How we'll become cyborgs and extend human potential | Hugh Herr

684,736 views ใƒป 2018-06-20

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Woojoo Seo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hansol Ryu
00:13
I'm an MIT professor,
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์ €๋Š” MIT ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
but I do not design buildings or computer systems.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
Rather, I build body parts,
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์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
00:22
bionic legs that augment human walking and running.
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์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ์˜์กฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑท๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
In 1982, I was in a mountain-climbing accident,
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1982๋…„์— ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
and both of my legs had to be amputated due to tissue damage from frostbite.
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๋™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ์†์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:33
Here, you can see my legs:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
00:35
24 sensors, six microprocessors and muscle-tendon-like actuators.
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์„ผ์„œ 24๊ฐœ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ 6๊ฐœ, ๊ทผ์œก-ํž˜์ค„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์•ก์ถ”์—์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts from the knee down.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณผํŠธ์™€ ๋„ˆํŠธ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
00:43
But with this advanced bionic technology,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
00:46
I can skip, dance and run.
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์ €๋Š” ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์ถค์ถ”๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
00:51
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
00:55
I'm a bionic man, but I'm not yet a cyborg.
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์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ง ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
When I think about moving my legs,
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด
01:05
neural signals from my central nervous system
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์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ
01:08
pass through my nerves
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ 
01:09
and activate muscles within my residual limbs.
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๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Artificial electrodes sense these signals,
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์ธ๊ณต ์ „๊ทน์ด ์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:18
and small computers in the bionic limb
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์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€
01:20
decode my nerve pulses into my intended movement patterns.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
Stated simply,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
01:28
when I think about moving,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด
01:29
that command is communicated to the synthetic part of my body.
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์ œ ๋ชธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
However, those computers can't input information into my nervous system.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ๋ชธ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,
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์˜์กฑ์„ ๋งŒ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ
01:41
I do not experience normal touch and movement sensations.
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ฐ์ด‰์ด๋‚˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
01:51
via small computers inputting information into my nervous system,
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์ž‘์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ—ค ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:55
it would fundamentally change, I believe,
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์ œ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ์˜์กฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
01:57
my relationship to my synthetic body.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Today, I can't feel my legs,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
and because of that,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ
02:04
my legs are separate tools from my mind and my body.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
They're not part of me.
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์ œ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
I believe that if I were a cyborg and could feel my legs,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:14
they would become part of me, part of self.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
At MIT, we're thinking about NeuroEmbodied Design.
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MIT์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” '์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฒดํ™” ์„ค๊ณ„'๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
In this design process,
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์ด ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
02:25
the designer designs human flesh and bone, the biological body itself,
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์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ด๊ณผ ๋ผˆ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ชธ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ
02:30
along with synthetics to enhance the bidirectional communication
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์ธ๊ณต ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์™€ ์ธ๊ณต ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
02:35
between the nervous system and the built world.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
NeuroEmbodied Design is a methodology to create cyborg function.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฒดํ™” ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
In this design process, designers contemplate a future
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š”
02:50
in which technology no longer compromises separate,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋”๋Š” ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ
02:53
lifeless tools from our minds and our bodies,
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์ƒ๋ช… ์—†๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
02:56
a future in which technology has been carefully integrated
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ
์„ธ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
within our nature,
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03:01
a world in which what is biological and what is not,
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์ƒ์ฒด์™€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ
03:04
what is human and what is not,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ
03:07
what is nature and what is not
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
03:09
will be forever blurred.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์ฃ .
03:11
That future will provide humanity new bodies.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฒดํ™” ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
03:16
NeuroEmbodied Design will extend our nervous systems
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03:18
into the synthetic world,
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์ธ๊ณต ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
and the synthetic world into us,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
fundamentally changing who we are.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:26
By designing the biological body to better communicate
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์ƒ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„๋“ค๊ณผ
๋” ์ž˜ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:30
with the built design world,
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03:33
humanity will end disability in this 21st century
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ข…์‹ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
and establish the scientific and technological basis
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ• 
03:39
for human augmentation,
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ
03:41
extending human capability beyond innate, physiological levels,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
์ธ์ง€์ , ๊ฐ์ •์ , ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
cognitively, emotionally and physically.
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03:50
There are many ways in which to build new bodies across scale,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
from the biomolecular to the scale of tissues and organs.
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์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:58
Today, I want to talk about one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฒดํ™” ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
in which the body's tissues are manipulated and sculpted
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์‹ ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ฃ .
04:05
using surgical and regenerative processes.
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์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
The current amputation paradigm
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง€์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
04:11
hasn't changed fundamentally since the US Civil War
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
and has grown obsolete in light of dramatic advancements
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์•ก์ถ”์—์ดํ„ฐ, ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:19
in actuators, control systems and neural interfacing technologies.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
A major deficiency is the lack of dynamic muscle interactions
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์˜ˆ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ œ์–ด์™€ ๊ณ ์œ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฉด์—์„œ
๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
for control and proprioception.
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04:32
What is proprioception?
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๊ณ ์œ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:34
When you flex your ankle, muscles in the front of your leg contract,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์•ž์ชฝ ๊ทผ์œก์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:37
simultaneously stretching muscles in the back of your leg.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋’ค์ชฝ ๊ทผ์œก์€ ์ด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
The opposite happens when you extend your ankle.
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๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์„ ์ญ‰ ํŽผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:43
Here, muscles in the back of your leg contract,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋’ค์ชฝ ๊ทผ์œก์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:45
stretching muscles in the front.
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์•ž์ชฝ ๊ทผ์œก์€ ์ด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
When these muscles flex and extend,
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์ด ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์™„ํ•  ๋•Œ
04:49
biological sensors within the muscle tendons
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๊ทผ์œก์˜ ํž˜์ค„ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
04:51
send information through nerves to the brain.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
This is how we're able to feel where our feet are
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„
04:56
without seeing them with our eyes.
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๋ฐœ์ด ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
The current amputation paradigm breaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง€์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ ์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
and in so doing eliminates normal proprioceptive sensations.
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์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์œ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:08
Consequently, a standard artificial limb
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜์ˆ˜์™€ ์˜์กฑ์€
05:11
cannot feed back information into the nervous system
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜์กฑ์ด ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ
05:14
about where the prosthesis is in space.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
The patient therefore cannot sense and feel
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„
05:19
the positions and movements of the prosthetic joint
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ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
05:22
without seeing it with their eyes.
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๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ด์•ผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:26
My legs were amputated using this Civil War-era methodology.
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์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
I can feel my feet, I can feel them right now
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์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๊ปด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋„์š”.
05:33
as a phantom awareness.
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ํ™˜๊ฐ์ง€ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์š”.
05:35
But when I try to move them, I cannot.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ ค ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
It feels like they're stuck inside rigid ski boots.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์Šคํ‚ค ๋ถ€์ธ  ์•ˆ์— ๊ฝ‰ ๋ผ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์ฃ .
05:40
To solve these problems,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
05:41
at MIT, we invented the agonist-antagonist myoneural interface,
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MIT์—์„œ๋Š” '์ฃผ๋™๊ทผ-๋Œ€ํ•ญ๊ทผ ๊ทผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค'๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
or AMI, for short.
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์ค„์—ฌ์„œ AMI๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
The AMI is a method to connect nerves within the residuum
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AMI๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„ ๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„
05:52
to an external, bionic prosthesis.
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์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ์˜์กฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
How is the AMI designed, and how does it work?
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AMI๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:59
The AMI comprises two muscles that are surgically connected,
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2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก์„ ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ AMI๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
an agonist linked to an antagonist.
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์ฃผ๋™๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•ญ๊ทผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์ฃ .
06:05
When the agonist contracts upon electrical activation,
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์ฃผ๋™๊ทผ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:08
it stretches the antagonist.
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์ด ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋Œ€ํ•ญ๊ทผ์„ ์ด์™„์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
This muscle dynamic interaction
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
06:13
causes biological sensors within the muscle tendon
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๊ทผ์œก ํž˜์ค„ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€
06:16
to send information through the nerve to the central nervous system,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ 
06:20
relating information on the muscle tendon's length, speed and force.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ํž˜์ค„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด, ์†๋„, ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํž˜ ๋“ฑ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
This is how muscle tendon proprioception works,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ํž˜์ค„์˜ ๊ณ ์œ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
and it's the primary way we, as humans,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:29
can feel and sense the positions, movements and forces on our limbs.
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ํŒ”๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์›€์ง์ž„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
When a limb is amputated,
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ํŒ”๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
06:35
the surgeon connects these opposing muscles within the residuum
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๋‚จ์€ ๋ถ€์œ„ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•ญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ
06:39
to create an AMI.
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AMI๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
Now, multiple AMI constructs can be created
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ AMI ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
06:44
for the control and sensation of multiple prosthetic joints.
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ด€์ ˆ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
Artificial electrodes are then placed on each AMI muscle,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ AMI ๊ทผ์œก ๋‚ด์— ์ธ๊ณต ์ „๊ทน์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:51
and small computers within the bionic limb decode those signals
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์˜์กฑ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:55
to control powerful motors on the bionic limb.
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์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ์˜์กฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
When the bionic limb moves,
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์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ์˜์กฑ์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด
07:01
the AMI muscles move back and forth,
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AMI ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์ด ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ
07:02
sending signals through the nerve to the brain,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
07:05
enabling a person wearing the prosthesis to experience natural sensations
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์˜์กฑ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:09
of positions and movements of the prosthesis.
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์˜์กฑ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Can these tissue-design principles be used in an actual human being?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:17
A few years ago, my good friend Jim Ewing -- of 34 years --
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ, 34์‚ด ์ง ์œ ์ž‰์ด
07:21
reached out to me for help.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฒญํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Jim was in an a terrible climbing accident.
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์ง์€ ์•”๋ฒฝ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜ ์ค‘ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋‚™์ƒ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
He fell 50 feet in the Cayman Islands
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์ผ€์ด๋งจ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค 15m ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ถ”๋ฝํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:29
when his rope failed to catch him hitting the ground's surface.
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๋กœํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žก์•„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋•…๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
He suffered many, many injuries:
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
punctured lungs and many broken bones.
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ํ๊ฐ€ ์ฐข์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋ผˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์กŒ์ฃ .
07:40
After his accident, he dreamed of returning to his chosen sport
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
of mountain climbing,
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์•”๋ฒฝ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
but how might this be possible?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:49
The answer was Team Cyborg,
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ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ 'ํŒ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ'์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
a team of surgeons, scientists and engineers
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์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž, ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์ด MIT์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ
07:55
assembled at MIT to rebuild Jim back to his former climbing prowess.
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์ง์ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
Team member Dr. Matthew Carty amputated Jim's badly damaged leg
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ํŒ€์˜ ์ผ์›์ธ ๋งคํŠœ ์นดํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์˜ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,
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๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:06
using the AMI surgical procedure.
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AMI ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
Tendon pulleys were created and attached to Jim's tibia bone
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ํž˜์ค„ ๋„๋ฅด๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง์˜ ์ •๊ฐ•์ด๋ผˆ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ
08:12
to reconnect the opposing muscles.
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๋Œ€ํ•ญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
The AMI procedure reestablished the neural link
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AMI ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์ง์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š”
08:18
between Jim's ankle-foot muscles and his brain.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
When Jim moves his phantom limb,
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์ง์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด
08:24
the reconnected muscles move in dynamic pairs,
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์ด ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉฐ
08:27
causing signals of proprioception to pass through nerves to the brain,
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๊ณ ์œ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
so Jim experiences normal sensations with ankle-foot positions and movements,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์€ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
even when blindfolded.
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๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:37
Here's Jim at the MIT laboratory after his surgeries.
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  MIT ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์™€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
We electrically linked Jim's AMI muscles, via the electrodes,
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์ „๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง์˜ AMI ๊ทผ์œก๊ณผ ์˜์กฑ์„
08:44
to a bionic limb,
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์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
and Jim quickly learned how to move the bionic limb
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์ง์€ ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ณตํ•™ ์˜์กฑ์˜ ์ž‘๋™๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธˆ์„ธ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
in four distinct ankle-foot movement directions.
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๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์„ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:52
We were excited by these results, but then Jim stood up,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋“ค๋–  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ง์ด ์ผ์–ด์„œ๋”๋‹ˆ
08:55
and what occurred was truly remarkable.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
All the natural biomechanics mediated by the central nervous system
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์ค‘์ถ” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์—ฐ์  ์ƒ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์ด
09:02
emerged via the synthetic limb
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์˜์กฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
as an involuntary, reflexive action.
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๋ถˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์šด๋™, ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
09:08
All the intricacies of foot placement during stair ascent --
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๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐœ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋™์ž‘๋“ค์ด
09:12
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:16
emerged before our eyes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Here's Jim descending steps,
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์ง์ด ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
reaching with his bionic toe to the next stair tread,
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์˜์กฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์— ๋””๋””์ฃ .
09:24
automatically exhibiting natural motions
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์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:27
without him even trying to move his limb.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐœ์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์“ฐ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
Because Jim's central nervous system is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
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์ง์˜ ์ค‘์ถ” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์œ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:34
it knows exactly how to control the synthetic limb in a natural way.
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์˜์กฑ์„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Now, Jim moves and behaves as if the synthetic limb is part of him.
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์ด์ œ ์ง์€ ์˜์กฑ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ๋“ฏ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
For example, one day in the lab,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ
09:47
he accidentally stepped on a roll of electrical tape.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
Now, what do you do when something's stuck to your shoe?
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์‹ ๋ฐœ์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
09:53
You don't reach down like this; it's way too awkward.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ˆ™์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ . ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Instead, you shake it off,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ„ธ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
and that's exactly what Jim did
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์ง๋„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
09:59
after being neurally connected to the limb for just a few hours.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์กฑ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ฐ–์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„์š”.
10:03
What was most interesting to me
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:05
is what Jim was telling us he was experiencing.
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์ง์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
10:08
He said, "The robot became part of me."
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"๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ๋‚ด ๋ชธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
10:12
Jim Ewing: The morning after the first time I was attached to the robot,
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์ง ์œ ์ž‰: ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์•„์นจ
10:16
my daughter came downstairs and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
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๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ๋”ธ์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋– ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
10:21
and my answer was that I didn't feel like a cyborg.
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์ €๋Š” ๋”ฑํžˆ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
I felt like I had my leg,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Š๊ปด์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:29
and it wasn't that I was attached to the robot
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์ €๋ฅผ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
10:34
so much as the robot was attached to me,
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:36
and the robot became part of me.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์ œ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:38
It became my leg pretty quickly.
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์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Hugh Herr: Thank you.
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ํœด ํ—ˆ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
10:45
By connecting Jim's nervous system bidirectionally
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์ง์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์™€ ์˜์กฑ์„
10:49
to his synthetic limb,
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์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
10:51
neurological embodiment was achieved.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฒดํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
I hypothesized that because Jim can think and move his synthetic limb,
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์ง์ด ์˜์กฑ์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:59
and because he can feel those movements within his nervous system,
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๋˜ ์ด ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:03
the prosthesis is no longer a separate tool,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜์กฑ์ด ๋”๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:07
but an integral part of Jim, an integral part of his body.
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์ง์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
Because of this neurological embodiment, Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฒดํ™” ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ง์€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
He feels like he just has his leg back,
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๋‚„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
11:19
that he has his body back.
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๋ชธ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
11:21
Now I'm often asked
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์ข…์ข… ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
when I'm going to be neurally linked to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
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์ œ ์˜์กฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์–ธ์ œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ฑด์ง€
11:26
when I'm going to become a cyborg.
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์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
11:28
The truth is, I'm hesitant to become a cyborg.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
Before my legs were amputated, I was a terrible student.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ €๋Š” ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
11:35
I got D's and often F's in school.
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D ํ•™์ , F ํ•™์ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
11:38
Then, after my limbs were amputated,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ž
11:40
I suddenly became an MIT professor.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ MIT ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:49
Now I'm worried that once I'm neurally connected to my limbs once again,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:53
my brain will remap back to its not-so-bright self.
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์ œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋“œ๋„ค์š”.
11:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:58
But you know what, that's OK, because at MIT, I already have tenure.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ MIT์—์„œ ์ •๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:02
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:04
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:07
I believe the reach of NeuroEmbodied Design
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฒดํ™” ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€
12:09
will extend far beyond limb replacement
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์˜์กฑ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
and will carry humanity into realms
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„
12:15
that fundamentally redefine human potential.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
In this 21st century,
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21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์€
12:20
designers will extend the nervous system into powerfully strong exoskeletons
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:25
that humans can control and feel with their minds.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
Muscles within the body can be reconfigured
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์ฒด๋‚ด ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด
12:33
for the control of powerful motors,
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
12:36
and to feel and sense exoskeletal movements,
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์™ธ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:40
augmenting humans' strength, jumping height and running speed.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทผ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๋†’์ด, ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
In this 21st century, I believe humans will become superheroes.
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์ €๋Š” 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์Šˆํผํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
Humans may also extend their bodies
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด
12:53
into non-anthropomorphic structures, such as wings,
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
controlling and feeling each wing movement within the nervous system.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
13:02
Leonardo da Vinci said, "When once you have tasted flight,
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๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋‹ค ๋นˆ์น˜๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋‚ ์•„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:06
you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward,
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๋•…์„ ๊ฑธ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ.
13:09
for there you have been and there you will always long to return."
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์•˜๋˜, ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ.."
13:15
During the twilight years of this century,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ง‰๋ฐ”์ง€์—
13:17
I believe humans will be unrecognizable in morphology and dynamics
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์—ญ๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
from what we are today.
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13:23
Humanity will take flight and soar.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์•„์˜ฌ๋ผ ๋†’์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋‚ ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
Jim Ewing fell to earth and was badly broken,
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์ง ์œ ์ž‰์€ ๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
but his eyes turned skyward, where he always longed to return.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:35
After his accident, he not only dreamed to walk again,
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์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ๋งŒ์„ ์›ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
but also to return to his chosen sport of mountain climbing.
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์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•”๋ฒฝ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim a specialized limb for the vertical world,
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MIT์˜ ํŒ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง์—๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜์— ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์˜์กฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
a brain-controlled leg with full position and movement sensations.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์„ธ์™€ ๋™์ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์กฑ์ด์ฃ .
13:52
Using this technology, Jim returned to the Cayman Islands,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ€์ด๋งจ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
the site of his accident,
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
13:57
rebuilt as a cyborg to climb skyward once again.
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์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋กœ ์žฌํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
(Crashing waves)
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(ํŒŒ๋„ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
14:27
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:43
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:48
Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing, the first cyborg rock climber.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ ์•”๋ฒฝ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง ์œ ์ž‰์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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