The age of genetic wonder | Juan Enriquez

125,132 views ใƒป 2019-03-01

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JIHYE HAN ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
So let me with start with Roy Amara.
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๋จผ์ € ๋กœ์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Roy's argument is that most new technologies tend to be overestimated
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๋กœ์ด์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
in their impact to begin with,
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00:22
and then they get underestimated in the long term
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๊ทธ ๋’ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์ฃ .
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:25
because we get used to them.
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00:26
These really are days of miracle and wonder.
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์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ๋‚˜๋‚ ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
00:29
You remember that wonderful song by Paul Simon?
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ํด ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
00:32
There were two lines in it.
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์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋‘ ์ค„์˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:33
So what was it that was considered miraculous back then?
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:38
Slowing down things -- slow motion --
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์ผ์„ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ, ์Šฌ๋กœ์šฐ ๋ชจ์…˜,
00:41
and the long-distance call.
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์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Because, of course, you used to get interrupted by operators
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๊ตํ™˜์›์˜ "์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๋Š”
00:46
who'd tell you, "Long distance calling. Do you want to hang up?"
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๋ง๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฐ›๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
00:49
And now we think nothing of calling all over the world.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋“  ํž˜๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ™”ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:53
Well, something similar may be happening
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์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
00:55
with reading and programming life.
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์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ™” ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
00:58
But before I unpack that,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:01
let's just talk about telescopes.
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01:04
Telescopes were overestimated originally in their impact.
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์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:09
This is one of Galileo's early models.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ง์ณ ๋†“์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:12
People thought it was just going to ruin all religion.
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01:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:18
So we're not paying that much attention to telescopes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์— ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
But, of course, telescopes launched 10 years ago, as you just heard,
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์€ 10๋…„ ์ „์— ์ถœ์‹œ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:26
could take this Volkswagen, fly it to the moon,
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์ด ํญ์Šค๋ฐ”๊ฒ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
01:29
and you could see the lights on that Volkswagen light up on the moon.
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๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ํญ์Šค๋ฐ”๊ฒ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:36
And that's the kind of resolution power that allowed you to see
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์ด ์ •๋„์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ผ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋จผ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š”
01:40
little specks of dust floating around distant suns.
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์ž‘์€ ๋จผ์ง€๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:44
Imagine for a second that this was a sun a billion light years away,
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์ด๊ฒŒ 10์–ต ๊ด‘๋…„ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:48
and you had a little speck of dust that came in front of it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•ž์— ์ž‘์€ ํ‹ฐ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:51
That's what detecting an exoplanet is like.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์™ธ๊ณ„ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:55
And the cool thing is, the telescopes that are now being launched
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๋” ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
๋‹ฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด›๋ถˆ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
would allow you to see a single candle lit on the moon.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉด
02:04
And if you separated it by one plate,
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๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ดˆ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
you could see two candles separately at that distance.
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์ด์ •๋„์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ์ง€๋งŒ
02:11
And that's the kind of resolution that you need
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02:13
to begin to image that little speck of dust
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋จผ์ง€ ์ž…์ž๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์žก์•„๋‚ด์„œ
02:16
as it comes around the sun
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02:17
and see if it has a blue-green signature.
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์ฒญ๋ก์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฒญ๋ก์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:21
And if it does have a blue-green signature,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:23
it means that life is common in the universe.
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02:25
The first time you ever see a blue-green signature on a distant planet,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋ก์ƒ‰ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:29
it means there's photosynthesis there,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด, ๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:31
there's water there,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํƒ€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ดค์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜
02:33
and the chances that you saw the only other planet with photosynthesis
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02:36
are about zero.
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๋ฌด(็„ก)์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€์ •๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
And that's a calendar-changing event.
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02:41
There's a before and after we were alone in the universe:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์™ธํ†จ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด ์ž ์‹œ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
02:44
forget about the discovery of whatever continent.
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02:48
So as you're thinking about this,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:50
we're now beginning to be able to image most of the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
And that is a time of miracle and wonder.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ .
02:55
And we kind of take that for granted.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
Something similar is happening in life.
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03:01
So we're hearing about life in these little bits and pieces.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹จํŽธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:04
We hear about CRISPR, and we hear about this technology,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ 
์ €๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
03:07
and we hear about this technology.
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03:08
But the bottom line on life is that life turns out to be code.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ช…์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•”ํ˜ธ์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
And life as code is a really important concept because it means,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์•”ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
03:17
just in the same way as you can write a sentence
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๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์จ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
์˜์–ด, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ์š”
03:21
in English or in French or Chinese,
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03:25
just in the same way as you can copy a sentence,
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๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๊ปด์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:28
just in the same way as you can edit a sentence,
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03:30
just in the same way as you can print a sentence,
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๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
์ƒ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
you're beginning to be able to do that with life.
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์ฆ‰, ์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:37
It means that we're beginning to learn how to read this language.
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03:40
And this, of course, is the language that is used by this orange.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:44
So how does this orange execute code?
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์ด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:46
It doesn't do it in ones and zeroes like a computer does.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 0๊ณผ 1๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ ์š”.
๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ์•‰์•„์„œ, ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ
03:49
It sits on a tree, and one day it does:
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๋ฟ…!
03:51
plop!
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03:52
And that means: execute.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ '์‹คํ–‰ํ•ด'๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
AATCAAG: ์ž‘์€ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค˜.
03:55
AATCAAG: make me a little root.
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03:59
TCGACC: make me a little stem.
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TCGACC: ์ž‘์€ ์ค„๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค˜.
04:01
GAC: make me some leaves. AGC: make me some flowers.
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GAC: ์žŽ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค˜. AGC: ๊ฝƒ๋„ ํ”ผ์›Œ์ค˜.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  GCAA: ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ข€ ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค˜.
04:05
And then GCAA: make me some more oranges.
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04:08
If I edit a sentence in English on a word processor,
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์›Œ๋“œํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ์—์„œ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:15
then what happens is you can go from this word to that word.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:20
If I edit something in this orange
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04:22
and put in GCAAC, using CRISPR or something else that you've heard of,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ(CRISPR) ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ GCAAC๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:28
then this orange becomes a lemon,
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์ด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ชฌ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
or it becomes a grapefruit,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ž๋ชฝ์ด ๋˜๋“ ๊ฐ€์š”.
04:32
or it becomes a tangerine.
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๊ทค์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:35
And if I edit one in a thousand letters,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์˜†์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
you become the person sitting next to you today.
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04:40
Be more careful where you sit.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๋” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•ด ์ง€์„ธ์š”.
04:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์ŒŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
What's happening on this stuff is it was really expensive to begin with.
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04:48
It was like long-distance calls.
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์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํ™” ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:51
But the cost of this is dropping 50 percent faster than Moore's law.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™๋ณด๋‹ค 50%๋‚˜ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
The first $200 full genome was announced yesterday by Veritas.
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๋ฒ ๋ฆฌํƒ€์Šค์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด์ œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ 200๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:00
And so as you're looking at these systems,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๋ก
05:02
it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter, and then it does.
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์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋‹ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
05:06
So let me just give you the map view of this stuff.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“œ๋ ค๋ณผ๊นŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
This is a big discovery.
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์ •๋ง ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:13
There's 23 chromosomes.
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23์Œ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
05:15
Cool.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
05:17
Let's now start using a telescope version, but instead of using a telescope,
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์ด์ œ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ ๋Œ€์‹ 
05:20
let's use a microscope to zoom in
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
05:23
on the inferior of those chromosomes,
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Y ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
05:25
which is the Y chromosome.
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05:28
It's a third the size of the X. It's recessive and mutant.
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X์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์ด๊ณ  ์—ด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
But hey,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
๊ทธ์ € ๋‚จ์ž์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
05:34
just a male.
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05:36
And as you're looking at this stuff,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:39
here's kind of a country view
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ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ 400์—์„œ๋Š”
ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ •๋„์ด๊ณ 
05:42
at a 400 base pair resolution level,
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05:44
and then you zoom in to 550, and then you zoom in to 850,
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550์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , 850์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก
05:48
and you can begin to identify more and more genes as you zoom in.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:52
Then you zoom in to the state level,
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05:55
and you can begin to tell who's got leukemia,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ 
05:59
how did they get leukemia, what kind of leukemia do they have,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ฒŒ ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ฉฐ
์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ”๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
06:02
what shifted from what place to what place.
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06:05
And then you zoom in to the Google street view level.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
06:09
So this is what happens if you have colorectal cancer
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์ง์žฅ์•”์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ
06:12
for a very specific patient on the letter-by-letter resolution.
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์•„์ฃผ ์„ธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
So what we're doing in this stuff is we're gathering information
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•˜๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ 
06:21
and just generating enormous amounts of information.
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์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
This is one of the largest databases on the planet
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:26
and it's growing faster than we can build computers to store it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋‹ด์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
You can create some incredible maps with this stuff.
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ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ , ์™œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ž˜ํ†ณ ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์ด๊ณ 
06:35
You want to understand the plague and why one plague is bubonic
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06:38
and the other one is a different kind of plague
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์ธ ๊ฑด์ง€
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
06:40
and the other one is a different kind of plague?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
Well, here's a map of the plague.
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06:45
Some are absolutely deadly to humans,
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๊ณ 
06:46
some are not.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
And note, by the way, as you go to the bottom of this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋„์˜ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด ๋ณด์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
06:51
how does it compare to tuberculosis?
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06:53
So this is the difference between tuberculosis and various kinds of plagues,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ณผ ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
and you can play detective with this stuff,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:59
because you can take a very specific kind of cholera
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํŠน์ • ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ
07:02
that affected Haiti,
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07:04
and you can look at which country it came from,
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€,
07:07
which region it came from,
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์–ด๋Š ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:09
and probably which soldier took that from that African country to Haiti.
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์–ด๋Š ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:17
Zoom out.
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์คŒ ์•„์›ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
It's not just zooming in.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์คŒ์ธ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
์ด๊ฑด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ง€๋„ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
This is one of the coolest maps ever done by human beings.
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07:24
What they've done is taken all the genetic information they have
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋ƒ๋ฉด,
๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
07:27
about all the species,
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07:29
and they've put a tree of life on a single page
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ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ•์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ข…์ด ํ•œ์žฅ ์œ„์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:32
that you can zoom in and out of.
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07:34
So this is what came first, how did it diversify, how did it branch,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ๋๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ง€ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ
07:38
how large is that genome,
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07:39
on a single page.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ํ•œ ์žฅ์— ์ข…์ด ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
It's kind of the universe of life on Earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊พธ์ค€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋˜๊ณ  ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
and it's being constantly updated and completed.
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07:46
And so as you're looking at this stuff,
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด,
07:48
the really important change is the old biology used to be reactive.
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์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
You used to have a lot of biologists that had microscopes,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:54
and they had magnifying glasses and they were out observing animals.
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๋‹๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:58
The new biology is proactive.
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์‹ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ด์—์š”.
08:01
You don't just observe stuff, you make stuff.
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ง€์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ˆ์š”.
08:05
And that's a really big change
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08:06
because it allows us to do things like this.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:10
And I know you're really excited by this picture.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:13
(Laughter)
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒจ์šฐ
08:14
It only took us four years and 40 million dollars
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4๋…„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ 4์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
to be able to take this picture.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:18
(Laughter)
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08:19
And what we did
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋ฉด,
08:21
is we took the full gene code out of a cell --
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์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด์„œ
08:24
not a gene, not two genes, the full gene code out of a cell --
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์œ ์ „์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ธํฌ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ์š”.
08:30
built a completely new gene code,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„์—
08:32
inserted it into the cell,
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์„ธํฌ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:34
figured out a way to have the cell execute that code
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ 
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
and built a completely new species.
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08:40
So this is the world's first synthetic life form.
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์ฆ‰, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ธ์กฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:45
And so what do you do with this stuff?
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
08:48
Well, this stuff is going to change the world.
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:51
Let me give you three short-term trends
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด์ง€
08:53
in terms of how it's going to change the world.
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ์ถ”์„ธ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
08:56
The first is we're going to see a new industrial revolution.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
And I actually mean that literally.
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๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ง„์งœ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์„์š”.
09:01
So in the same way as Switzerland and Germany and Britain
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์Šค์œ„์Šค, ๋…์ผ, ์˜๊ตญ์ด
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋น„์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:06
changed the world with machines like the one you see in this lobby,
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09:11
created power --
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์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
09:13
in the same way CERN is changing the world,
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CERN(์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ)์ด ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ
09:15
using new instruments and our concept of the universe --
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋„ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
programmable life forms are also going to change the world
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09:23
because once you can program cells
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
์„ธํฌ๋„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์นฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:25
in the same way as you program your computer chip,
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09:29
then you can make almost anything.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:32
So your computer chip can produce photographs,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์นฉ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:35
can produce music, can produce film,
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์Œ์•…์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
์—ฐ์• ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์จ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์„ ์„ธ์›Œ์ฃผ์ฃ .
09:37
can produce love letters, can produce spreadsheets.
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09:39
It's just ones and zeroes flying through there.
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1๊ณผ 0์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
09:42
If you can flow ATCGs through cells,
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์„ธํฌ์— ATCGs๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด
09:46
then this software makes its own hardware,
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ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
which means it scales very quickly.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:52
No matter what happens,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋„,
ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์˜†์— ๋†“๊ณ ์ž”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
09:54
if you leave your cell phone by your bedside,
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๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
09:56
you will not have a billion cell phones in the morning.
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09:59
But if you do that with living organisms,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
์ด๊ฑธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
10:05
you can make this stuff at a very large scale.
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์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
One of the things you can do is you can start producing
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํƒ„์†Œ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
10:12
close to carbon-neutral fuels
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10:14
on a commercial scale by 2025,
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2025๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—‘์†(Exxon)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
10:18
which we're doing with Exxon.
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10:20
But you can also substitute for agricultural lands.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ 100ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด(๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ)์˜ ๋•… ๋Œ€์‹ 
10:23
Instead of having 100 hectares to make oils or to make proteins,
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10:28
you can make it in these vats
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ํ†ต ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:29
at 10 or 100 times the productivity per hectare.
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3์ฒœํ‰ ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 10๋ฐฐ์—์„œ 100๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
10:33
Or you can store information, or you can make all the world's vaccines
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
in those three vats.
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10:39
Or you can store most of the information that's held at CERN in those three vats.
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CERN(์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ)์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ†ต์•ˆ์— ๋‹ค ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
10:44
DNA is a really powerful information storage device.
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DNA๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ •๋ณด ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
Second turn:
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ,
10:50
you're beginning to see the rise of theoretical biology.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ก  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
So, medical school departments are one of the most conservative places on earth.
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์˜๋Œ€๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์ฃ .
10:58
The way they teach anatomy is similar to the way they taught anatomy
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
100๋…„์ „์— ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
100 years ago.
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"๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ํ•™์ƒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
11:03
"Welcome, student. Here's your cadaver."
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11:06
One of the things medical schools are not good at is creating new departments,
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์˜๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•™๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
which is why this is so unusual.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:12
Isaac Kohane has now created a department based on informatics, data, knowledge
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์•„์ด์ž‘ ์ฝ”ํ—จ์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ณผํ•™, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ•™๊ณผ๋“ค์„
11:18
at Harvard Medical School.
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๊ฐœ์„คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
And in a sense, what's beginning to happen is
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ๋Š”
11:23
biology is beginning to get enough data
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ
11:26
that it can begin to follow the steps of physics,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
which used to be observational physics
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๊ด€์ฐฐ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ
11:32
and experimental physicists,
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์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์—์„œ
11:34
and then started creating theoretical biology.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ์ด๋ก  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜จ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Well, that's what you're beginning to see
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
11:38
because you have so many medical records,
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์˜ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์Œ“์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:40
because you have so much data about people:
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์œ ์ „์ž๋„ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ฒด๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:42
you've got their genomes, you've got their viromes,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
11:45
you've got their microbiomes.
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11:46
And as this information stacks,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ์Œ“์ด๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:48
you can begin to make predictions.
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์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
The third thing that's happening is this is coming to the consumer.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์€, ์†Œ๋น„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
So you, too, can get your genes sequenced.
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์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:01
And this is beginning to create companies like 23andMe,
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์ด๊ฒŒ, 23andMe๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ณ ์š”.
12:04
and companies like 23andMe are going to be giving you
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23andMe์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
12:06
more and more and more data,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
12:08
not just about your relatives,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์นœ์ธ์ฒ™ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:10
but about you and your body,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ, ๋ชธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
12:11
and it's going to compare stuff,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:13
and it's going to compare stuff across time,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
and these are going to become very large databases.
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12:18
But it's also beginning to affect a series of other businesses
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ตฐ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์š”
12:21
in unexpected ways.
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12:23
Normally, when you advertise something, you really don't want the consumer
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ œํ””์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•  ๋•Œ
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ซ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™๋ณด๋ฌผ์„
12:27
to take your advertisement into the bathroom to pee on.
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ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„œ
์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:33
Unless, of course, if you're IKEA.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด์ผ€์•„(IKEA)๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์žก์ง€์—์„œ ์ด์ผ€์•„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐข์–ด ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
12:37
Because when you rip this out of a magazine and you pee on it,
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12:40
it'll turn blue if you're pregnant.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ,
12:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:44
And they'll give you a discount on your crib.
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์•„๊ธฐ ์š”๋žŒ์„ ํ• ์ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:49
Right? So when I say consumer empowerment,
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๋งž์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํŒŒ์›Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฉด,
12:51
and this is spreading beyond biotech,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋ ฅ์ด ์„ผ๋ฐ์š”.
12:54
I actually really mean that.
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์ •๋ง, ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ํž˜, ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
We're now beginning to produce, at Synthetic Genomics,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ํ…Œํ‹ฑ ์ง€๋…ธ๋ฏน์Šค์‚ฌ(Synthetic Genomics)์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
13:02
desktop printers
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ
ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:05
that allow you to design a cell,
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:08
print a cell,
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ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•˜๊ณ 
13:09
execute the program on the cell.
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์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹คํ–‰๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
We can now print vaccines
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์ด์ œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
real time as an airplane takes off
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅ™ํ•ด์„œ
์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
13:17
before it lands.
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13:19
We're shipping 78 of these machines this year.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์˜ฌํ•ด์—๋งŒ 78๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฑด ์ด๋ก  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
This is not theoretical biology. This is printing biology.
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13:30
Let me talk about two long-term trends
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์ด์ œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
that are coming at you over a longer time period.
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๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์„ ์ผ๋“ค์„์š”.
13:37
The first one is, we're starting to redesign species.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
And you've heard about that, right?
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์ด๊ฑด ๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
13:42
We're redesigning trees. We're redesigning flowers.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฝƒ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์™”์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:45
We're redesigning yogurt,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด
์š”๊ฑฐํŠธ๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ ์š”.
13:48
cheese, whatever else you want.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์น˜์ฆˆ๊ฐ™์ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„์š”.
13:51
And that, of course, brings up the interesting question:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
How and when should we redesign humans?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์ œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
13:59
And a lot of us think, "Oh no, we never want to redesign humans."
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ  '์•„๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•„'
14:04
Unless, of course, if your child has a Huntington's gene
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:06
and is condemned to death.
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์ฃฝ์„ ์šด๋ช…์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
14:09
Or, unless if you're passing on a cystic fibrosis gene,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ญ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ์„ ์œ ์ „ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜์š”.
14:12
in which case, you don't just want to redesign yourself,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:15
you want to redesign your children and their children.
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์ž๋…€์™€ ์†์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:18
And these are complicated debates and they're going to happen in real time.
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
I'll give you one current example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
14:25
One of the debates going on at the National Academies today
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๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
14:29
is you have the power to put a gene drive into mosquitoes
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ท ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ถ€ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
so that you will kill all the malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
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14:39
Now, some people say,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
"That's going to affect the environment in an extreme way, don't do it."
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"๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
14:47
Other people say,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
14:48
"This is one of the things that's killing millions of people yearly.
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"๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
Who are you to tell me that I can't save the kids in my country?"
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?"
14:57
And why is this debate so complicated?
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์™œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„
14:59
Because as soon as you let this loose in Brazil
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15:01
or in Southern Florida --
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ
15:03
mosquitoes don't respect walls.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:04
You're making a decision for the world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€, ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:07
when you put a gene drive into the air.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ์ค‘์— ์œ ์ „์ž ์ด‰์ง„์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์ด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
15:14
This wonderful man won a Nobel Prize,
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์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
and after winning the Nobel Prize
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15:18
he's been worrying about
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15:21
how did life get started on this planet
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
15:23
and how likely is it that it's in other places?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋–จ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
15:27
So what he's been doing is going around to this graduate students
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
15:30
and saying to his graduate students,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
"Build me life but don't use any modern chemicals or instruments.
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"ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๊ฒŒ.
15:36
Build me stuff that was here three billion years ago.
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3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ด ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค˜."
15:38
You can't use lasers. You can't use this. You can't use that."
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"๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ , ์ €๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„  ์•ˆ๋ผ."
15:44
He gave me a vial of what he's built about three weeks ago.
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๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ 3์ฃผ ์ „์— ๋ณ‘์— ๋‹ด์•„์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
What has he built?
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๋ญ˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
15:49
He's built basically what looked like soap bubbles that are made out of lipids.
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์•ก์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋น„๋ˆ—๋ฐฉ์šธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋Š”๋ฐ
15:53
He's built a precursor of RNA.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ RNA์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ธํฌ์— ํก์ˆ˜ ๋œ RNA์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
15:57
He's had the precursor of the RNA be absorbed by the cell
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์—ด์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
and then he's had the cells divide.
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16:06
We may not be that far --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ผ ๋‚ด์—
16:09
call it a decade, maybe two decades --
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10๋…„, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 20๋…„ ์ •๋„
16:12
from generating life from scratch
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๋ฌด(็„ก)์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
16:16
out of proto-communities.
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์›์ƒ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
Second long-term trend:
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š”
16:22
we've been living and are living through the digital age --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
we're starting to live through the age of the genome
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์œ ์ „์ฒด์™€, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™
16:28
and biology and CRISPR and synthetic biology --
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CRISPR๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:32
and all of that is going to merge into the age of the brain.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
So we're getting to the point where we can rebuild most of our body parts,
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์ด์ œ ์ธ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
in the same way as if you break a bone or burn your skin, it regrows.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚ซ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
16:44
We're beginning to learn how to regrow our tracheas
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„์š”.
16:47
or how to regrow our bladders.
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16:49
Both of those have been implanted in humans.
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์ด ๋‘ ์ธ์ฒด๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชธ์— ์ด์‹๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
Tony Atala is working on 32 different organs.
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ํ† ๋‹ˆ ์•„ํƒˆ๋ผ(Tony Atala)๋Š” 32๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
16:55
But the core is going to be this,
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
because this is you and the rest is just packaging.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์žฅ์ง€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
17:02
Nobody's going to live beyond 120, 130, 140 years
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ 120, 130, 140์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
unless if we fix this.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:08
And that's the most interesting challenge.
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์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋„์ „์ด์ฃ .
17:10
That's the next frontier, along with:
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17:12
"How common is life in the universe?"
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"์šฐ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?" ์™€
17:14
"Where did we come from?"
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"์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์™”๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜์š”.
17:16
and questions like that.
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17:20
Let me end this with an apocryphal quote from Einstein.
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ช…์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๊ณ˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
[You can live as if everything is a miracle,
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[๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
17:25
or you can live as if nothing is a miracle.]
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜]
17:28
It's your choice.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•ด์•…์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ค์›€์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
You can focus on the bad, you can focus on the scary,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์šด ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
17:33
and certainly there's a lot of scary out there.
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17:36
But use 10 percent of your brain to focus on that, or maybe 20 percent,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋‡Œ์˜ 10%๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
๋˜๋Š” 20%๋งŒ์š”.
17:40
or maybe 30 percent.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 30%๋งŒ์š”.
17:43
But just remember,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์…”์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฑด
17:45
we really are living in an age of miracle and wonder.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›€์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
17:48
We're lucky to be alive today. We're lucky to see this stuff.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ–‰์šด์ด๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ–‰์šด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
We're lucky to be able to interact with folks like the folks
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ–‰์šด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
17:54
who are building all the stuff in this room.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
So thank you to all of you, for all you do.
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:01
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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