The gender-fluid history of the Philippines | France Villarta

150,439 views ・ 2020-04-03

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: YoonJu Mangione κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
I was an eight-year-old kid in the mid-1990s.
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1990λ…„λŒ€ μ€‘μˆœμ— μ €λŠ” 8μ‚΄μ§œλ¦¬ 꼬마 μ•„μ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
I grew up in southern Philippines.
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μ €λŠ” ν•„λ¦¬ν•€μ˜ λ‚¨λΆ€μ—μ„œ μžλžλŠ”λ°μš”.
00:18
At that age, you're young enough to be oblivious
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κ·Έ λ‚˜μ΄λŒ€λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒκ°€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ
00:20
about what society expects from each of us
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무엇을 κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” 아직 잘 λͺ¨λ₯Ό μ •λ„λ‘œ μ–΄λ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ
00:22
but old enough to be aware of what's going on around you.
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주변에 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” 인지할 μ •λ„λ‘œ μ„±μˆ™ν•œ λ‚˜μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
We lived in a one-bedroom house,
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저희 κ°€μ‘± λ‹€μ„― λͺ…은
00:28
all five of us.
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λ°© ν•œ μΉΈ 짜리 μ§‘μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
Our house was amongst clusters of houses
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저희 집은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€
00:32
made mostly of wood and corrugated metal sheets.
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골진 철판으둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 집듀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
These houses were built very close to each other
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이 집듀은 비포μž₯ λ„λ‘œλ₯Ό 따라
00:39
along unpaved roads.
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λ‹€λ‹₯λ‹€λ‹₯ μ§€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
There was little to no expectation of privacy.
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μ‚¬μƒν™œμ΄λΌκ³ λŠ” κΈ°λŒ€ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
00:44
Whenever an argument broke out next door,
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μ˜†μ§‘μ—μ„œ 싸움이라도 λ‚˜λ©΄
00:47
you heard it all.
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λ‹€ 듀을 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
Or, if there was a little ... something something going on --
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ·Έ... κ·Έ 일이라도 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λ©΄...
00:53
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:55
you would probably hear that, too.
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κ·Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ„ λ‹€ λ“£λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
00:58
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:59
Like any other kid, I learned what a family looked like.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ μ €λŠ” 일반적인 κ°€μ‘±μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ°°μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
It was a man, a woman, plus a child or children.
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λ‚¨μž, μ—¬μž, 그리고 ν•˜λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ” κ·Έ μ΄μƒμ˜ 아이듀.
01:07
But I also learned it wasn't always that way.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 또 늘 κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œλ„ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
There were other combinations that worked just as well.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œλ„ 잘 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” 가쑱듀이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
01:12
There was this family of three who lived down the street.
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우리 동넀에 μ„Έ 가쑱이 μ‚΄μ•˜λŠ”λ°
01:15
The lady of the house was called Lenie.
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κ·Έ 집 μ—„λ§ˆμ˜ 이름은 λ ˆλ‹ˆμ˜€μ–΄μš”.
01:18
Lenie had long black hair, often in a ponytail,
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λ ˆλ‹ˆλŠ” 보톡 까만 머리λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λ¬Άκ³ 
01:21
and manicured nails.
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손톱을 잘 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” νŽΈμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
She always went out with a little makeup on
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 항상 κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 상징인 λΉ¨κ°„ λ¦½μŠ€ν‹±μ„ λ°”λ₯΄κ³ 
01:25
and her signature red lipstick.
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ν™”μž₯을 쑰금 ν•˜κ³  μ™ΈμΆœν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
Lenie's other half, I don't remember much about him
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λ ˆλ‹ˆμ˜ λ°°μš°μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°λ‚˜λŠ” 건 λ³„λ‘œ μ—†λ„€μš”.
01:30
except that he had a thing for white sleeveless shirts
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ν•˜μ–€μƒ‰ λ―Όμ†Œλ§€ 셔츠와 금으둜 된 체인을
01:33
and gold chains around his neck.
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λͺ©μ— κ±Έκ³  λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 것을 μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것 λ§κ³ λŠ”μš”.
01:36
Their daughter was a couple years younger than me.
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κ·Έ 집 딸은 저보닀 ν•œλ‘ μ‚΄ μ–΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Now, everybody in the village knew Lenie.
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온 동넀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ ˆλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μ•Œμ•˜μ–΄μš”.
01:42
She owned and ran what was the most popular beauty salon
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우리 λ™λ„€μ—μ„œ 제일 μž˜λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” λ―Έμš©μ‹€μ„
01:45
in our side of town.
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μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ³  μš΄μ˜ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:46
Every time their family would walk down the roads,
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κ·Έ 가쑱이 길을 갈 λ•Œλ©΄
01:49
they would always be greeted with smiles
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ λ―Έμ†Œλ‘œ λ§žμ΄ν•˜κ³ 
01:51
and occasionally stopped for a little chitchat.
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λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ‹€λ₯Ό λ–¨κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 그듀을 λΆ™μž‘κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
Now, the interesting thing about Lenie
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그런데 λ ˆλ‹ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ ν₯미둜운 점은
01:58
is that she also happened to be a transgender woman.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ”μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
She exemplified one of the Philippines' long-standing stories
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν•„λ¦¬ν•€μ˜ 였랜 성적 λ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ μ‚° μ¦μΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
about gender diversity.
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02:10
Lenie was proof that oftentimes we think of something as strange
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λ ˆλ‹ˆλŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό μ΄μƒν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 건
02:16
only because we're not familiar with it,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그것에 μ΅μˆ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜
02:18
or we haven't taken enough time to try and understand.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ¦κ±°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
In most cultures around the world,
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세계 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ—μ„œλŠ”
02:26
gender is this man-woman dichotomy.
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성별은 λ‚¨μž, μ—¬μžλΌλŠ” μ΄λΆ„λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
It's this immovable, nonnegotiable, distinct classes of individuals.
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κ°œμΈμ„ λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€ λΆ€λ™μ˜, ν˜‘μƒ λΆˆκ°€μΈ λšœλ ·ν•œ 방법이죠.
02:35
We assign characteristics and expectations
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생물학적 성이 μ •ν•΄μ§€λŠ” μˆœκ°„λΆ€ν„°
02:38
the moment a person's biological sex is determined.
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νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό κΈ°λŒ€λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
But not all cultures are like that.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Έν™”κ°€ 그런 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Not all cultures are as rigid.
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λ‹€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ—„κ²©ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
02:47
Many cultures don't look at genitalia primarily
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λ§Žμ€ 문화듀은 μ„±κΈ°μ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ
02:50
as basis for gender construction,
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성별을 단정 짓지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©°
02:52
and some communities in North America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent
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뢁미, 아프리카, 인도 μ•„λŒ€λ₯™,
필리핀을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ νƒœν‰μ–‘ 섬 μ œλ„μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒλŠ”
02:58
and the Pacific Islands, including the Philippines,
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μ„±λ³„μ˜ 닀양성에 λŒ€ν•œ ν—ˆμš©κ³Ό μ μ‘μ˜
03:01
have a long history of cultural permissiveness
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였랜 역사λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
and accommodation of gender variances.
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03:08
As you may know,
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μ•„μ‹€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
03:09
the people of the Philippines were under Spanish rule for over 300 years.
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필리핀은 300λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ 슀페인의 지배λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
That's from 1565 to 1898.
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1565λ…„λΆ€ν„° 1898λ…„κΉŒμ§€μš”.
03:17
This explains why everyday Filipino conversations
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이걸 μ•„μ‹œλ©΄ μ™œ 필리핀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λŒ€ν™” 속에
03:20
are peppered with Spanish words
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ 단어가 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 많고
03:22
and why so many of our last names, including mine, sound very Spanish.
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제 이름을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 성씨듀이 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ‹μΈμ§€ 이해가 λ˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
This also explains the firmly entrenched influence of Catholicism.
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그리고 우리 문화에 ν™•κ³ ν•˜κ²Œ 남겨진 κ°€ν†¨λ¦­κ΅μ˜ 영ν–₯을 이해할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
But precolonial Philippine societies,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 식민지 지배λ₯Ό λ°›κΈ° μ „ 필리핀 μ‚¬νšŒλŠ”
03:36
they were mostly animists.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ¬Όν™œλ‘ μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
They believed all things had a distinct spiritual essence:
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λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ λ³„κ°œμ˜ 영적인 λ³Έμ§ˆμ„ 지녔닀고 λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
plants, animals, rocks, rivers, places.
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식물, 동물, λ°”μœ„, κ°•, μž₯μ†Œλ“€.
03:50
Power resided in the spirit.
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κ·Έ μ˜μ—λŠ” 힘이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
Whoever was able to harness that spiritual power was highly revered.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ“  κ·Έ 영적 νž˜μ„ λ‹€λ£° 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 맀우 쑴경을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Now, scholars who have studied the Spanish colonial archives
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그리고 슀페인의 식민지 기둝을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ ν•™μžλ“€μ€
04:02
also tell us that these early societies were largely egalitarian.
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초기의 μ‚¬νšŒκ°€ λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ ν‰λ“±μ£Όμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜€λ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
Men did not necessarily have an advantage over women.
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λ‚¨μžκ°€ λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ—¬μžλ³΄λ‹€ 이점이 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜κ±΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³ μš”.
04:12
Wives were treated as companions, not slaves.
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아내듀은 쒅이 μ•„λ‹Œ λ™λ°˜μžλ‘œμ„œ λŒ€μš°λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
And family contracts were not done without their presence and approval.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μΆœμ„κ³Ό 승인 μ—†μ΄λŠ” κ°€μ‘±κ°„μ˜ 계약도 이뀄지지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
In some ways, women had the upper hand.
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μ–΄λ–€ 점에선 μ—¬μžλ“€μ΄ μš°μœ„μΌ λ•Œλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
A woman could divorce her husband and own property under her own name,
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μ—¬μžλŠ” 결혼 후에도 μœ μ§€ν–ˆλ˜ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ
λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό 이혼 ν›„ μž¬μ‚°μ„ μ†Œμœ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
which she kept even after marriage.
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04:30
She had the prerogative to have a baby or not
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또 아이λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆμ§€ 말지에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²°μ •κΆŒκ³Ό
04:33
and then decide the baby's name.
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μ•„μ΄μ˜ 이름을 μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 특ꢌ이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
But the real key to the power of the precolonial Filipino woman
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 식민지 μ „ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 필리핀 μ—¬μ„±μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 힘의 μ—΄μ‡ λŠ”
04:41
was in her role as "babaylan,"
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ "λ°”λ°”μΌλž€"μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ—­ν• μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
a collective term for shamans of various ethnic groups.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 인쒅 κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ 무당을 κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” μš©μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
They were the community healers,
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그듀은 κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œμžμ˜€μœΌλ©°
04:52
specialists in herbal and divine lore.
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초본과 μ‹ μ„±μ˜ μ§€μ‹μ˜ μ „λ¬Έκ°€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
They delivered babies
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그듀은 μ‚°νŒŒ 역할을 ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
04:57
and communicated with the spirit world.
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영적인 세계와 μ†Œν†΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
They performed exorcisms
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ν‡΄λ§ˆλ₯Ό ν–‰ν•˜κ³ 
05:03
and occasionally, and in defense of their community,
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가끔은, μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 곡동체λ₯Ό 지킀기 μœ„ν•΄
05:07
they kicked some ass.
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μ‹Έμš°κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
05:11
And while the babaylan was a female role,
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λ°”λ°”μΌλž€μ€ μ—¬μ„±μ˜ μ§μœ„μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
05:14
there were also, in fact, male practitioners in the spiritual realm.
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사싀 영적 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ ν™œλ™ν•˜λŠ” 남성듀도 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
Reports from early Spanish chroniclers contain several references
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초기의 슀페인 μ—°λŒ€κΈ°μ— λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” λ³΄κ³ μ„œλ₯Ό 보면
05:23
to male shamans who did not conform to normative Western masculine standards.
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μ„œμ–‘μ˜ 보편적 ν‘œμ€€ 남성상에 λΆ€ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” λ‚¨μž 무당에 λŒ€ν•œ 언급이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
They cross-dressed
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μ—¬μž₯을 ν•˜κ³ 
05:30
and appeared effeminate
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μ—¬μžκ°™μ€ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ—
05:33
or sexually ambiguous.
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ν˜Ήμ€ μ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨ν˜Έν•œ 쑴재.
05:35
A Jesuit missionary named Francisco Alcina
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ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€μ½” μ•Œμ‹œλ‚˜λΌλŠ” 예수회 선ꡐ사가 λ§ν•˜κΈΈ
05:37
said that one man he believed to be a shaman
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κ·Έκ°€ 무당이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆλ˜ ν•œ λ‚¨μžλŠ”
05:40
was "so effeminate
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"λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ—¬μ„±μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œμ„œ
05:42
that in every way he was more a woman than a man.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ©΄μ—μ„œ λ‚¨μ„±λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ—¬μ„± κ°™μ•˜λ‹€.
05:47
All the things the women did
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μ—¬μžκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 일듀을
05:49
he performed,
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κ·Έ λ‚¨μžλ„ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
05:51
such as weaving blankets,
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λ‹΄μš”λ₯Ό μ§œλŠ” μΌμ΄λΌκ±°λ‚˜
05:53
sewing clothes and making pots.
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μ˜·μ„ κΉκ±°λ‚˜ λ„μžκΈ°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 일을 ν–ˆλ‹€.
05:57
He danced also like they did,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 또 μ—¬μžμ²˜λŸΌ 좀을 μΆ”κ³ 
06:00
never like a man,
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μ—¬μžλ“€μ˜ μΆ€κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ
06:02
whose dance is different.
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λ‚¨μžλ“€μ˜ 좀을 좔지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€.
06:04
In all, he appeared more a woman than a man."
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결둠적으둜 λ‚¨μžλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ—¬μž κ°™μ•˜λ‹€." 라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
Well, any other juicy details in the colonial archives?
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식민지 μ‹œλŒ€ μ•„μΉ΄μ΄λΈŒμ—μ„œ 뭐 더 ν₯λ―Έμ§„μ§„ν•œ 정보 μ—†λƒκ³ μš”?
06:16
Thought you'd never ask.
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μ•ˆλ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄μ‹€ 쀄 μ•Œμ•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
06:17
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:19
As you may have deduced by now,
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μ§€κΈˆμ―€ 이미 μΆ”λ‘ ν•˜μ…¨κ² λ“―μ΄
06:21
the manner in which these precolonial societies conducted themselves
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식민지 μ „ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 이런 μƒν™œ 방식은
κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 였래 가지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
didn't go over so well.
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06:27
All the free-loving, gender-variant-permitting,
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자유둜운 μ‚¬λž‘, 성별 λ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ˜ ν—ˆμš©,
06:30
gender equality wokeness
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그리고 성평등을 μ‹€μ²œν•œ κΉ¨μ–΄μžˆλŠ” 정신은
06:32
clashed viciously with the European sensibilities at the time,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ 유럽의 μ •μ„œμ™€ μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ μΆ©λŒν–ˆκ³ ,
06:36
so much so that the Spanish missionaries spent the next 300 years
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슀페인 선ꡐ사듀은 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 300λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
06:41
trying to enforce their two-sex, two-gender model.
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λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ„±, λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ„±λ³„μ΄λΌλŠ” 사상을 λ°€μ–΄λΆ™μ΄λŠ”λ° μ• μ“°κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
Many Spanish friars also thought that the cross-dressing babaylan
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λ§Žμ€ 슀페인의 μˆ˜λ„μ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ—¬μž₯을 ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λ°”μΌλž€λ“€μ΄
06:49
were either celibates like themselves
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ μˆœκ²°μ„ μ„œμ•½ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄κ±°λ‚˜
06:53
or had deficient or malformed genitals.
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결함이 μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ 잘λͺ»λœ μ„±κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
But this was pure speculation.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이건 단지 좔츑일 λΏμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
Documents compiled between 1679 and 1685, called "The Bolinao Manuscript,"
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1679λ…„κ³Ό 1685년에 μž‘μ„±λœ "λ³Όλ¦¬λ‚˜μ˜€ 원고"에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
07:04
mentions male shamans marrying women.
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λ‚¨μž 무당듀은 μ—¬μžμ™€ κ²°ν˜Όμ„ ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
The Boxer Codex, circa 1590,
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1590λ…„ κ²½ 쓰여진 'λ³΅μ„œ μ½”λ±μŠ€'λ₯Ό 보면
07:11
provide clues on the nature of the male babaylan sexuality.
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남성 λ°”λ°”μΌλž€μ˜ μ„±μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‹¨μ„œλ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
It says, "Ordinarily they dress as women,
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"보톡 μ—¬μžμ²˜λŸΌ μ˜·μ„ μž…κ³ 
07:21
act like prudes
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μ •μˆ™ν•œ 체 ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬μžμ²˜λŸΌ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λ©°
07:23
and are so effeminate
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ μ—¬μ„±μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œμ„œ
07:25
that one who does not know them would believe they are women.
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그듀을 μ•„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λͺ¨λ‘ κ·Έκ°€ μ—¬μžλΌκ³  믿을 것이닀.
07:29
Almost all are impotent for the reproductive act,
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거의 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 생식 ν–‰μœ„μ— 영ν–₯을 받지 μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
07:33
and thus they marry other males and sleep with them as man and wife
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚¨μžμ™€ κ²°ν˜Όν•˜μ—¬ λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό μ•„λ‚΄λ‘œμ„œ λ™μΉ¨ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
07:39
and have carnal knowledge."
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윑체적 지식을 λ‚˜λˆˆλ‹€." 라고 μ¨μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
Carnal knowledge, of course, meaning sex.
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윑체적 μ§€μ‹μ΄λž€, λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ 성관계λ₯Ό κ°€λ¦¬ν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
Now, there's an ongoing debate in contemporary society
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ν˜„λŒ€ μ‚¬νšŒμ—” 무엇이 성별을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³ 
07:50
about what constitutes gender and how it should be defined.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ •μ˜λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ €μ•Όν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 토둠이 계속 이어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
My country is no exception.
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저희 λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλ„ μ˜ˆμ™ΈλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
07:55
Some countries like Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Nepal and Canada
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호주, λ‰΄μ§ˆλžœλ“œ, νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„, λ„€νŒ”κ³Ό μΊλ‚˜λ‹€ 같은 λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ”
08:00
have begun introducing nonbinary options in their legal documents,
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μ—¬κΆŒμ΄λ‚˜ 영주ꢌ 같은 법적 μ„œλ₯˜μ—
08:04
such as their passports and their permanent resident cards.
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성별을 λΉ„μ΄μ§„λ²•μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ„ νƒκΆŒμ΄ 주어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
In all these discussions about gender,
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성별에 λŒ€ν•œ 이런 ν† λ‘ λ“€ 쀑
08:10
I think it's important to keep in mind
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λͺ…심해야 ν•  μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
08:12
that the prevailing notions of man and woman as static genders
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” λ‚¨μžμ™€ μ—¬μžλΌλŠ” 성별이
08:16
anchored strictly on biological sex
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μ˜€λ‘œμ§€ 생물학적 성에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λœλ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μ€
08:19
are social constructs.
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μ‚¬νšŒκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ κ°œλ…μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
In my people's case, this social construct is an imposition.
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저희 필리핀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 이런 μ‚¬νšŒμ  κ°œλ…μ€ μ†μž„μˆ˜μ˜ˆμš”.
08:28
It was hammered into their heads over hundreds of years
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그듀이 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 방식이 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  믿을 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
08:33
until they were convinced that their way of thinking was erroneous.
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100년이 λ„˜λŠ” μ„Έμ›” λ™μ•ˆ 머릿속에 μš±μ—¬λ„£μ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
08:38
But the good thing about social constructs
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  κ°œλ…μ˜ μž₯점은
08:42
is they can be reconstructed
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μ‹œλŒ€μ— 맞게
08:44
to fit a time and age.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μž¬κ±΄μΆ• 될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ΄μ—μš”.
08:47
They can be reconstructed
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점점 λ‹€μ–‘ν™” λ˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ”
08:49
to respond to communities that are becoming more diverse.
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κ³΅λ™μ²΄λ“€μ˜ ν•„μš”μ— 맞게 μž¬κ±΄μΆ• 될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
08:53
And they can be reconstructed
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그리고 μ„œλ‘œμ˜ 닀름을 μΈμ •ν•˜κ³ 
08:55
for a world that's starting to realize
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λ°°μ›Œκ°€λŠ”κ±Έ 톡해 μ–»μ„κ²Œ λ§Žλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ
08:58
we have so much to gain from learning and working through our differences.
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점점 κΉ¨λ‹«κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” 세상에 맞좰 μž¬κ±΄μΆ• 될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
09:04
When I think about this subject,
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μ €λŠ” 이 μ£Όμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 생각할 λ•Œλ©΄
09:06
I think about the Filipino people
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ν•„λ¦¬ν•€μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό
09:08
and an almost forgotten but important legacy
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거의 μžŠν˜€μ Έκ°€μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ μœ μ‚°μΈ
09:12
of gender equality and inclusivity.
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성평등과 포괄에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
I think about lovers who were some of the gentlest souls I had known
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μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆκ» λ§Œλ‚œ κ·Έ λˆ„κ΅¬λ³΄λ‹€ 상λƒ₯ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
μ™„μ „νžˆ λ§ˆμŒμ„ 열지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ 연인듀을 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
but could not be fully open.
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09:23
I think about people who have made an impact in my life,
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제 삢에 큰 영ν–₯을 쀬던 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
who showed me that integrity, kindness and strength of character
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고결함, 상λƒ₯함, 그리고 강인함이
09:32
are far better measures of judgment,
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ν”ΌλΆ€ 색, λ‚˜μ΄, λ˜λŠ” μ„±λ³„μ²˜λŸΌ
09:35
far better than things that are beyond a person's control
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 선택할 수 μžˆλŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹Œ 것듀보닀
09:38
such as their skin color, their age
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훨씬 더 λ‚˜μ€ νŒλ‹¨μ˜ μ²™λ„λΌλŠ” κ±Έ
09:42
or their gender.
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보여쀀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μš”.
09:44
As I stand here today, on the shoulders of people like Lenie,
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μ œκ°€ 였늘 이 μžλ¦¬μ— λ‚˜μ™€ λ ˆλ‹ˆμ™€ 같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€,
09:49
I feel incredibly grateful for all who have come before me,
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μ œκ°€ 이 μžλ¦¬μ— μžˆκΈ°κΉŒμ§€ μžμ‹ μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄λŠ” 용기λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€,
09:54
the ones courageous enough to put themselves out there,
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 삢을 μ‚° μ‚¬λžŒλ“€,
09:59
who lived a life that was theirs
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κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 삢을 μ‚΄ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
10:02
and in the process, made it a little easier for us to live our lives now.
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길을 닦아쀀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 정말 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:07
Because being yourself is revolutionary.
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λ‚˜ μžμ‹ μ΄ λœλ‹€λŠ” 건 ν˜μ‹ μ μΈκ±°λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
10:12
And to anyone reeling from forces trying to knock you down
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그리고 λˆ„κ΅¬λ“  λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ¬΄λ„ˆλœ¨λ¦¬κ³  정해진 ν‹€ μ•ˆμ— μš±μ—¬λ„£μœΌλ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ”
10:16
and cram you into these neat little boxes people have decided for you:
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무λ ₯μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μš”.
10:22
don't break.
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λ¬΄λ„ˆμ§€μ§€ λ§ˆμ„Έμš”.
10:24
I see you.
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μ•Œμ•„μš”.
10:26
My ancestors see you.
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우리 쑰상듀이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μ•Œμ•„μš”.
10:28
Their blood runs through me as they run through so many of us.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν”Όκ°€, 제 μ•ˆμ— 흐λ₯΄λ“―이 우리 μ•ˆμ— 흐λ₯΄κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
10:33
You are valid, and you deserve rights and recognition
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ†Œμ€‘ν•΄μš”. 그리고 남듀과 같이
10:40
just like everyone else.
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κΆŒλ¦¬μ™€ 인정을 받을 자격이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:44
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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