Garik Israelian: What's inside a star?

47,537 views ใƒป 2009-10-01

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Junhan Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seungyeon Yoo
00:18
I have a very difficult task.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฝค ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
I'm a spectroscopist.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์ž(spectroscopist)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
I have to talk about astronomy without showing you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
00:26
any single image of nebulae or galaxies, etc.
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์„ฑ์šด์ด๋‚˜ ์€ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
because my job is spectroscopy.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์ž์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:32
I never deal with images.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
But I'll try to convince you
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์ด
00:37
that spectroscopy is actually something which can
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฑธ
00:39
change this world.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
Spectroscopy can probably answer the question,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
"Is there anybody out there?"
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"์ € ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
00:47
Are we alone? SETI.
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์—ฐ ํ˜ผ์ž์ธ๊ฐ€?", ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” SETI ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:49
It's not very fun to do spectroscopy.
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๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์ด๋ž€๊ฑด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
One of my colleagues in Bulgaria,
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ
00:54
Nevena Markova, spent about 20 years
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๋„ค๋น„์•„๋‚˜ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ”๋ฐ”๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 20์—ฌ ๋…„์„
00:56
studying these profiles.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
And she published 42 articles
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋งŒ
01:01
just dedicated to the subject.
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42๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€์ฃ .
01:03
Can you imagine? Day and night, thinking,
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜
01:05
observing, the same star for 20 years
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐค๋‚ฎ์—†์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
01:08
is incredible.
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
But we are crazy. We do these things.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏธ์นœ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:14
And I'm not that far.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
01:16
I spent about eight months working on these profiles.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์— 8๊ฐœ์›”์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
Because I've noticed
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฐ
01:21
a very small symmetry
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€
01:23
in the profile of one of the planet host stars.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ด๋ž€๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:25
And I thought, well maybe there is Lithium-6 in this star,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๋ณ„์— ๋ฆฌํŠฌ-6์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:29
which is an indication that this star
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด ๋ณ„์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์‚ผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ
01:31
has swallowed a planet.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:33
Because apparently you can't have this fragile isotope
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ6 ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊นจ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋Š”
01:36
of Lithium-6 in the atmospheres of sun-like stars.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
But you have it in planets and asteroids.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ฃ .
01:43
So if you engulf planet or large number of asteroids,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ง‘์–ด์‚ผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:49
you will have this Lithium-6 isotope
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ-6 ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๊ฐ€
01:52
in the spectrum of the star.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
So I invested more than eight months
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” 8๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์ƒ ์ด ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:58
just studying the profile of this star.
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ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋งŒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
And actually it's amazing,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
because I got phone calls from many reporters asking,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ™”๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:04
"Have you actually seen the planet going into a star?"
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"ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ง‘์–ด์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?"
02:07
Because they thought that if you are having a telescope,
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์™œ๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
02:11
you are an astronomer so what you are doing
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž์ผํ…Œ๊ณ , ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
02:13
is actually looking in a telescope.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:15
And you might have seen the planet going into a star.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ง‘์–ด์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ดค์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
02:19
And I was saying, "No, excuse me.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
What I see is this one."
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"์•„๋‡จ. ์‹ค๋ก€์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฑด ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ์š”."
02:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:24
It's just incredible. Because nobody understood really.
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:27
I bet that there were very few people
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ํ•„์‹œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ” ์†Œ๋ฆด ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
02:29
who really understood what I'm talking about.
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๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Because this is the indication that the planet went into the star.
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์™œ๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ง‘์–ด์‚ผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
It's amazing.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
02:39
The power of spectroscopy
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์˜ ํž˜์€
02:41
was actually realized
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1973๋…„์— ํ•‘ํฌ ํ”Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€
02:43
by Pink Floyd already in 1973.
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์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:48
Because they actually said that
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์™œ๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ
02:51
you can get any color you like
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ‰์ด๋“ ์ง€
02:53
in a spectrum.
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:55
And all you need is time and money
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค
02:57
to make your spectrograph.
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๋ˆ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
02:59
This is the number one high resolution,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:02
most precise spectrograph on this planet, called HARPS,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ HARPS๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
which is actually used to detect
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์™ธํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณ„์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ
03:07
extrasolar planets and sound waves
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:09
in the atmospheres of stars.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
How we get spectra?
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์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ?
03:14
I'm sure most of you know from school physics
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:17
that it's basically splitting a white light
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๋ฐฑ์—ด๊ด‘์„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๋น›๊น”๋กœ
03:21
into colors.
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์ชผ๊ฐœ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด์ฃ .
03:23
And if you have a liquid hot mass,
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๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ์•ก์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋น›์€
03:26
it will produce something which we call a continuous spectrum.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ„ ์—ฐ์† ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
A hot gas is producing emission lines only,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ (emission lines) ๋งŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
no continuum.
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์—ฐ์†๋œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
03:35
And if you place a cool gas in front of a
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์•ž์— ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ 
03:39
hot source,
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:41
you will see certain patterns
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ํก์ˆ˜์„  (absorption lines) ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:43
which we call absorption lines.
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€
03:45
Which is used actually to identify chemical elements
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์„ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น›์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
03:48
in a cool matter,
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์›์†Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํก์ˆ˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:50
which is absorbing exactly at those frequencies.
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์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์•ˆ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Now, what we can do with the spectra?
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
03:56
We can actually study line-of-sight velocities
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์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์†๋„*๋ฅผ (* ์ฒœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์†๋„)
03:59
of cosmic objects.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
And we can also study chemical composition
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜์™€ ์„ฑ์šด์˜
04:04
and physical parameters of stars,
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ํ™”ํ•™๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋„
04:06
galaxies, nebulae.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
A star is the most simple object.
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
In the core, we have thermonuclear reactions going on,
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์ค‘์‹ฌํ•ต์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ดํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:14
creating chemical elements.
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์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™”ํ•™ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And we have a cool atmosphere.
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์€ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
It's cool for me.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์˜จ๋„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Cool in my terms is three or four or five thousand degrees.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ 3์ฒœ, 4์ฒœ, 5์ฒœ๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์˜จ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
My colleagues in infra-red astronomy
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์ ์™ธ์„  ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š”
04:26
call minus 200 Kelvin is cool for them.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€์˜จ๋„ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์Šค 200 ๋„ ์ •๋„ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ '์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ตฌ๋‚˜' ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
But you know, everything is relative.
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์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
So for me 5,000 degrees is pretty cool.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฒŒ 5000๋„๋Š” ์ œ๋ฒ• ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:37
This is the spectrum of the Sun --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
24,000 spectral lines,
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2๋งŒ 4์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:43
and about 15 percent of these lines is not yet identified.
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15ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
It is amazing. So we are in the 21st century,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์—
04:50
and we still cannot properly understand
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์•„์ง๋„ ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์Šค๋ ‰ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์กฐ์ฐจ
04:52
the spectrum of the sun.
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์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
Sometimes we have to deal with
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์•ฝํ•œ
04:56
just one tiny, weak spectral line
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์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:59
to measure the composition of that chemical element in the atmosphere.
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
For instance, you see the spectral line of the gold
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ธˆ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜์„ ์€
05:06
is the only spectral line in the spectrum of the Sun.
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ํก์ˆ˜์„  ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํก์ˆ˜์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
And we use this weak feature
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
05:11
to measure the composition
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์—์„œ
05:13
of gold in the atmosphere of the Sun.
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๊ธˆ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
And now this is a work in progress.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
We have been dealing with a similarly very weak feature,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์Šค๋ฎด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”
05:23
which belongs to osmium.
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๋งค์šฐ ์•ฝํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
It's a heavy element produced in thermonuclear
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์˜ค์Šค๋ฎด์€ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
05:29
explosions of supernovae.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์›์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
It's the only place where you can produce, actually, osmium.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์˜ค์Šค๋ฎด์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
05:34
Just comparing the composition of osmium
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฐ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜
05:38
in one of the planet host stars,
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์˜ค์Šค๋ฎด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
05:40
we want to understand why there is so much
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์–ด์งธ์„œ ์ด ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋งŽ์€์ง€
05:42
of this element.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
Perhaps we even think that maybe
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
05:47
supernova explosions trigger formations of planets and stars.
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
It can be an indication.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:54
The other day, my colleague from Berkeley,
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์–ด๋Š๋‚  ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ
05:56
Gibor Basri, emailed me
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๊ธฐ๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ”์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„
05:58
a very interesting spectrum,
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๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
asking me, "Can you have a look at this?"
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"์ด๊ฑฐ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด?"
06:02
And I couldn't sleep, next two weeks,
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๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ €๋Š” ์ž ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
when I saw the huge amount of oxygen
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๊ทธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜
06:09
and other elements in the spectrum of the stars.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:11
I knew that there is nothing like that observed in the galaxy.
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์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
It was incredible. The only conclusion we could make from this
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๋ฏฟ์„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ธ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€
06:19
is clear evidence that there was a supernova explosion
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚จ
06:22
in this system, which polluted the atmosphere
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์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ ํญ๋ฐœ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋ผ๋Š”
06:25
of this star.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
And later a black hole was formed
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ํญ๋ฐœ์ด ์žˆ์€ ํ›„์—
06:29
in a binary system,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์— ํƒœ์–‘ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜
06:31
which is still there with a mass of about
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๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€์ด
06:33
five solar masses.
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์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
This was considered as first evidence that actually black holes
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€์ด ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š”
06:38
come from supernovae explosions.
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
My colleagues, comparing composition of chemical elements
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์€ํ•˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ
06:44
in different galactic stars,
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
06:46
actually discovered alien stars in our galaxy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์€ํ•˜์—์„œ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
It's amazing that you can go so far
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
06:53
simply studying the chemical composition of stars.
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์ด์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:57
They actually said that one of the stars you see in the spectra
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
07:00
is an alien. It comes from a different galaxy.
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์™ธ๋ถ€์€ํ•˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™”๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
There is interaction of galaxies. We know this.
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์€ํ•˜๋“ค ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:06
And sometimes they just capture stars.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ณ„์„ ์žก์•„์ฑ„๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
You've heard about solar flares.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ํƒœ์–‘ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด* ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (* ํƒœ์–‘ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํญ๋ฐœ)
07:14
We were very surprised to discover
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
07:16
a super flare,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
a flare which is thousands of millions of times
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
07:22
more powerful than those we see in the Sun.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์–ต๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
In one of the binary stars in our galaxy
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” FH Leo ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š”
07:27
called FH Leo,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณ„์—์„œ
07:29
we discovered the super flare.
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์ˆ˜ํผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
And later we went to study the spectral stars
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€
07:35
to see is there anything strange with these objects.
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์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
And we found that everything is normal.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์ •์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:40
These stars are normal like the Sun. Age, everything was normal.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€
07:43
So this is a mystery.
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๊ทธ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์ •์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์ด์ฃ .
07:45
It's one of the mysteries we still have, super flares.
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์ˆ˜ํผํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ
07:48
And there are six or seven similar cases
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๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
reported in the literature.
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6, 7๊ฑด ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
Now to go ahead with this,
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์ด์ œ ์ด์ชฝ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:55
we really need to understand chemical evolution of the universe.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
It's very complicated. I don't really want you to
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๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜น์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๊ฐ„
08:01
try to understand what is here.
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๊ณจ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์•„ํ”„์‹คํ…Œ๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹œ๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:06
But it's to show you how complicated is the whole story
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”ํ•™์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€
08:09
of the production of chemical elements.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ๊ฑด์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
You have two channels --
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
the massive stars and low-mass stars --
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์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ,
08:15
producing and recycling matter and chemical elements in the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋˜ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And doing this for 14 billion years,
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์ด ์ง“์„ 140์–ต ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:21
we end up with this picture,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
which is a very important graph,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœ์–‘ํ˜• ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ
08:25
showing relative abundances of chemical elements
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์„ฑ๊ฐ„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™”ํ•™ ์›์†Œ์˜
08:28
in sun-like stars
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์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”
08:30
and in the interstellar medium.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
So which means that it's really impossible
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์œ ํ™ฉ์„ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ–‰์„ฑ,
08:35
to find an object where you find about 10 times more sulfur than silicon,
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๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ 5๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:40
five times more calcium than oxygen. It's just impossible.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ .
08:44
And if you find one, I will say that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:46
this is something related to SETI,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด SETI ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
because naturally you can't do it.
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Doppler Effect is something very important
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๋„ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ
08:55
from fundamental physics.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And this is related to the change of the frequency
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜
08:59
of a moving source.
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์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:01
The Doppler Effect is used to discover extrasolar planets.
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๋„ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
The precision which we need
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ํƒœ์–‘ํ˜• ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ
09:08
to discover a Jupiter-like planet
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๋ชฉ์„ฑํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
09:10
around a sun-like star
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๋งค์ดˆ 28.4๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„์˜
09:12
is something like 28.4 meters per second.
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์ •๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
And we need nine centimeters per second
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์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
09:18
to detect an Earth-like planet.
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๋งค์ดˆ 9์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:21
This can be done with the future spectrographs.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
I, myself, I'm actually involved in the team
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์ € ์ž์‹  ๋˜ํ•œ 42๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜
09:28
which is developing a CODEX,
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E-ELT(European Extremely Large Telescope)๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ, CODEX๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
09:30
high resolution, future generation spectrograph
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๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—
09:32
for the 42 meter E-ELT telescope.
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์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
And this is going to be an instrument
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœ์–‘ํ˜• ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š”
09:39
to detect Earth-like planets
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์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”
09:41
around sun-like stars.
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๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
It is an amazing tool called astroseismology
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ์ง€์ง„ํ•™ (Astroseismology) ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ
09:46
where we can detect sound waves
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
09:49
in the atmospheres of stars.
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์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
This is the sound of an Alpha Cen.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ„ํƒ€์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ณ„์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
We can detect sound waves
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ํƒœ์–‘ํ˜• ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
09:56
in the atmospheres of sun-like stars.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Those waves have frequencies
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ฒญ์Œ๋Œ€์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:01
in infrasound domain, the sound actually nobody knows, domain.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
Coming back to the most important question,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
"Is there anybody out there?"
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"๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
10:09
This is closely related
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ
10:11
to tectonic and volcanic activity of planets.
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ํ™”์‚ฐํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ •๋„์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
Connection between life
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์ƒ๋ช…์€
10:17
and radioactive nuclei
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ•ต๊ณผ
10:19
is straightforward.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
No life without tectonic activity,
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ™”์‚ฐํ•™์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ๋Š”
10:24
without volcanic activity.
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์ƒ๋ช…์€ ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
And we know very well that geothermal energy
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์ง€์—ด์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
10:28
is mostly produced by decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium.
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์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„, ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋Š„, ์นผ๋ฅจ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
How to measure, if we have planets
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ด๋Š ํ–‰์„ฑ์—
10:37
where the amount of those elements is small,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:41
so those planets are tectonically dead,
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๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์„œ
10:44
there cannot be life.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์—†์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
If there is too much uranium or potassium or thorium,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„, ์นผ๋ฅจ, ํ† ๋ฅจ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„
10:49
probably, again, there would be no life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
Because can you imagine everything boiling?
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ณณ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:54
It's too much energy on a planet.
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๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
Now, we have been measuring abundance
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์˜
10:58
of thorium in one of the stars with extrasolar planets.
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์–ด๋Š ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์—์„œ ํ† ๋ฅจ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
It's exactly the same game. A very tiny feature.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
11:06
We are actually trying to measure this profile
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ
11:08
and to detect thorium.
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ํ† ๋ฅจ์„ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
It's very tough. It's very tough.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์š”.
11:12
And you have to, first you have to convince yourself.
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๋จผ์ € ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
Then you have to convince your colleagues.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:16
And then you have to convince the whole world
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— 100ํŒŒ์„น* ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” (* 1ํŒŒ์„น = 3.26 ๊ด‘๋…„)
11:19
that you have actually detected something like this
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์–ด๋Š ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜
11:22
in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ 
11:24
host star somewhere in 100 parsec away from here.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
It's really difficult.
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๋ฌด์ง„์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
11:29
But if you want to know about a life on extrasolar planets,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋ฐ–์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:34
you have to do this job.
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์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Because you have to know how much of radioactive element you have
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณ„์—
11:39
in those systems.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
11:41
The one way to discover about aliens
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์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
11:44
is to tune your radio telescope and listen to the signals.
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์ „ํŒŒ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์ผœ๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๊ท€๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
If you receive something interesting,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:51
well that's what SETI does actually,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด SETI ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
11:53
what SETI has been doing for many years.
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์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํ•ด ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
I think the most promising way
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์žฅ๋ž˜์„ฑ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ผ์€
11:58
is to go for biomarkers.
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งˆ์ปค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
You can see the spectrum of the Earth, this Earthshine spectrum,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ด‘์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์€
12:04
and that is a very clear signal.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:07
The slope which is coming, which we call a Red Edge,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ '๋ ˆ๋“œ ์—ฃ์ง€' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:10
is a detection of vegetated area.
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์ดˆ๋ชฉ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
It's amazing that we can detect vegetation
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์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด
12:18
from a spectrum.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:20
Now imagine doing this test
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:22
for other planets.
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ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์š”.
12:25
Now very recently, very recently,
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ทผ 6, 7, 8๊ฐœ์›” ์‚ฌ์ด์—
12:28
I'm talking about last six, seven, eight months,
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๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
12:31
water, methane, carbon dioxide
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ
12:35
have been detected in the spectrum
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
of a planet outside the solar system.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
12:40
It's amazing. So this is the power of spectroscopy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์˜ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
You can actually go and detect
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„๋“ํžˆ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„
12:47
and study a chemical composition of planets
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด
12:50
far, far, far from solar system.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
We have to detect oxygen or ozone
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ
12:56
to make sure that we have all necessary conditions
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์˜ค์กด์„
12:59
to have life.
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
Cosmic miracles are something
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ ์€
13:05
which can be related to SETI.
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SETI์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
Now imagine an object, amazing object,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ฒœ์ฒด์™€
13:09
or something which we cannot explain
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
13:11
when we just stand up and say,
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'์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์•ˆ๋ผ'
13:13
"Look, we give up. Physics doesn't work."
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๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:15
So it's something which you can always refer to SETI and say,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ SETI๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ '์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•„์‹œ ์ด๊ฑธ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ'
13:18
"Well, somebody must be doing this, somehow."
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
And with the known physics etc,
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๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
it's something actually which has been pointed out
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ํ”„๋žญํฌ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
13:27
by Frank Drake,
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์ˆ˜๋…„์ „์— ์Šˆํฌ๋กœํ”„์Šคํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
13:29
many years ago, and Shklovsky.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
If you see, in the spectrum of a planet host star,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฐ ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ
13:34
if you see strange chemical elements,
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๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:38
it can be a signal from a civilization
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ํ”์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:41
which is there and they want to signal about it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
They want to actually signal their presence
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์•ˆ์˜
13:48
through these spectral lines,
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์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:50
in the spectrum of a star, in different ways.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
There can be different ways doing this.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
One is, for instance, technetium
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ํ…Œํฌ๋„ค์Š˜์€
13:57
is a radioactive element
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4์ฒœ2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”
13:59
with a decay time of 4.2 million years.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
If you suddenly observe technetium
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํƒœ์–‘ํ˜• ํ•ญ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ
14:05
in a sun-like star,
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ํ…Œํฌ๋„ค์Š˜์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:07
you can be sure that somebody has put this
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ํ•„์‹œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ
14:09
element in the atmosphere,
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๊ทธ ๋ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—๋‹ค ๋ฟŒ๋ ค ๋†จ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
because in a natural way it is impossible to do this.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ…Œํฌ๋„ค์Š˜์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋ก  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
14:15
Now we are reviewing the spectra of about
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„, ์•ฝ 300๊ฐœ์˜
14:18
300 stars with extrasolar planets.
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ํ•ญ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
And we are doing this job since 2000
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2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด ์˜จ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ด๊ณ 
14:25
and it's a very heavy project.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํž˜๋“  ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
We have been working very hard.
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์•„์ฃผ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
And we have some interesting cases,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ง ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
14:34
candidates, so on, things which we can't really explain.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€์ด์Šค์™€ ํ›„๋ณด๋“ค์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
14:38
And I hope in the near future
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‹œ์ผ๋‚ด์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
14:41
we can confirm this.
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ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
So the main question: "Are we alone?"
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์›๋ž˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ . '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?'
14:45
I think it will not come from UFOs.
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UFO๋Š” ๋‹ต์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
It will not come from radio signals.
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์ „ํŒŒ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋‹ต์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
I think it will come from a spectrum like this.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด ๋‹ต์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
It is the spectrum of a planet like Earth,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ
15:01
showing a presence of nitrogen dioxide,
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ธ
15:04
as a clear signal of life,
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์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ์˜ค์กด์˜
15:07
and oxygen and ozone.
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์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
If, one day, and I think it will be
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋ก 
15:11
within 15 years from now, or 20 years.
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15๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 20๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์ด๋ค„์งˆ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
15:14
If we discover a spectrum like this
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:17
we can be sure that there is life on that planet.
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๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
In about five years we will discover
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์•ฝ 5๋…„๋‚ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
15:22
planets like Earth, around sun-like stars,
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ํƒœ์–‘ํ˜• ํ•ญ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ-ํƒœ์–‘๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„์ฑ„
15:25
the same distance as the Earth from the Sun.
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๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
It will take about five years.
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๋Œ€๋žต 5๋…„ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
And then we will need another 10, 15 years
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— 10๋…„์—์„œ 15๋…„ ์ •๋„์— ๋” ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ
15:32
with space projects
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜
15:34
to get the spectra of Earth-like planets like the one I showed you.
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์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
And if we see the nitrogen dioxide
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์™€
15:39
and oxygen,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:41
I think we have the perfect E.T.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ E.T๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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