The age of genetic wonder | Juan Enriquez

Prevodilac: Kristina Radosavljević Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

So let me with start with Roy Amara.

Dozvolite mi da počnem sa Rojom Amarom.

Roy's argument is that most new technologies tend to be overestimated

Roj tvrdi da je većina novih tehnoloških dostignuća precenjena

in their impact to begin with,

na početku u smislu njihovog uticaja,

and then they get underestimated in the long term

a onda dugoročno bivaju potcenjeni

zato što se naviknemo na njih.

because we get used to them.

These really are days of miracle and wonder.

Ovo je stvarno doba čuda.

You remember that wonderful song by Paul Simon?

Sećate li se one divne pesme Pola Sajmona?

There were two lines in it.

Imala je dva stiha.

So what was it that was considered miraculous back then?

Šta se to u ono vreme smatralo čudesnim?

Slowing down things -- slow motion --

Usporavanje stvari - usporen film,

and the long-distance call.

i međunarodni telefonski pozivi.

Because, of course, you used to get interrupted by operators

Zato što ste, naravno, navikli da vas operater prekida

who'd tell you, "Long distance calling. Do you want to hang up?"

sa pitanjem: „Međunarodni poziv. Da li želite da prekinete?”

And now we think nothing of calling all over the world.

A sada nam zvanje po celom svetu ne predstavlja ništa.

Well, something similar may be happening

Nešto slično možda se dešava

with reading and programming life.

i sa očitavanjem i programiranjem života.

But before I unpack that,

No, pre nego što otkrijem to,

let's just talk about telescopes.

hajde da pričamo o teleskopima.

Telescopes were overestimated originally in their impact.

Teleskopi su na početku bili precenjeni u pogledu njihovog uticaja.

This is one of Galileo's early models.

Ovo je jedan od Galilejovih ranih modela.

People thought it was just going to ruin all religion.

Ljudi su mislili da će uništiti sve religije.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So we're not paying that much attention to telescopes.

Dakle, ne obraćamo mnogo pažnju na teleskope.

But, of course, telescopes launched 10 years ago, as you just heard,

Naravno, teleskopi koji su proizvedeni pre deset godina, kao što ste čuli,

could take this Volkswagen, fly it to the moon,

mogu na ovom folksvagenu koji je odleteo do Meseca,

and you could see the lights on that Volkswagen light up on the moon.

videti farove kada se upale na Mesecu.

And that's the kind of resolution power that allowed you to see

To je rezolucija koja vam dozvoljava da vidite

little specks of dust floating around distant suns.

male čestice prašine koje plutaju oko udaljenih sunca.

Imagine for a second that this was a sun a billion light years away,

Zamislite na trenutak da je ovo sunce udaljeno milijardu svetlosnih godina

and you had a little speck of dust that came in front of it.

i vidite male čestice prašine kako dolaze ispred njega.

That's what detecting an exoplanet is like.

Tako izgleda otkrivanje egzoplanete.

And the cool thing is, the telescopes that are now being launched

Dobra stvar kod ovih novih teleskopa

would allow you to see a single candle lit on the moon.

je što vam dozvoljavaju da vidite i sveću zapaljenu na mesecu.

And if you separated it by one plate,

Ako napravite razdvajanje jednom pločom,

you could see two candles separately at that distance.

videćete dve odvojene sveće na toj udaljenosti.

And that's the kind of resolution that you need

To je rezolucija koja vam je potrebna

to begin to image that little speck of dust

da vidite te male čestice prašine

as it comes around the sun

kako kruže oko sunca

and see if it has a blue-green signature.

i da vidite imaju li plavo-zeleni obris.

And if it does have a blue-green signature,

Ako imaju plavo-zeleni obris,

to znači da je život svuda u svemiru.

it means that life is common in the universe.

The first time you ever see a blue-green signature on a distant planet,

Prvi put kada vidite plavo-zeleni obris na udaljenoj planeti,

it means there's photosynthesis there,

to znači da tamo postoji fotosinteza,

there's water there,

da tamo ima vode,

and the chances that you saw the only other planet with photosynthesis

a šansa da vidite samo jednu planetu sa fotosintezom

are about zero.

je jednaka nuli.

And that's a calendar-changing event.

A to je događaj koji menja sve.

There's a before and after we were alone in the universe:

Postoji vreme pre i vreme nakon što smo mislili da smo sami u svemiru;

forget about the discovery of whatever continent.

zaboravite na otkrića bilo kog kontinenta.

So as you're thinking about this,

Dok razmišljate o ovom,

we're now beginning to be able to image most of the universe.

sada smo u mogućnosti da vidimo veći deo svemira.

To jeste vreme čuda,

And that is a time of miracle and wonder.

And we kind of take that for granted.

a mi to olako prihvatamo.

Something similar is happening in life.

Nešto slično se dešava i sa životom.

So we're hearing about life in these little bits and pieces.

Slušamo o životu u tim malim delovima i komadićima,

We hear about CRISPR, and we hear about this technology,

slušamo o CRISPR-u,

i slušamo o ovoj i onoj tehnologiji.

and we hear about this technology.

Ali suština je da je život ispao kod.

But the bottom line on life is that life turns out to be code.

And life as code is a really important concept because it means,

A posmatranje života kroz kod je veoma značajan koncept,

zato što to znači da, kao što pišete rečenice

just in the same way as you can write a sentence

in English or in French or Chinese,

na engleskom, francuskom ili kineskom jeziku,

just in the same way as you can copy a sentence,

baš kao što možete prepisati rečenicu,

just in the same way as you can edit a sentence,

isto kao što možete izmeniti rečenicu,

just in the same way as you can print a sentence,

na potpuno isti način kao što štampate rečenice,

you're beginning to be able to do that with life.

sada postaje moguće da isto to radite sa životom.

It means that we're beginning to learn how to read this language.

To znači da počinjemo da učimo kako se čita ovaj jezik.

And this, of course, is the language that is used by this orange.

A to je jezik koji koristi ova narandža.

So how does this orange execute code?

Kako ova narandža izvršava kod?

It doesn't do it in ones and zeroes like a computer does.

Ne radi to kao kompjuteri sa jedinicama i nulama.

It sits on a tree, and one day it does:

Visi na drvetu i jednog dana uradi -

plop!

plop!

And that means: execute.

To znači - izvršiti.

AATCAAG: make me a little root.

AATCAAG: napravi mi mali koren.

TCGACC: make me a little stem.

TCGACC: napravi mi malu stabljiku.

GAC: make me some leaves. AGC: make me some flowers.

GAC: napravi mi lišća. AGC: napravi mi cvetove.

And then GCAA: make me some more oranges.

i onda GCAA: napravi mi još narandži.

If I edit a sentence in English on a word processor,

Ako stavim rečenicu na engleskom u procesor za reči,

then what happens is you can go from this word to that word.

onda možete da se prebacujete sa jedne reči na drugu.

If I edit something in this orange

Ako nešto dodam ovoj narandži

and put in GCAAC, using CRISPR or something else that you've heard of,

i stavim GCAAC, koristeći CRISPR ili nešto drugo za šta ste čuli,

then this orange becomes a lemon,

onda ova narandža postaje limun,

or it becomes a grapefruit,

ili grejpfrut,

or it becomes a tangerine.

ili mandarina.

And if I edit one in a thousand letters,

A ako promenim jedno od hiljadu slova,

you become the person sitting next to you today.

postaćete osoba koja danas sedi pored vas.

Be more careful where you sit.

Budite oprezniji gde sedate.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

What's happening on this stuff is it was really expensive to begin with.

Stvar je u tome da je na početku ovo bio veoma skup proces.

It was like long-distance calls.

Kao nekada međunarodni pozivi.

But the cost of this is dropping 50 percent faster than Moore's law.

Ali cena ovoga pada 50 procenata brže od Murovog zakona.

The first $200 full genome was announced yesterday by Veritas.

Kompanija Veritas je juče najavila prvi potpuni genom od 200 dolara.

And so as you're looking at these systems,

Dok gledate ove sisteme, mislite:

it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, and then it does.

ovo nije važno, ni ovo, ni ovo nije važno - a ipak jeste.

So let me just give you the map view of this stuff.

Dozvolite da vam pokažem mapu ovoga.

This is a big discovery.

Ovo je veliko otkriće.

There's 23 chromosomes.

Tu su 23 hromozoma.

Cool.

Kul.

Let's now start using a telescope version, but instead of using a telescope,

Hajde sada da iskoristimo teleskopski pogled,

ali umesto teleskopa, koristićemo mikroskop da zumiramo

let's use a microscope to zoom in

on the inferior of those chromosomes,

površinu podređene među hromozomima

which is the Y chromosome.

odnosno, hromozom Y.

It's a third the size of the X. It's recessive and mutant.

On je veličine trećine hromozoma X, recesivan i mutiran.

But hey,

Ali ipak,

just a male.

to je samo muškarac.

And as you're looking at this stuff,

Dok posmatrate ovo,

here's kind of a country view

evo neke vrste širokog pogleda

at a 400 base pair resolution level,

sa rezolucijom od 400 baznih parova,

and then you zoom in to 550, and then you zoom in to 850,

zatim zumirate na 550, zatim zumirate na 850,

and you can begin to identify more and more genes as you zoom in.

i sa svakim zumiranjem možete da identifikujete sve više i više gena.

Then you zoom in to the state level,

Onda još zumirate

and you can begin to tell who's got leukemia,

i možete videti ko ima leukemiju,

how did they get leukemia, what kind of leukemia do they have,

kako su dobili leukemiju, koju vrstu leukemije imaju,

what shifted from what place to what place.

šta se promenilo sa jednog na drugo mesto.

And then you zoom in to the Google street view level.

Onda zumirate na nivo Guglovog uličnog pogleda.

So this is what happens if you have colorectal cancer

Evo šta se dešava ako imate rak debelog creva,

for a very specific patient on the letter-by-letter resolution.

kod konkretnog pacijenta u rezoluciji slovo po slovo.

So what we're doing in this stuff is we're gathering information

Ono što mi ovde radimo je skupljanje informacija

and just generating enormous amounts of information.

i generisanje ogromne količine istih.

This is one of the largest databases on the planet

To je jedna od najvećih baza podataka na zemlji

and it's growing faster than we can build computers to store it.

i raste brže nego što možemo napraviti kompjutere za njeno skladištenje.

You can create some incredible maps with this stuff.

Sa ovim možete napraviti neverovatne mape.

You want to understand the plague and why one plague is bubonic

Želite da razumete kugu, zašto je jedna bubonske vrste,

and the other one is a different kind of plague

druga je drugačije vrste

a i treća je drugačija vrsta kuge?

and the other one is a different kind of plague?

Evo mape kuge.

Well, here's a map of the plague.

Some are absolutely deadly to humans,

Neke su apsolutno smrtonosne za ljude,

some are not.

dok druge nisu.

And note, by the way, as you go to the bottom of this,

Obratite pažnju pri kraju dok gledate ovo,

kako izgleda u poređenju sa tuberkulozom?

how does it compare to tuberculosis?

So this is the difference between tuberculosis and various kinds of plagues,

Ovo je razlika između tuberkuloze i raznih vrsta kuge.

and you can play detective with this stuff,

Možete se igrati detektiva,

because you can take a very specific kind of cholera

zato što možete uzeti veoma specifičnu vrstu kolere

that affected Haiti,

koja je pogodila Haiti,

and you can look at which country it came from,

i možete videti iz koje zemlje je došla,

which region it came from,

iz kog regiona,

and probably which soldier took that from that African country to Haiti.

i verovatno koji ju je vojnik doneo iz te afričke zemlje na Haiti.

Zoom out.

Smanjivanje rezolucije.

It's not just zooming in.

Ne radi se samo povećanje.

This is one of the coolest maps ever done by human beings.

Ovo je jedna od najboljih mapa koje je čovek ikada napravio.

What they've done is taken all the genetic information they have

Oni su prikupili sve genetičke informacije koje su imali

about all the species,

o svim vrstama,

and they've put a tree of life on a single page

i napravili drvo života na jednoj stranici

that you can zoom in and out of.

koju možete smanjivati ili povećavati.

So this is what came first, how did it diversify, how did it branch,

Ovo nam daje pregled šta je nastalo prvo, kako je postalo različito, kako se granalo

how large is that genome,

i koliko je velik taj genom,

on a single page.

sve na jednoj stranici.

It's kind of the universe of life on Earth,

To je neka vrsta svemira života na zemlji,

and it's being constantly updated and completed.

koji se neprekidno dopunjava i dovršava.

And so as you're looking at this stuff,

Dok gledate sve ovo,

the really important change is the old biology used to be reactive.

jako bitna promena je ta da je stara biologija bila reaktivna.

You used to have a lot of biologists that had microscopes,

Imali ste puno biologa sa mikroskopima,

and they had magnifying glasses and they were out observing animals.

imali su lupe, šetali su naokolo i posmatrali životinje.

The new biology is proactive.

Nova biologija je proaktivna.

You don't just observe stuff, you make stuff.

Više niste samo posmatrač, sada pravite nešto.

And that's a really big change

To je zaista velika promena

because it allows us to do things like this.

zato što nam ona omogućava da radimo stvari kao što je ova.

And I know you're really excited by this picture.

Znam da ste uzbuđeni zbog ove slike.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It only took us four years and 40 million dollars

Trebalo nam je samo četiri godine i 40 miliona dolara

to be able to take this picture.

da bismo napravili ovu fotografiju.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And what we did

A ono što smo uradili

is we took the full gene code out of a cell --

je da smo uzeli celokupni kod gena iz ćelije -

not a gene, not two genes, the full gene code out of a cell --

ne jedan gen, ne dva gena, ceo genetski kod iz ćelije -

built a completely new gene code,

napravili potpuno novi genetski kod,

inserted it into the cell,

utisnuli ga u ćeliju,

figured out a way to have the cell execute that code

našli način da ćelija izvrši taj kod

and built a completely new species.

i izgradili potpuno novu vrstu.

So this is the world's first synthetic life form.

Ovo je prvi sintetički oblik života na svetu.

And so what do you do with this stuff?

I šta raditi sa tim?

Well, this stuff is going to change the world.

Ovo je nešto što će promeniti svet.

Let me give you three short-term trends

Reći ću vam tri kratkoročna trenda

in terms of how it's going to change the world.

u smislu kako će promeniti svet.

The first is we're going to see a new industrial revolution.

Prvo, videćemo novu industrijsku revoluciju.

And I actually mean that literally.

I to mislim bukvalno.

So in the same way as Switzerland and Germany and Britain

Na isti način na koji su Švajcarska, Nemačka i Velika Britanija

changed the world with machines like the one you see in this lobby,

promenile svet mašinama sličnim onima koje vidite ovde u holu,

created power --

i stvorile moć -

in the same way CERN is changing the world,

na isti način kao što CERN menja svet,

using new instruments and our concept of the universe --

koristeći nove instrumente i naš koncept svemira -

programmable life forms are also going to change the world

životni oblici koje možemo programirati takođe će promeniti svet,

because once you can program cells

jer kada možete da programirate ćeliju

in the same way as you program your computer chip,

isto kao što programirate kompjuterski čip,

then you can make almost anything.

tada možete napraviti bilo šta.

So your computer chip can produce photographs,

Vaš kompjuterski čip može praviti fotografije,

can produce music, can produce film,

može praviti muziku ili film,

can produce love letters, can produce spreadsheets.

može praviti ljubavna pisma ili tabele.

It's just ones and zeroes flying through there.

Sve to samo sa nulama i jedinicama koje proleću tamo.

If you can flow ATCGs through cells,

Ako ATCG-ovi mogu da rade u ćelijama

then this software makes its own hardware,

onda ovaj softver sam sebi pravi hardver,

which means it scales very quickly.

što znači da se razvija veoma brzo.

No matter what happens,

Bez obzira šta se desilo,

if you leave your cell phone by your bedside,

ako ostavite mobilni telefon pored kreveta,

you will not have a billion cell phones in the morning.

nećete imati milijardu telefona ujutro.

But if you do that with living organisms,

Ali ako to uradite sa živim organizmom,

you can make this stuff at a very large scale.

možete napraviti nešto velikih proporcija.

One of the things you can do is you can start producing

Jedna od stvari koje možete da uradite je da počnete proizvodnju

close to carbon-neutral fuels

nečega sličnog ugljenično neutralnom gorivu

on a commercial scale by 2025,

za komercijalnu upotrebu do 2025. godine,

which we're doing with Exxon.

što radimo sa kompanijom „Ekson“.

But you can also substitute for agricultural lands.

Možete to koristiti kao zamenu za obradivo zemljište.

Instead of having 100 hectares to make oils or to make proteins,

Umesto da imate 100 hektara da biste proizveli ulje ili proteine,

you can make it in these vats

možete ih praviti u ovim bazenima

at 10 or 100 times the productivity per hectare.

sa 10 ili 100 puta većom produktivnosti po hektaru.

Or you can store information, or you can make all the world's vaccines

Možete skladištiti informacije ili proizvesti sve vakcine na svetu

in those three vats.

u ova tri bazena.

Or you can store most of the information that's held at CERN in those three vats.

Ili možete uskladištiti većinu informacija koja se drži u CERN-u.

DNA is a really powerful information storage device.

DNK je zaista veoma moćna naprava za skladištenje informacija.

Second turn:

Drugi preokret:

you're beginning to see the rise of theoretical biology.

počinjete da uviđate uspon teorijske biologije.

So, medical school departments are one of the most conservative places on earth.

Odeljenja medicinskih škola su među najkonzervativnijim mestima na zemlji.

The way they teach anatomy is similar to the way they taught anatomy

Način na koji predaju anatomiju je sličan načinu na koji su je predavali

100 years ago.

pre 100 godina.

"Welcome, student. Here's your cadaver."

„Dobrodošli, studenti. Evo vam leš.”

One of the things medical schools are not good at is creating new departments,

Ono u čemu medicinske škole nisu vične jeste stvaranje novih odeljenja,

which is why this is so unusual.

zbog toga je sve ovo veoma neobično.

Isaac Kohane has now created a department based on informatics, data, knowledge

Isak Kohen je sada otvorio odeljenje koje se bazira na informatici,

podacima i znanju na Harvardskom medicinskom fakultetu.

at Harvard Medical School.

And in a sense, what's beginning to happen is

Na neki način, počelo je da se dešava

biology is beginning to get enough data

da biologija počinje da dobija dovoljno podataka

that it can begin to follow the steps of physics,

tako da može da krene stopama fizike,

which used to be observational physics

koja je prvo bila samo posmatračka,

and experimental physicists,

pa eksperimentalna,

and then started creating theoretical biology.

a onda je počela da stvara teorijsku biologiju.

Well, that's what you're beginning to see

To je ono što počinjete da viđate

because you have so many medical records,

zato što sada imate toliko medicinskih podataka,

because you have so much data about people:

toliko podataka o ljudima,

you've got their genomes, you've got their viromes,

imate njihove genome, imate njihove viruse,

imate njihove mikrobiome.

you've got their microbiomes.

And as this information stacks,

I dok se ove informacije gomilaju,

you can begin to make predictions.

možete početi sa predviđanjima.

The third thing that's happening is this is coming to the consumer.

Treća stvar koja se dešava je da to dolazi do potrošača.

So you, too, can get your genes sequenced.

Tako da i vi možete dobiti analizu svojih gena.

And this is beginning to create companies like 23andMe,

Ovo je početak stvaranja kompanija kao što je „23 i ja”,

and companies like 23andMe are going to be giving you

a one će vam davati

more and more and more data,

sve više i više podataka,

not just about your relatives,

ne samo o vašim rođacima,

but about you and your body,

nego i o vašem telu,

and it's going to compare stuff,

porediće stvari,

and it's going to compare stuff across time,

porediće ih kroz vreme,

i to će postati veoma velika baza podataka.

and these are going to become very large databases.

But it's also beginning to affect a series of other businesses

Ovo će takođe uticati i na niz drugih poslova

in unexpected ways.

na veoma neočekivane načine.

Normally, when you advertise something, you really don't want the consumer

Obično kada reklamirate nešto, ne želite da vaš potrošač

to take your advertisement into the bathroom to pee on.

odnese reklamni letak u kupatilo i popiški se na njega.

Unless, of course, if you're IKEA.

Naravno, osim ako niste IKEA.

Because when you rip this out of a magazine and you pee on it,

Ako ovo iscepite iz časopisa i popiškite se na to,

it'll turn blue if you're pregnant.

ono će poplaviti ako ste trudni.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And they'll give you a discount on your crib.

I oni će vam dati popust na kolevku.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Right? So when I say consumer empowerment,

Kada kažem osnaživanje potrošača,

and this is spreading beyond biotech,

a ovo prevazilazi biotehniku,

I actually really mean that.

zaista to i mislim.

We're now beginning to produce, at Synthetic Genomics,

Trenutno počinjemo sa proizvodnjom, u kompaniji „Sintetička genomika”,

desktop printers

štampača

that allow you to design a cell,

koji vam omogućavaju da kreirate ćeliju,

print a cell,

odštampate je,

execute the program on the cell.

i unesete program u ćeliju.

We can now print vaccines

Sada možemo odštampati vakcine

real time as an airplane takes off

u realnom vremenu, od momenta poletanja aviona

before it lands.

pre nego što sleti.

We're shipping 78 of these machines this year.

Ove godine šaljemo 78 ovakvih mašina.

This is not theoretical biology. This is printing biology.

Ovo nije teorijska biologija. Ovo je štamparska biologija.

Let me talk about two long-term trends

Reći ću vam dva dugoročna trenda

that are coming at you over a longer time period.

koja će nastupiti u dužem vremenskom periodu.

The first one is, we're starting to redesign species.

Prvo, počećemo sa redizajniranjem vrsta.

And you've heard about that, right?

Čuli ste za to, zar ne?

We're redesigning trees. We're redesigning flowers.

Redizajniramo drveće i cveće.

We're redesigning yogurt,

Redizajniramo jogurt,

cheese, whatever else you want.

sir i šta god drugo vam padne na pamet.

And that, of course, brings up the interesting question:

A ovo donosi interesantno pitanje:

How and when should we redesign humans?

kako i kada ćemo redizajnirati ljude?

And a lot of us think, "Oh no, we never want to redesign humans."

Mnogi od nas misle: „Ma ne, nećemo nikad redizajnirati ljude.”

Unless, of course, if your child has a Huntington's gene

Osim ukoliko npr. vaše dete nema Hantingtonov gen

and is condemned to death.

i osuđeno je na smrt.

Or, unless if you're passing on a cystic fibrosis gene,

Ili ukoliko ste prenosilac gena cistične fibroze.

in which case, you don't just want to redesign yourself,

U tom slučaju ne želite samo sebe da redizajnirate,

nego i svoju decu i njihovu decu.

you want to redesign your children and their children.

And these are complicated debates and they're going to happen in real time.

Ovo su komplikovane rasprave i dešavaće se uskoro.

I'll give you one current example.

Daću vam jedan primer.

One of the debates going on at the National Academies today

Jedna od rasprava koje se danas vode u nacionalnim akademijama je:

is you have the power to put a gene drive into mosquitoes

imate mogućnost da umetnete genetsku izmenu u komarce

so that you will kill all the malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

tako da ubijete sve malarične komarce.

Now, some people say,

Neki ljudi kažu:

"That's going to affect the environment in an extreme way, don't do it."

„Ovo će uticati na ekološko okruženje i to na ekstreman način. Ne radite to.”

Other people say,

Drugi kažu:

"This is one of the things that's killing millions of people yearly.

„To je nešto što godišnje ubija milione ljudi.

Who are you to tell me that I can't save the kids in my country?"

Ko ste vi da mi kažete da ne mogu da spasim decu u mojoj zemlji?”

And why is this debate so complicated?

A zašto je ova rasprava tako komplikovana?

Because as soon as you let this loose in Brazil

Zato što, čim to uradite u Brazilu

or in Southern Florida --

ili Južnoj Floridi,

mosquitoes don't respect walls.

komarci neće poštovati granice.

You're making a decision for the world

Vi donosite odluku za čitav svet

when you put a gene drive into the air.

kada puštate genetski izmene u etar.

This wonderful man won a Nobel Prize,

Ovaj divan čovek je dobio Nobelovu nagradu,

and after winning the Nobel Prize

i nakon što je dobio Nobelovu nagradu, stalno je razmišljao

he's been worrying about

how did life get started on this planet

kako je život počeo na ovoj planeti

and how likely is it that it's in other places?

i kolika je verovatnoća da postoji i na drugim mestima?

So what he's been doing is going around to this graduate students

On je obilazio svoje studente

and saying to his graduate students,

i govorio im:

"Build me life but don't use any modern chemicals or instruments.

„Napravite mi život, ali bez korišćenja modernih hemikalija ili instrumenata.

Build me stuff that was here three billion years ago.

Napravite mi nešto što je postojalo ovde pre tri milijarde godina.

You can't use lasers. You can't use this. You can't use that."

Ne možete da koristite lasere, ne možete da koristite ovo, niti ono.”

He gave me a vial of what he's built about three weeks ago.

Pre tri nedelje dao mi je uzorak onoga što je stvorio.

What has he built?

Šta je stvorio?

He's built basically what looked like soap bubbles that are made out of lipids.

Stvorio je nešto što je u osnovi izgledalo kao sapunica koja se pravi od lipida.

He's built a precursor of RNA.

Napravio je prethodnika RNA.

He's had the precursor of the RNA be absorbed by the cell

Imao je prethodnika RNA apsorbovanog od strane ćelije,

and then he's had the cells divide.

a onda su se ćelije podelile.

We may not be that far --

Možda nismo toliko daleko,

call it a decade, maybe two decades --

recimo deceniju ili dve,

from generating life from scratch

od pravljenja života od nule

out of proto-communities.

izvan protozajednica.

Second long-term trend:

Drugi dugoročni trend:

we've been living and are living through the digital age --

živeli smo i živimo u digitalnom dobu -

we're starting to live through the age of the genome

počinjemo da živimo u dobu genoma,

biologije, CRISPR-a i sintetičke biologije -

and biology and CRISPR and synthetic biology --

and all of that is going to merge into the age of the brain.

a sve to će se spojiti u doba mozga.

So we're getting to the point where we can rebuild most of our body parts,

Dolazimo do tačke da možemo ponovo napraviti veći deo naših delova tela

in the same way as if you break a bone or burn your skin, it regrows.

na isti način kao kad slomite kost ili opečete kožu, a ona ponovo naraste.

We're beginning to learn how to regrow our tracheas

Počinjemo da učimo kako da obnovimo dušnik

or how to regrow our bladders.

ili kako da obnovimo bešiku.

Both of those have been implanted in humans.

Oba organa su već ugrađena u ljude.

Tony Atala is working on 32 different organs.

Toni Atala radi na 32 organa.

But the core is going to be this,

Ali suština je u ovome,

because this is you and the rest is just packaging.

zato što ste to vi, a sve ostalo je samo pakovanje.

Nobody's going to live beyond 120, 130, 140 years

Niko neće živeti preko 120, 130 ili 140 godina

unless if we fix this.

ako ne popravimo ovo.

And that's the most interesting challenge.

A to je najinteresantniji izazov.

To je sledeće pomeranje granica, zajedno sa:

That's the next frontier, along with:

"How common is life in the universe?"

„Koliko je čest život u svemiru?”

"Where did we come from?"

„Odakle smo došli?”

and questions like that.

i slična pitanja.

Let me end this with an apocryphal quote from Einstein.

Dozvolite mi da završim navodno Ajnštajnovim citatom:

[You can live as if everything is a miracle,

(Možete živeti kao da je sve čudo,

or you can live as if nothing is a miracle.]

ili kao da ništa nije čudo.)

It's your choice.

Izbor je vaš.

You can focus on the bad, you can focus on the scary,

Možete se fokusirati na loše, na strašno,

and certainly there's a lot of scary out there.

a sigurno ima puno toga zastrašujućeg u svetu.

But use 10 percent of your brain to focus on that, or maybe 20 percent,

Ali koristite 10 procenata svog mozga da se fokusirate na ovo, ili možda 20

or maybe 30 percent.

ili 30 procenata.

But just remember,

Ali zapamtite,

we really are living in an age of miracle and wonder.

mi zaista živimo u dobu čuda.

We're lucky to be alive today. We're lucky to see this stuff.

Srećni smo što živimo danas. Srećni što možemo da vidimo ove stvari.

We're lucky to be able to interact with folks like the folks

Srećni smo što možemo da komuniciramo sa ljudima kao što su oni

who are building all the stuff in this room.

koji prave sve u ovoj prostoriji.

So thank you to all of you, for all you do.

Zato hvala vam svima, na svemu što radite.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)