Sendhil Mullainathan: Solving social problems with a nudge

70,174 views ใƒป 2010-02-02

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: kim yongho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sunphil Ga
00:15
As a researcher, every once in a while
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ์จ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ
00:18
you encounter something
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์—
00:20
a little disconcerting.
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์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
And this is something that changes your understanding of the world around you,
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์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์†ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
00:25
and teaches you that you're very wrong
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด
00:27
about something that you really believed firmly in.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
And these are unfortunate moments,
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
because you go to sleep that night
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž ์—์„œ ๊นผ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค
00:36
dumber than when you woke up.
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์ž ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋” ๋ฉ์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
So, that's really the goal of my talk,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
is to A, communicate that moment to you
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A๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์ด๊ณ 
00:43
and B, have you leave this session
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B๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์„ธ์…˜์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‹ค ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค
00:45
a little dumber than when you entered.
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๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์…จ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
So, I hope I can really accomplish that.
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์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
So, this incident that I'm going to describe
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์€
00:53
really began with some diarrhea.
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์„ค์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Now, we've known for a long time the cause of diarrhea.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ค์‚ฌ์˜ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
That's why there's a glass of water up there.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ ํ•œ ์ปต์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:02
For us, it's a problem, the people in this room.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:04
For babies, it's deadly.
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
They lack nutrients, and diarrhea dehydrates them.
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์˜์–‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ๋ฐ ์„ค์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
And so, as a result, there is a lot of death,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
a lot of death.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด์š”.
01:16
In India in 1960,
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1960๋…„ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ๋Š”
01:18
there was a 24 percent child mortality rate,
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์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์ด 24%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
lots of people didn't make it. This is incredibly unfortunate.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
One of the big reasons this happened was
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์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ํฐ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
01:26
because of diarrhea.
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์„ค์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Now, there was a big effort to solve this problem,
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
and there was actually a big solution.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํฐ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
This solution has been called, by some,
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์ด ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
"potentially the most important medical
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"์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
01:39
advance this century."
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์˜ํ•™์  ๋ฐœ์ „"์ด๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”.
01:42
Now, the solution turned out to be simple.
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๋‹ต์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
And what it was was oral rehydration salts.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋ณด์ถฉ์—ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
Many of you have probably used this.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์จ ๋ดค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
It's brilliant. It's a way to get sodium
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๋งค์šฐ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
and glucose together so that when you add it to water
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์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์˜ค์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌผ์— ์„ž์–ด์„œ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€์š”.
01:56
the child is able to absorb it even during situations of diarrhea.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์„ค์‚ฌ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์—ผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
Remarkable impact on mortality.
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์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
02:03
Massive solution to the problem.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Flash forward: 1960, 24 percent child mortality
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๋‹ค์‹œ 1960๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ, 24%์˜ ์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€
02:08
has dropped to 6.5 percent today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  6.5%๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Still a big number, but a big drop.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํฐ ํ•˜๋ฝ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
It looks like the technological problem is solved.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
But if you look, even today
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„
02:18
there are about 400,000 diarrhea-related deaths
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ๋งŒ 40๋งŒ๋ช…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด
02:20
in India alone.
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์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
What's going on here?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:24
Well the easy answer is, we just haven't gotten those salts
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜
02:27
to those people.
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์—ผ์„ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
That's actually not true.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
If you look in areas where these salts are completely available,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ผ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ์ธ
02:34
the price is low or zero, these deaths still continue abated.
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์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์„ค์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Maybe there's a biological answer.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Maybe these are the deaths that simple rehydration
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
02:41
alone doesn't solve. That's not true either.
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์‚ฌ๋ง์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
02:44
Many of these deaths were completely preventable,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
and this what I want to think of as the disconcerting thing,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ €๋Š”
02:52
what I want to call "the last mile" problem.
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"๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ" ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
See, we spent a lot of energy, in many domains --
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
technological, scientific, hard work,
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๊ณผํ•™์ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ 
03:00
creativity, human ingenuity --
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์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
03:02
to crack important social problems with technology solutions.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
That's been the discoveries of the last 2,000 years,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 2000๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
that's mankind moving forward.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ณดํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
But in this case we cracked it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜
03:13
but a big part of the problem still remains.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Nine hundred and ninety-nine miles went well,
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999 ๋งˆ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ
03:17
the last mile's proving incredibly stubborn.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์™„๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Now, that's for oral rehydration therapy.
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์ด์ œ, ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์š”๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
Maybe this is something unique about diarrhea.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ค์‚ฌ์—๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Well, it turns out -- and this is where things get really disconcerting --
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์Œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
03:28
it's not unique to diarrhea.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์„ค์‚ฌ์—๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
It's not even unique to poor people in India.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ•œ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Here's an example from a variety of contexts.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
I've put a bunch of examples up here.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋†จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
I'll start with insulin, diabetes
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๋จผ์ € ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
03:40
medication in the U.S.
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
03:42
OK, the American population.
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์ž, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
03:44
On Medicaid -- if you're fairly poor you get Medicaid,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ œ๋„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:46
or if you have health insurance -- insulin is pretty straightforward.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
You get it, either in pill form or you get it as an injection;
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•ฝ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์ž… ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
you have to take it every day to maintain your blood sugar levels.
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋งค์ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Massive technological advance:
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€
03:56
took an incredibly deadly disease, made it solvable.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Adherence rates. How many people are taking their insulin every day?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์•ฝ์œจ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งค์ผ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:01
About on average, a typical person is taking it 75 percent of the time.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋‹น๋‡จ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 75%์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
As a result, 25,000 people a year go blind,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•œ ํ•ด 25000๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:10
hundreds of thousands lose limbs, every year,
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๋งค ๋…„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ, ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ„์„ ์žƒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
for something that's solvable.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Here I have a bunch of other examples,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
all suffer from the last mile problem.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
It's not just medicine.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜์•ฝ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋งŒ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Here's another example from technology:
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
agriculture. We think
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๋†์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:24
there's a food problem, so we create new seeds.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
We think there's an income problem, so we create
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ
04:28
new ways of farming that increase income.
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์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
Well, look at some old ways, some ways that we'd already cracked.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜›๋‚  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:34
Intercropping. Intercropping really increases income.
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๊ฐ„์ž‘(้–“ไฝœ)์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ž‘์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Sometimes in rice we found incredible increases in yield
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒผ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…์˜ ์Œ€์„ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋•Œ
04:39
when you mix different varieties of rice side by side.
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์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Some people are doing that,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:43
many are not. What's going on?
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:45
This is the last mile.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
The last mile is, everywhere, problematic.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
Alright, what's the problem?
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์ž ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:51
The problem is this little three-pound machine
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ๊ท€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
04:54
that's behind your eyes and between your ears.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด 3ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
This machine is really strange,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:00
and one of the consequences is that people are weird.
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๊ทธ ์ด์ƒํ•จ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ...์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ƒํ•ด ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
They do lots of inconsistent things.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
(Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:10
They do lots of inconsistent things.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
And the inconsistencies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•จ์€
05:15
create, fundamentally, this last mile problem.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
See, when we were dealing with our biology, bacteria,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๋Œ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜
05:21
the genes, the things inside here, the blood?
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ํ”ผ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋“ฑ
05:24
That's complex, but it's manageable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
When we're dealing with people like this?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”,
05:30
The mind is more complex.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด๋ž€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์—ฌ
05:32
That's not as manageable, and that's what we're struggling with.
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๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
Let me go back to diarrhea for a second.
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์ž ์‹œ ์„ค์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:37
Here's a question that was asked in the National Sample Survey,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณธ
05:40
which is a survey asked of many Indian women:
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๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
"Your child has diarrhea.
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"๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ค์‚ฌ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
Should you increase, maintain or decrease the number of fluids?"
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ํ˜น์€ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
05:47
Just so you don't embarrass yourselves, I'll give you the right answer:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹นํ™ฉ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
It's increase.
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๋Š˜๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
Now, diarrhea's interesting
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์„ค์‚ฌ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
because it's been around for thousands of years,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
05:57
ever since humankind really
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์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜
06:00
lived side by side enough to have really polluted water.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กด์žฌํ•ด ์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
One Roman strategy that was very interesting
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๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ „๋žต ์ค‘ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
06:05
was that -- and it really gave them a comparative advantage --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„๊ต ์šฐ์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€,
06:07
they made sure their soldiers didn't drink
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๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ ์˜จ ํ™ํƒ•๋ฌผ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„
06:10
even remotely muddied waters.
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๋งˆ์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
Because if some of your troops get diarrhea they're not that effective
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๋„ ์„ค์‚ฌ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
06:15
on the battlefield.
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์ „์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
So, if you think of Roman comparative advantage part of it was the breast shields,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:19
the breastplates, but part of it was drinking the right water.
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๋ฐฉํŒจ, ํ‰๊ฐ‘ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์‹์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋นผ๋จน์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
So, here are these women. They've seen their parents
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด ์„ค์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด ์™”๊ณ 
06:25
have struggled with diarrhea, they've struggled with diarrhea,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„ค์‚ฌ์™€ ํˆฌ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
they've seen lots of deaths. How do they answer this question?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:30
In India, 35 to 50 percent say "Reduce."
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” 35~50%์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด "์ค„์ธ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
Think about what that means for a second.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:36
Thirty-five to 50 percent of women
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35~50%์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
06:38
forget oral rehydration therapy,
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๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,
06:40
they are increasing --
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์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
they are actually making their child
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„
06:45
more likely to die through their actions.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
How is that possible?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:50
Well, one possibility -- I think that's how most people respond to this --
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ - ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.-
06:53
is to say, "That's just stupid."
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"๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
I don't think that's stupid.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
I think there is something very profoundly right in what these women are doing.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ณ์€ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
And that is, you don't put water
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€์ง€์—๋Š”
07:04
into a leaky bucket.
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๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ“์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
So, think of the mental model that goes behind reducing the intake.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋ฐฐํ›„์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฉ˜ํƒˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:10
Just doesn't make sense.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Now, the model is intuitively right.
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์ž, ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
It just doesn't happen to be right about the world.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
But it makes a whole lot of sense at some deep level.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
And that, to me, is the fundamental challenge
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜
07:25
of the last mile.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
This first challenge is what I refer to as the persuasion challenge.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋„์ „์€ ์„ค๋“์—์˜ ๋„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
Convincing people to do something --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
07:35
take oral rehydration therapy, intercrop, whatever it might be --
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๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋ณด์ถฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋“  ๊ฐ„์ž‘์ด๋“  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:37
is not an act of information:
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์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
"Let's give them the data,
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"์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:42
and when they have data they'll do the right thing."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
07:44
It's more complex than that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
And if you want to understand how it's more complex
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๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:48
let me start with something kind of interesting.
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์–ด๋–ค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
I'm going to give you a little math problem,
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์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
and I want you to just yell out the answer as fast as possible.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ์™ธ์ณ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
A bat and a ball together cost $1.10.
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๋ฐฐํŠธ์™€ ๊ณต์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ 1.10 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
The bat costs a dollar more than the ball.
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๋ฐฐํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ณด๋‹ค 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋น„์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
How much does the ball cost? Quick.
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๊ณต์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์ž, ๋นจ๋ฆฌ์š”.
08:05
So, somebody out there says, "Five."
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์–ด๋–ค๋ถ„์ด 5์„ผํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์…จ๊ตฐ์š”.
08:07
A lot of you said, "Ten."
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ 10์„ผํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
Let's think about 10 for a second.
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์ด 10์„ผํŠธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:12
If the ball costs 10, the bat costs...
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๊ณต์ด 10์„ผํŠธ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋ฐฐํŠธ๋Š”...
08:16
this is easy, $1.10.
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์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1.10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
Yeah. So, together they would cost $1.20.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‘˜์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ 1.20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
So, here you all are, ostensibly educated people.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
Most of you look smart.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
The combination of that produces
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๊ทธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
08:30
something that is actually, you got this thing wrong.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
How is that possible? Let's go to something else.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:35
I know algebra can be complicated.
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์ €๋„ ์ˆซ์ž ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
So, let's dial this back. That's what? Fifth grade? Fourth grade?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. 5ํ•™๋…„? 4ํ•™๋…„?
08:41
Let's go back to kindergarten. OK?
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์•„์˜ˆ ์œ ์น˜์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
08:44
There's a great show on American television that you have to watch.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ TV์‡ผ ์ค‘ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ผญ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‡ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
It's called "Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader?"
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ 5ํ•™๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋ผ๋Š” ์‡ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
I think we've learned the answer to that here.
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์ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
Let's move to kindergarten. Let's see if we can beat five-year-olds.
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์œ ์น˜์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ, 5์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:54
Here's what I'm going to do: I'm going to put objects on the screen.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
I just want you to name the color of the object.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋งํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
That's all it is. OK?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
09:03
I want you to do it fast, and say it out loud with me,
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์™ธ์ณ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
and do it quickly. I'll make the first one easy for you.
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‰ฌ์šธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Ready? Black.
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์ค€๋น„ ๋˜์…จ์ฃ ? ๊ฒ€์ •.
09:10
Now the next ones I want you to do quickly and say it out loud.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
09:12
Ready? Go.
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์ค€๋น„ ๋์ฃ ? ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
Audience: Red. Green.
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์ฒญ์ค‘ : ๋นจ๊ฐ• ์ดˆ๋ก
09:16
Yellow. Blue. Red.
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๋…ธ๋ž‘. ํŒŒ...ํŒŒ๋ž‘...๋นจ๊ฐ•!
09:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:21
Sendhil Mullainathan: That's pretty good.
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์„ธ๋”œ ๋ฎฌ๋ผ๋‚˜๋‹จ : ๊ฝค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
Almost out of kindergarten.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์น˜์› ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์…”๋„ ๋˜๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
09:27
What is all this telling us?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:29
You see, what's going on here, and in the bat and ball problem
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๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ฐฐํŠธ,๊ณต ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
09:32
is that you have some intuitive ways of interacting with the world,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
some models that you use to understand the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
These models, like the leaky bucket,
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'์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€์ง€'๋ชจ๋ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์€
09:39
work well in most situations.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
I suspect most of you --
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด,
09:43
I hope that's true for the rest of you --
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
09:45
actually do pretty well with addition and subtraction in the real world.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ง์…ˆ,๋บ„์…ˆ์„ ๊ฝค ์ž˜ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
I found a problem, a specific problem
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฉ˜ํƒˆ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
09:51
that actually found an error with that.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
Diarrhea, and many last mile problems, are like that.
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์„ค์‚ฌ๋‚˜, ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
09:56
They are situations where the mental model
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ˜ํƒˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด
09:58
doesn't match the reality.
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์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
Same thing here:
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
You had an intuitive response to this that was very quick.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
You read "blue" and you wanted to say "blue," even though you knew your task was red.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์™ธ์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Ž์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์™ธ์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
Now, I do this stuff because it's fun.
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์ž, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
But it's more profound than fun.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
I'll give you a good example of how it actually effects persuasion.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„ค๋“์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
BMW is a pretty safe car.
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BMW๋Š” ๊ฝค ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
And they are trying to figure out, "Safety is good.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์•ˆ์ „์ด๋ž€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
10:21
I want to advertise safety. How am I going to advertise safety?"
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"
10:23
"I could give people numbers. We do well on crash tests."
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค"
10:26
But the truth of the matter is, you look at that car,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด BMW๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
10:28
it doesn't look like a Volvo,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณผ๋ณด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ ,
10:30
and it doesn't look like a Hummer.
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๋จธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
So, what I want you to think about for a few minutes
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์…จ์Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:34
is: How would you convey safety of the BMW? Okay?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ BMW์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
So now, while you're thinking about that let's move to a second task.
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์ž, ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:40
The second task is fuel efficiency. Okay?
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํƒœ์Šคํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํšจ์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Here's another puzzle for all of you.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํผ์ฆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
One person walks into a car lot,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ,
10:47
and they're thinking about buying this Toyota Yaris.
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๋„์š”ํƒ€ ์•ผ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
They are saying, "This is 35 miles per gallon. I'm going to do
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ ๋‹น 35๋งˆ์ผ์ด์•ผ. ๋‚˜๋Š”
10:52
the environmentally right thing, I'm going to buy the Prius,
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ ๋‹น 50๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
10:54
50 miles per gallon."
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ํ”„๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค."
10:56
Another person walks into the lot,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
and they're about to buy a Hummer, nine miles per gallon,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ’€์˜ต์…˜ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋Ÿญ์…”๋ฆฌํ•œ
11:00
fully loaded, luxury.
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๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ ๋‹น 9๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
And they say, "You know what? Do I need turbo? Do I need this heavyweight car?"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹น์‹  ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์•Œ์•„? ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ํ„ฐ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด? ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์ค‘ํ˜•์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด?"
11:06
I'm going to do something good for the environment.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ข‹์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ• ๊บผ์•ผ.
11:08
I'm going to take off some of that weight,
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์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด.
11:10
and I'm going to buy a Hummer that's 11 miles per gallon."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ ๋‹น 11๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๊บผ์•ผ."
11:13
Which one of these people has done more for the environment?
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:16
See, you have a mental model.
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์ž, ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฉ˜ํƒˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Fifty versus 35, that's a big move. Eleven versus nine? Come on.
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50 ๋Œ€ 35, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 11๋Œ€ 9์š”? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”.
11:21
Turns out, go home and do the math,
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์ •๋‹ต์€, ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:24
the nine to 11 is a bigger change. That person has saved more gallons.
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9๋Œ€ 11์ด ๋” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
Why? Because we don't care about miles per gallon, we care about
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ ๋‹น ๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:29
gallons per mile.
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๋งˆ์ผ ๋‹น ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
Think about how powerful that is if you're trying to encourage fuel efficiency.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฐ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:34
Miles per gallon is the way we present things.
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๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ ๋‹น ๋งˆ์ผ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
If we want to encourage change of behavior,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:39
gallons per mile would have far more effectiveness.
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๋งˆ์ผ ๋‹น ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ข€ ๋” ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
Researchers have found these type of anomalies.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์น™๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
Okay, back to BMW. What should they do?
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ BMW๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:47
The problem BMW faces is this car looks safe.
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BMW๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
This car, which is my Mini, doesn't look that safe.
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์ด ์ฐจ๋Š”, ์ œ ์ฐจ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋Š”, ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
Here was BMW's brilliant insight, which they embodied into an ad campaign.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ BMW์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
They showed a BMW driving down the street.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ BMW๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
There's a truck on the right. Boxes fall out of the truck.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—” ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”. ๋ฐ•์Šค๋“ค์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
The car swerves to avoid it, and therefore doesn't get into an accident.
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BMW๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์ผœ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
BWM realizes safety, in people's minds, has two components.
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BMW๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
You can be safe because when you're hit, you survive,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
12:15
or you can be safe because you avoid accidents.
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๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ.
12:17
Remarkably successful campaign, but notice the power of it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
It harnesses something you already believe.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
Now, even if I persuaded you to do something,
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์„ค์‚ฌ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
12:26
it's hard sometimes to actually get action as a result.
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์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์จ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
You all probably intended to wake up,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด ๋ณธ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
I don't know, 6:30, 7 a.m.
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์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค์ „ 6์‹œ ๋ฐ˜, 7์‹œ ์ •๋„๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
12:35
This is a battle we all fight every day,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ—ฌ์Šค์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
12:37
along with trying to get to the gym.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
Now, this is an example of that battle,
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์ด์ œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
and makes us realize intentions don't always translate into action,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
and so one of the fundamental challenges
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:48
is how we would actually do that. OK?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
12:52
So, let me now talk about the last mile problem.
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ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
So far, I've been pretty negative.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€, ์ €๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
I've been trying to show you the oddities of human behavior.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ดดํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
And I think maybe I'm being too negative.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
Maybe it's the diarrhea.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์„ค์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
Maybe the last mile problem really should be thought of
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:07
as the last mile opportunity.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
Let's go back to diabetes.
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:11
This is a typical insulin injection.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
Now, carrying this thing around is complicated.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
You gotta carry the bottle, you gotta carry the syringe.
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๋ณ‘๋„ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํก์ž…๊ธฐ๋„ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
It's also painful.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„ํ”•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
Now, you may think to yourself, "Well, if my eyes depended on it,
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์ด์ œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ . "์Œ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด ๋ˆˆ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์˜์กดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:27
you know, I would obviously use it every day."
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋งค์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."
13:29
But the pain, the discomfort,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธด ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ,
13:31
you know, paying attention, remembering to put it in your purse
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๊ฐ‘์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
13:33
when you go on a long trip:
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๊ทธ ๊ณ ํ†ต, ๊ทธ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ.
13:35
These are the day-to-day of life, and they do pose problems.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ๋งค์ผ ์ผ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
Here is an innovation, a design innovation.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋””์ž์ธ ํ˜์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
This is a pen, it's called an insulin pen, preloaded.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ํŽœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„์›Œ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
The needle is particularly sharp.
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๋ฐ”๋Š˜์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
You just gotta carry this thing around.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
It's much easier to use, much less painful.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋œ ์•„ํ”•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
Anywhere between five and 10 percent increase in adherence,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํˆฌ์•ฝ์œจ์ด 5~10%๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰
13:55
just as a result of this.
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
That's what I'm talking about as a last mile opportunity.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
You see, we tend to think the problem is solved
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
14:03
when we solve the technology problem.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ถ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
But the human innovation, the human problem
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
14:07
still remains, and that's a great frontier that we have left.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
This isn't about the biology of people;
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
this is now about the brains, the psychology of people,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‡Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
and innovation needs to continue all the way through
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๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€
14:19
the last mile.
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์ง€์†๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
Here's another example of this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
This is from a company called Positive Energy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Positive Energy๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
This is about energy efficiency.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
We're spending a lot of time on fuel cells right now.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์Ÿ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
What this company does is they send a letter
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š”์ผ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
to households that say, "Here's your energy use,
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์ฃผ๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€์š”. "๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
here's your neighbor's energy use: You're doing well." Smiley face.
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๋‹น์‹  ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์›ƒ๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด.
14:38
"You're doing worse." Frown.
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ฐก๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์–ผ๊ตด.
14:40
And what they find is just this letter, nothing else,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด ํŽธ์ง€ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด,
14:43
has a two to three percent reduction in electricity use.
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์ „๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ 2~3%์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
And you want to think about the social value of that
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ์ ˆ์•ฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ
14:47
in terms of carbon offsets, reduced electricity,
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ฐ์‡„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธธ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
900 million dollars per year.
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1๋…„์— 900์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
Why? Because for free,
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ์ด ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
this isn't a new technology, this is a letter --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํŽธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
we're getting a Big Bang in behavior.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋น…๋ฑ…์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
So, how do we tackle the last mile?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
15:01
I think this tells us there is an opportunity.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
And I think to tackle it, we need to combine
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
15:06
psychology,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ
15:08
marketing,
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๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๊ณผ
15:10
art, we've seen that.
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ด ์˜จ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
15:12
But you know what we need to combine it with?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:14
We need to combine this with the scientific method.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
See what's really puzzling and frustrating about the last mile, to me,
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์•Œ์ญ๋‹ฌ์ญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ขŒ์ ˆ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ ์€
15:20
is that the first 999 miles are all about science.
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์ฒ˜์Œ 999๋งˆ์ผ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
No one would say, "Hey, I think this medicine works, go ahead and use it."
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ด๋ด, ๋‚œ ์ด ์•ฝ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„, ๊ฐ€์„œ ์จ๋ด."
15:27
We have testing, we go to the lab, we try it again, we have refinement.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
But you know what we do on the last mile?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋งˆ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:32
"Oh, this is a good idea. People will like this. Let's put it out there."
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"์˜ค, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์•ผ. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ• ๊บผ์•ผ. ์–ด์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‚ด๋†“์ž."
15:35
The amount of resources we put in are disparate.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Ÿ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ž์›๋“ค์ด ์ด์งˆ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
We put billions of dollars into fuel-efficient technologies.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํšจ์œจ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
How much are we putting into
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ
15:42
energy behavior change
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:44
in a credible, systematic, testing way?
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
Now, I think that we're on the verge of something big.
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์ด์ œ, ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
We're on the verge of a whole new social science.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์™€ ๋‹ฟ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
It's a social science that recognizes --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
15:55
much like science recognizes the complexity of the body,
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๊ณผํ•™์ด ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋“ฏ
15:58
biology recognizes the complexity of the body -- we'll recognize
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋“ฏ
16:00
the complexity of the human mind.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
The careful testing, retesting, design,
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์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์žฌ์‹คํ—˜, ๋””์ž์ธ.
16:04
are going to open up vistas of understanding,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ, ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์˜
16:07
complexities, difficult things.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด ์ –ํž ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
And those vistas will both create new science,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
16:12
and fundamental change in the world as we see it, in the next hundred years.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ 100๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
All right. Thank you very much.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:20
Chris Anderson: Sendhil, thank you so much.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์„ธ๋”œ, ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
So, this whole area is so fascinating.
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๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งคํ˜น๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
I mean, it sometimes feels, listening to behavioral economists
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋” ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ๋ฉด
16:28
that they are kind of putting into place
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
16:31
academically, what great marketers
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์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
16:33
have sort of intuitively known for a long time.
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ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ’€์–ด๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
How much is your field talking to great marketers
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํ„ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
16:40
about their insights into human psychology?
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:42
Because they've seen it on the ground.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด ์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
Sendhil Mullainathan: Yeah, we spend a lot of time talking to marketers,
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์„ธ๋”œ ๋ฎฌ๋ผ๋‚˜๋‹จ: ์˜ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํ„ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์Ÿ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
and I think 60 percent of it is exactly what you say,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋Š” 60%์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋งํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ
16:49
there are insights to be gleaned there.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์˜จ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
16:51
Forty percent of it is about what marketing is.
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40%์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
Marketing is selling an ad to a firm.
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๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด๋ž€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
So, in some sense, a lot of marketing is about
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋งŽ์€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด
17:00
convincing a CEO, "This is a good ad campaign."
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CEO์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
So, there is a little bit of slippage there.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
That's just a caveat. That's different from actually having an effective ad campaign.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ†ต๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
And one of the new movements in marketing is: How do we actually
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ
17:11
measure effectiveness? Are we effective?
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ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ๊ฐ€? ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
CA: How you take your insights here
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค : ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์ด ๊ณณ์—
17:17
and actually get them integrated
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„
17:20
into working business models on the ground,
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์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:23
in Indian villages, for example?
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ์š”.
17:25
SM: So, the scientific method I alluded to is pretty important.
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์„ธ๋”œ : ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•”์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
We work closely with companies that have operational capacity,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜
17:30
or nonprofits that have operational capacity.
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๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
And then we say, "Well, you want to get this behavior change.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:34
Let's come up with a few ideas, test them,
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ , ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ 
17:37
see which is working, go back, synthesize,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ 
17:39
and try to come up with a thing that works,"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
17:41
and then we're able to scale with partners.
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์ดํ›„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
It's kind of the model that has worked in other contexts.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
If you have biological problems
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:47
we try and fix it, see if it works, and then work the scale.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ ์น˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
CA: Alright Sendhil, thanks so much for coming to TED. Thank you.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค : ์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋”œ, TED์— ์™€ ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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