i neprirodnog

will be forever blurred.

biti zauvek zamagljena.

That future will provide humanity new bodies.

Ta budućnost će doneti čovečanstvu nova tela.

NeuroEmbodied Design will extend our nervous systems

Pomoću neurootelovljavanja naši nervni sistemi će se proširiti

into the synthetic world,

na sintetički svet,

and the synthetic world into us,

a sintetički svet na naša tela,

fundamentally changing who we are.

iz osnova nas menjajući.

By designing the biological body to better communicate

Kreiranjem biološkog tela tako da bolje komunicira

with the built design world,

sa veštački konstruisanim svetom,

humanity will end disability in this 21st century

čovečanstvo će iskoreniti invaliditet u ovom 21. veku

and establish the scientific and technological basis

i uspostaviti naučne i tehnološke osnove

for human augmentation,

za unapređivanje ljudi,

extending human capability beyond innate, physiological levels,

tako što će proširiti ljudsku sposobnost izvan urođenih, fizioloških granica,

cognitively, emotionally and physically.

u kognitivnom, emocionalnom i fizičkom smislu.

There are many ways in which to build new bodies across scale,

Ima mnogo načina za konstruisanje novih tela u raznim razmerama,

from the biomolecular to the scale of tissues and organs.

od biomolekularnog nivoa do nivoa tkiva i organa.

Today, I want to talk about one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,

Danas bih želeo da govorim o jednoj oblasti neurootelovljavanja

in which the body's tissues are manipulated and sculpted

u kojoj se ljudska tkiva uređuju i oblikuju

using surgical and regenerative processes.

pomoću hirurških i regenerativnih procesa.

The current amputation paradigm

Današnja paradigma amputacije

hasn't changed fundamentally since the US Civil War

nije se u osnovi promenila od Američkog građanskog rata

and has grown obsolete in light of dramatic advancements

i zastarela je u svetlu dramatičnih unapređenja

in actuators, control systems and neural interfacing technologies.

izvršnih jedinica, sistema za upravljanje i tehnologije nervnog interfejsa.

A major deficiency is the lack of dynamic muscle interactions

Veliki nedostatak je manjak dinamične mišićne interakcije

for control and proprioception.

u cilju kontrole i propriocepcije.

What is proprioception?

Šta je propriocepcija?

When you flex your ankle, muscles in the front of your leg contract,

Kada zgrčite članak, prednji nožni mišići vam se skupe,

simultaneously stretching muscles in the back of your leg.

istovremeno istežući mišiće sa zadnje strane noge.

The opposite happens when you extend your ankle.

Suprotno se dešava kada ispružate članak.

Here, muscles in the back of your leg contract,

Sada se mišići sa zadnje strane noge skupljaju,

stretching muscles in the front.

istežući pritom prednje mišiće.

When these muscles flex and extend,

Kada se ovi mišići savijaju i opružaju,

biological sensors within the muscle tendons

biološki senzori u tetivama

send information through nerves to the brain.

šalju informaciju kroz nerve do mozga.

This is how we're able to feel where our feet are

Na taj način možemo da osetimo gde su nam stopala,

without seeing them with our eyes.

a da ih pritom ne vidimo.

The current amputation paradigm breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,

Trenutna paradigma u amputaciji raskida ove dinamične veze među mišićima

and in so doing eliminates normal proprioceptive sensations.

i time eliminiše normalne proprioceptivne osećaje.

Consequently, a standard artificial limb

Stoga, standardni veštački ud

cannot feed back information into the nervous system

ne može da pošalje u nervni sistem povratnu informaciju

about where the prosthesis is in space.

o tome gde se proteza nalazi u prostoru.

The patient therefore cannot sense and feel

Pacijent stoga ne može da oseti

the positions and movements of the prosthetic joint

položaj i pokrete protetskog zgloba

without seeing it with their eyes.

kad ga ne vidi.

My legs were amputated using this Civil War-era methodology.

Moje noge su amputirane pomoću metodologije iz Građanskog rata.

I can feel my feet, I can feel them right now

Mogu da osetim stopala, mogu da ih osetim sada

as a phantom awareness.

kao fantomski osećaj.

But when I try to move them, I cannot.

Ali, kad pokušam da ih pomerim, ne mogu.

It feels like they're stuck inside rigid ski boots.

Imam osećaj kao da su zaglavljene u krutim skijaškim čizmama.

To solve these problems,

Da bismo rešili ove probleme,

at MIT, we invented the agonist-antagonist myoneural interface,

na MIT-u smo izmislili mioneuralni interfejs agonist-antagonist,

or AMI, for short.

ili, skraćeno, AMI.

The AMI is a method to connect nerves within the residuum

AMI je metod za povezivanje nerava iz reziduuma

to an external, bionic prosthesis.

sa eksternom, bioničkom protezom.

How is the AMI designed, and how does it work?

Kako je konstruisan AMI i na koji način radi?

The AMI comprises two muscles that are surgically connected,

AMI sadrži dva mišića koji su povezani hirurškim putem;

an agonist linked to an antagonist.

agonist povezan sa antagonistom.

When the agonist contracts upon electrical activation,

Kad se agonist zgrči usled električne aktivacije,

it stretches the antagonist.

on izdužuje antagonista.

This muscle dynamic interaction

Usled ove mišićne dinamične interakcije,

causes biological sensors within the muscle tendon

biološki senzori u mišićnoj tetivi

to send information through the nerve to the central nervous system,

šalju kroz nerve do centralnog nervnog sistema informaciju

relating information on the muscle tendon's length, speed and force.

o dužini, brzini i sili tetive.

This is how muscle tendon proprioception works,

Na taj način funkcioniše propriocepcija tetive

and it's the primary way we, as humans,

i to je primarni način na koji mi, kao ljudi,

can feel and sense the positions, movements and forces on our limbs.

možemo osetiti položaje, pokrete i sile u našim udovima.

When a limb is amputated,

Kad je ud amputiran,

the surgeon connects these opposing muscles within the residuum

hirurg povezuje ove naspramne mišiće u reziduumu

to create an AMI.

da bi napravio AMI.

Now, multiple AMI constructs can be created

Sada, mogu se napraviti višestruki AMI konstrukti

for the control and sensation of multiple prosthetic joints.

za kontrolu i osećaj višestrukih protetskih zglobova.

Artificial electrodes are then placed on each AMI muscle,

Zatim se veštačke elektrode stavljaju na svaki AMI mišić,

and small computers within the bionic limb decode those signals

i mali kompjuteri u bioničkom udu dekodiraju te signale

to control powerful motors on the bionic limb.

kako bi kontrolisali snažne motore na bioničkom udu.

When the bionic limb moves,

Kad se bionički ud pokrene,

the AMI muscles move back and forth,

AMI mišići se opruže i zgrče,

sending signals through the nerve to the brain,

šaljući pritom signale kroz nerve do mozga,

enabling a person wearing the prosthesis to experience natural sensations

omogućujući osobi koja nosi protezu da oseti prirodne osećaje

of positions and movements of the prosthesis.

položaja i pokreta proteze.

Can these tissue-design principles be used in an actual human being?

Mogu li se ovi principi konstrukcije tkiva upotrebiti kod stvarnog ljudskog bića?

A few years ago, my good friend Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --

Pre par godina, moj dobar prijatelj, tridesetčetvorogodišnji Džim Juing

reached out to me for help.

obratio mi se za pomoć.

Jim was in an a terrible climbing accident.

Džim je imao užasnu nezgodu na planinarenju.

He fell 50 feet in the Cayman Islands

Pao je sa 15 metara na Kajmanskim ostrvima

when his rope failed to catch him hitting the ground's surface.

pošto ga konopac nije zadržao i tresnuo je o zemlju.

He suffered many, many injuries:

Pretrpeo je mnoge povrede:

punctured lungs and many broken bones.

probio je pluća i slomio mnogo kostiju.

After his accident, he dreamed of returning to his chosen sport

Posle nesreće, sanjao je da se vrati sportu koji je izabrao,

of mountain climbing,

planinarenju,

but how might this be possible?

ali kako je to moglo da se ostvari?

The answer was Team Cyborg,

Odgovor je glasio: pomoću tima Kiborg,

a team of surgeons, scientists and engineers

tima hirurga, naučnika i inženjera

assembled at MIT to rebuild Jim back to his former climbing prowess.

okupljenih na MIT-u sa ciljem da povrate Džimove penjačke sposobnosti.

Team member Dr. Matthew Carty amputated Jim's badly damaged leg

Član tima dr Metju Karti je amputirao Džimovu teško oštećenu nogu

at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,

u bolnici „Brigam i klinika za žene“ u Bostonu,

using the AMI surgical procedure.

koristeći hirurški postupak AMI.

Tendon pulleys were created and attached to Jim's tibia bone

Napravljene su trohleje za tetive i pričvršćene za Džimovu golenjaču

to reconnect the opposing muscles.

da bi se ponovo povezali naspramni mišići.

The AMI procedure reestablished the neural link

Postupak AMI je ponovno uspostavio nervnu vezu

between Jim's ankle-foot muscles and his brain.

između mišića članka i stopala i njegovog mozga.

When Jim moves his phantom limb,

Kada Džim pokrene svoj fantomski ud,

the reconnected muscles move in dynamic pairs,

ponovno povezani mišići se pokreću u dinamičnim parovima

causing signals of proprioception to pass through nerves to the brain,

i time se signali propriocepcije pokreću kroz nerve do mozga,

so Jim experiences normal sensations with ankle-foot positions and movements,

tako da Džim ima normalne osećaje pokreta i položaja članka i stopala,

even when blindfolded.

čak i kad su mu vezane oči.

Here's Jim at the MIT laboratory after his surgeries.

Ovo je Džim u laboratoriji na MIT-u posle operacija.

We electrically linked Jim's AMI muscles, via the electrodes,

Pomoću elektroda smo povezali Džimove AMI mišiće

to a bionic limb,

za bionički ud,

and Jim quickly learned how to move the bionic limb

i brzo je naučio kako da pokreće bionički ud

in four distinct ankle-foot movement directions.

u četiri različita pravca.

We were excited by these results, but then Jim stood up,

Bili smo oduševljeni ovim rezultatima,

ali onda je Džim ustao i dogodilo se nešto zaista izuzetno.

and what occurred was truly remarkable.

All the natural biomechanics mediated by the central nervous system

Sva prirodna biomehanika kojom posreduje centralni nervni sistem

emerged via the synthetic limb

pojavila se preko sintetičkog zgloba

as an involuntary, reflexive action.

kao nevoljna, refleksivna radnja.

All the intricacies of foot placement during stair ascent --

Sva složenost pokreta stopala prilikom penjanja uz stepenice -

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

emerged before our eyes.

pojavila se pred našim očima.

Here's Jim descending steps,

Ovo je Džimov silazak niz stepenice,

reaching with his bionic toe to the next stair tread,

gde dotiče sledeći stepenik svojim bioničkim prstima,

automatically exhibiting natural motions

automatski praveći prirodne pokrete,

without him even trying to move his limb.

a da uopšte nije ni pokušao da pomeri nogu.

Because Jim's central nervous system is receiving the proprioceptive signals,

Zbog toga što Džimov centralni nervni sistem

prima proprioceptivne signale,

it knows exactly how to control the synthetic limb in a natural way.

on tačno zna kako da kontroliše sintetičku nogu na prirodan način.

Now, Jim moves and behaves as if the synthetic limb is part of him.

Sada se Džim kreće i ponaša kao da je sintetički ud deo njega.

For example, one day in the lab,

Na primer, jednog dana u laboratoriji,

he accidentally stepped on a roll of electrical tape.

slučajno je stao na rolnu izolir trake.

Now, what do you do when something's stuck to your shoe?

Šta radite kad vam se nešto zalepi za cipelu?

You don't reach down like this; it's way too awkward.

Ne odlepljujete ga ovako rukom; isuviše je nezgodno.

Instead, you shake it off,

Umesto toga ga otresete,

and that's exactly what Jim did

a to je ono što je Džim uradio

after being neurally connected to the limb for just a few hours.

nakon što je bio neurološki povezan sa nogom tek par sati.

What was most interesting to me

Ono što mi je bilo najinteresantnije

is what Jim was telling us he was experiencing.

je ono što nam je Džim rekao da oseća.

He said, "The robot became part of me."

Rekao je: „Robot je postao deo mene.“

Jim Ewing: The morning after the first time I was attached to the robot,

Džim Juing: Prvo jutro pošto su me povezali sa robotom,

my daughter came downstairs and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,

moja ćerka je sišla i pitala me kako je biti kiborg

and my answer was that I didn't feel like a cyborg.

i odgovorio sam joj da se ne osećam kao kiborg.

I felt like I had my leg,

Osećam se kao da imam nogu,

and it wasn't that I was attached to the robot

i da mi ne izgleda kao da sam ja prikačen na robota,

so much as the robot was attached to me,

već kao da je robot prikačen na mene

and the robot became part of me.

i da je postao deo mene.

It became my leg pretty quickly.

To je postala moja noga prilično brzo.

Hugh Herr: Thank you.

Hju Her: Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

By connecting Jim's nervous system bidirectionally

Povezivanjem Džimovog nervnog sistema dvosmerno

to his synthetic limb,

sa njegovom sintetičkom nogom,

neurological embodiment was achieved.

postignuto je neurološko otelovljenje.

I hypothesized that because Jim can think and move his synthetic limb,

Pretpostavio sam da, zato što Džim može da misli i pomera svoju sintetičku nogu

and because he can feel those movements within his nervous system,

i zato što može da oseti te pokrete u svom nervnom sistemu,

the prosthesis is no longer a separate tool,

proteza nije više posebno pomagalo

but an integral part of Jim, an integral part of his body.

već integralni deo Džima, integralni deo njegovog tela.

Because of this neurological embodiment, Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.

Zbog ovog neurološkog otelovljenja, Džim se ne oseća kao kiborg.

He feels like he just has his leg back,

Oseća se kao da je povratio svoju nogu,

that he has his body back.

da je povratio telo.

Now I'm often asked

Često me pitaju

when I'm going to be neurally linked to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,

kada ću se neurološki povezati sa svojim sintetičkim nogama dvosmerno,

when I'm going to become a cyborg.

kada ću postati kiborg.

The truth is, I'm hesitant to become a cyborg.

Iskreno, ne znam da li to želim.

Before my legs were amputated, I was a terrible student.

Pre nego što su mi amputirane noge, bio sam očajan đak.

I got D's and often F's in school.

Dobijao sam dvojke, a često i jedinice.

Then, after my limbs were amputated,

Onda, kad su mi noge amputirane,

I suddenly became an MIT professor.

odjednom sam postao profesor na MIT-u.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Now I'm worried that once I'm neurally connected to my limbs once again,

Sad se brinem da će, kad se neurološki ponovo povežem sa nogama,

my brain will remap back to its not-so-bright self.

moj mozak ponovo da se vrati u svoje stanje slabe pameti.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But you know what, that's OK, because at MIT, I already have tenure.

Ali, u stvari, na MIT-u već imam stalan posao, tako da je okej.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I believe the reach of NeuroEmbodied Design

Verujem da će se primena neurootelovljavanja

will extend far beyond limb replacement

proširiti na još mnogo drugih stvari pored zamene udova

and will carry humanity into realms

i da će odvesti čovečanstvo u oblasti

that fundamentally redefine human potential.

koje iz osnova redefinišu ljudski potencijal.

In this 21st century,

U ovom 21. veku,

designers will extend the nervous system into powerfully strong exoskeletons

kreatori će proširiti nervni sistem na moćne egzoskelete

that humans can control and feel with their minds.

koje ljudi mogu da kontrolišu i osećaju svojim umom.

Muscles within the body can be reconfigured

Mišići u telu se mogu rekonfigurisati

for the control of powerful motors,

tako da mogu da upravljaju moćnim motorima

and to feel and sense exoskeletal movements,

i osećaju pokrete egzoskeleta,

augmenting humans' strength, jumping height and running speed.

povećavajući pritom ljudsku snagu, visinu skakanja i brzinu trčanja.

In this 21st century, I believe humans will become superheroes.

Verujem da će u ovom 21. veku ljudi postati superheroji.

Humans may also extend their bodies

Možda će dodavati i produžetke na svoja tela

into non-anthropomorphic structures, such as wings,

u vidu neantropomorfnih struktura, kao što su krila,

controlling and feeling each wing movement within the nervous system.

pritom kontrolišući i osećajući pokrete krila u nervnom sistemu.

Leonardo da Vinci said, "When once you have tasted flight,

Leonardo da Vinči je rekao: „Kad jednom iskusite letenje,

you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward,

zauvek ćete hodati zemljom s pogledom usmerenim ka nebu,

for there you have been and there you will always long to return."

jer ste tamo bili i tamo ćete uvek čeznuti da se vratite.“

During the twilight years of this century,

U završnim godinama ovog veka,

I believe humans will be unrecognizable in morphology and dynamics

verujem da će ljudi biti neprepoznatljivi morfološki i dinamički

from what we are today.

u odnosu na danas.

Humanity will take flight and soar.

Čovečanstvo će uzleteti i jezditi.

Jim Ewing fell to earth and was badly broken,

Džim Juing je pao na zemlju i bio gadno povređen,

but his eyes turned skyward, where he always longed to return.

ali njegov pogled se okrenuo ka nebu, gde je uvek čeznuo da se vrati.

After his accident, he not only dreamed to walk again,

Posle nesreće, nije samo sanjao da ponovo hoda,

but also to return to his chosen sport of mountain climbing.

već i da se vrati svom planinarenju.

At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim a specialized limb for the vertical world,

Na MIT-u, tim Kiborg je napravio Džimu specijalizovanu nogu za vertikalni svet,

a brain-controlled leg with full position and movement sensations.

nogu koju kontroliše mozak, sa punim osećajima pokreta i položaja.

Using this technology, Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,

Koristeći ovu tehnologiju, Džim se vratio na Kajmanska ostrva,

the site of his accident,

mesto njegove nesreće,

rebuilt as a cyborg to climb skyward once again.

popravljen kao kiborg da bi se popeo još jednom ka nebu.

(Crashing waves)

(Huk talasa)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing, the first cyborg rock climber.

Dame i gospodo, Džim Juing, prvi kiborg penjač.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)