Roger Stein: A bold new way to fund drug research

47,831 views ・ 2014-01-07

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yeomin Kwon κ²€ν† : K Bang
00:12
So this is a picture of my dad and me, at the beach in Far Rockaway,
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저와 μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
νŒŒλ½μ–΄μ›¨μ΄ ν•΄λ³€μ—μ„œ 찍은거죠
00:19
or actually Rockaway Park.
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사싀은 락어웨이 κ³΅μ›μ΄μ—μš”.
00:20
I'm the one with the blond hair.
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μ €κΈ° 금발이 μ ‘λ‹ˆλ‹€
저희 μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” λ‹΄λ°°λ₯Ό ν”Όμš°μ…¨μ–΄μš”.
00:23
My dad's the guy with the cigarette.
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60λ…„λŒ€μ˜€μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ‹΄λ°°λ₯Ό ν”Όμ› μ£ .
00:25
It was the 60's.
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00:26
A lot of people smoked back then.
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2009λ…„ 여름에
00:28
In the summer of 2009, my dad was diagnosed with lung cancer.
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저희 μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” 폐암을 μ§„λ‹¨λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
사싀 암은 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ λ‹Ώμ•„μžˆμ£ .
00:34
Cancer is one of those things that actually touches everybody.
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 미ꡭ에 μžˆλŠ” 남성이라면
00:38
If you're a man in the US,
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00:40
you've got about a one in two chance
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μΌμƒλ™μ•ˆ 1/2 ν™•λ₯ λ‘œ μ•” 진단을 받을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
of being diagnosed with cancer during your lifetime.
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00:45
If you're a woman, you've got about a one in three chance
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λ§Œμ•½ 여성이라면 μ•½ 3λΆ„μ˜ 1 μ •λ„μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성이 있죠.
00:48
of being diagnosed with cancer.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 암을 진단 받은 μ‚¬λžŒ ν•œ λͺ… μ •λ„λŠ” μ•Œκ³  있죠.
00:51
Everybody knows somebody who's been diagnosed with cancer.
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00:55
Now, my dad's doing better today,
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이제 저희 μ•„λ²„μ§€λŠ” 많이 νšŒλ³΅λ˜μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
and part of the reason for that is that he was able to participate in the trial
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그럴 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 이유 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
아버지가 κ±Έλ¦° νŠΉμ •ν•œ 암에 큰 효과λ₯Ό 가진
01:02
of an experimental new drug that happened to be specially formulated
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μ‹ μ•½μ˜ μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ— μ°Έκ°€ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
and very good for his particular kind of cancer.
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01:07
There are over 200 kinds of cancer.
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200 μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ λ„˜λŠ” 암이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
And what I want to talk about today
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μ €λŠ” 였늘 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 우리 아버지 같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„
01:12
is how we can help more people like my dad,
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더 λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
because we have to change the way we think about raising money
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•” 연ꡬ에
νˆ¬μžν•  μž¬μ›μ„ ν™•λ³΄ν•˜λŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•œ 생각을 λ°”κΏ”μ•Όν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
01:18
to fund cancer research.
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01:21
So a while after my dad was diagnosed,
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저희 아버지가 μ•” 진단을 λ°›κ³  μ–Όλ§ˆ 후에
01:23
I was having coffee with my friend Andrew Lo.
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μ €λŠ” 친ꡬ인 μ•€λ“œλ₯˜ λ‘œμ™€ 컀피λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
He's the head of the Laboratory for Financial Engineering at MIT,
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μ—”λ“œλ₯˜λŠ” μ œκ°€ μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
01:29
where I also have a position,
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MIT κΈˆμœ΅κ³΅ν•™ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ˜ μ†Œμž₯μΈλ°μš”.
01:31
and we were talking about cancer.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 암에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
And Andrew had been doing his own bits of research,
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μ•€λ“œλ₯˜κ°€ 혼자 μ•Œμ•„λ³Έ 바에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
01:35
and one of the things that he had been told
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그리고 μ£Όλ³€μ—μ„œ 듣기도 ν•˜κ³ 
01:37
and that he'd learned from studying the literature
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μžλ£Œλ„ κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λ‹€ λ³΄λ‹ˆ
01:42
was that there's actually a big bottleneck.
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μ‹ μ•½ κ°œλ°œμ— μ»€λ‹€λž€ μž₯애물이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
It's very difficult to develop new drugs,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 약을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ°λŠ” 맀우 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμš”.
01:46
and the reason it's difficult to develop new drugs
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신약을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“  μ΄μœ λŠ”
01:48
is because in the early stages of drug development,
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μ‹ μ•½ 개발의 초기 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ
01:51
the drugs are very risky, and they're very expensive.
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신약은 μœ„ν—˜ν•˜κ³ 
맀우 λΉ„μ‹ΈκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
01:53
So Andrew asked me if I'd want to maybe work with him a bit,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—”λ“œλ₯˜κ°€ 제게
같이 μΌν•΄λ³΄μžκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
work on some of the math and the analytics
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μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό 뢄석 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 일해달라고 ν–ˆμ£ .
01:58
and see if we could figure out something we could do.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆμ„ λ§Œν•œ 것을 μ°Ύμ•„ 보자고 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:02
Now I'm not a scientist.
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μ „ κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
You know, I don't know how to build a drug.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, μ €λŠ” 약을 λ§Œλ“€ 쀄은 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
02:05
And none of my coauthors, Andrew Lo or Jose-Maria Fernandez or David Fagnan --
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그리고 제 λ™λ£Œλ“€ - μ—”λ“œλ₯˜ 둜,
ν˜Έμ„Έ λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„ 페λ₯΄λ‚œλ°μ¦ˆ,
02:10
none of those guys are scientists either.
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데이빗 νŒ¨κ·Έλ‚œ - 이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ λͺ¨λ‘ κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
We don't know the first thing about how to make a cancer drug.
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μ•” 치료제λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ „ν˜€ μ•„λŠ”κ²Œ μ—†μ–΄μš”.
02:16
But we know a little bit about risk mitigation
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ™„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 것과
02:19
and a little bit about financial engineering,
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금용 곡학은 μ’€ μ•Œμ£ .
02:21
and so we started thinking, what could we do?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 생각해 λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 뭘 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?"
μ§€κΈˆλΆ€ν„° μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡ λ…„κ°„
02:24
I'm going to tell you about some work
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02:25
we've been doing over the last couple years
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ν–ˆλ˜ μž‘μ—…μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것이 μ•” 연ꡬ와 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ 것듀이
02:28
that we think could fundamentally change the way
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μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 방식을 근본적으둜 λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
research for cancer and lots of other things gets done.
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02:33
We want to let the research drive the funding,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜κ³  싢은 건 연ꡬ가 투자λ₯Ό 이끌게 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
not the other way around.
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κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌμš”.
02:38
So in order to get started,
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일단 κ·Έ μ‹œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
02:39
let me tell you how you get a drug financed.
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신약에 μž¬μ›μ΄ νˆ¬μžλ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
Imagine that you're in your lab -- you're a scientist, you're not like me --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ— μžˆλŠ” κ³Όν•™μžλΌκ³  ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
μ €μ™€λŠ” 달리 μ§„μ§œ κ³Όν•™μžμš”.
02:46
and you've developed a new compound
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그리고 μ•” μΉ˜λ£Œμ— νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ„ 것 같은
02:48
that you think might be therapeutic for somebody with cancer.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
Well, what you do is, you test in animals, you test in test tubes,
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그러면 동물 μ‹€ν—˜λ„ 해보고
μ‹œν—˜κ΄€μ—λ„ 검증도 ν•΄λ³΄μ§€μš”.
02:55
but there's this notion of going from the bench to the bedside,
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그런데 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ˜μžμ—μ„œ μΉ¨λŒ€ μ˜†μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ Έκ°€λ €λ©΄
02:58
and in order to get from the bench, the lab, to the bedside, to the patients,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 의자, 즉 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ
μΉ¨λŒ€ 곁의 ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ κ°€μ Έκ°€λ €λ©΄
03:02
you've got to get the drug tested.
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λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ κ±°μ³μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
And the way the drug gets tested
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μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ€ λͺ‡ λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ 검증 과정을 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 건데
03:06
is through a series of, basically, experiments,
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03:08
through these large, they're called trials,
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κ²€μ¦μ΄λΌλŠ” 이 각각의 과정을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
03:10
that they do to determine whether the drug is safe
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약물이 μ•ˆμ „ν•œμ§€, 잘 μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ“± μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지λ₯Ό κ²€μ¦ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
and whether it works and all these things.
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03:14
So the FDA has a very specific protocol.
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FDA (λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹ν’ˆ μ˜μ•½κ΅­) 에 ꡬ체적인 κ·œμ•½μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
03:16
In the first phase of this testing,
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첫번째 λ‹¨κ³„μ—λŠ” μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ 독성 검사λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
which is called testing for toxicity, it's called Phase I.
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단계 1이라고 ν•˜μ§€μš”.
03:22
In the first phase, you give the drug to healthy people
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이 첫 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 약을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
and you see if it actually makes them sick.
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ„œ μ•„ν”ˆ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ‹¬ν•˜λ©΄
03:28
In other words, are the side effects just so severe
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03:30
that no matter how much good it does,
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아무리 약이 쒋더라도
아무 μ†Œμš©μ΄ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
03:32
it's not going to be worth it?
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심μž₯ λ§ˆλΉ„λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€κ±°λ‚˜ μ‚¬λ§ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
03:34
Does it cause heart attacks, kill people, liver failure?
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간뢀전이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 지와 같은 것듀을 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
사싀 이 단계가 μƒλ‹Ήν•œ κ³ λΉ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
And it turns out, that's a pretty high hurdle.
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03:39
About a third of all drugs drop out at that point.
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μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ 1/3 정도가 μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 쀑도 ν•˜μ°¨ν•˜μ£ .
03:41
In the next phase, you test to see if the drug's effective,
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λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•½μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
검증할 약듀을 μ‹€μ œ μ•” ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ£Όκ³ 
03:44
and you give it to people with cancer
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03:46
and you see if it makes them better.
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증상이 ν˜Έμ „λ˜λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
And that's also a higher hurdle. People drop out.
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이것도 큰 κ³ λΉ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ§Žμ΄λ“€ νƒˆλ½ν•˜μ£ .
03:50
And in the third phase, you test it on a very large sample,
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” 맀우 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹€ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
and you're trying to determine what the right dose is,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œλŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆκ°€ μ μ •λŸ‰μΈμ§€
또 이미 μžˆλŠ” 것보닀 쒋은지 ν™•μΈν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
is it better than what's available today? If not, then why build it?
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쒋지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ λ­ν•˜λŸ¬ λ§Œλ“€κ² μ–΄μš”?
03:59
When you're done with all that,
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μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 되면
04:01
what you have is a very small percentage of drugs
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λͺ‡ νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ˜ μ•½λ¬Όλ“€λ§Œ μ‹€ν—˜ 과정을 거쳐 살아남죠.
04:04
that start the process actually come out the other side.
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04:07
So those blue bottles -- those blue bottles save lives,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ μ € νŒŒλž€ 병듀이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λͺ‡μ‹­ μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 있죠.
04:11
and they're also worth billions, sometimes billions a year.
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λ•Œλ‘  맀년 λͺ‡μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ³ μš”.
04:14
So now here's a question:
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이제 ν•œ 번 μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
04:16
if I were to ask you, for example,
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μ œκ°€ λ”± ν•œ 번 κΈ°νšŒμ—
04:19
to make a one-time investment of, say, 200 million dollars
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2μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ 짜리 투자λ₯Ό μš”μ²­ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:23
to buy one of those bottles,
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μ € 병듀 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ κ³ λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
04:25
so 200 million dollars up front, one time, to buy one of those bottles,
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2천만 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λ¨Όμ € μ£Όκ³  μ € 병듀 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ μ“°λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
I won't tell you which one it is,
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무슨 λ³‘μΈμ§€λŠ” μ–˜κΈ° μ•ˆ ν–ˆλ‹€κ°€
04:30
and in 10 years, I'll tell you whether you have one of the blue ones.
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10λ…„ ν›„μ—λ‚˜ μ–΄λ–€ 게 νŒŒλž€ 병인지 μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 쀑에 νˆ¬μžν•˜μ‹€ 뢄이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:34
Does that sound like a good deal for anybody?
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04:36
No. No, right?
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μ—†κ² μ£ . κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
04:37
And of course, it's a very, very risky trial position,
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ 맀우 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ œμ•ˆμ΄μ§€μš”.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ νˆ¬μžλ°›κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
and that's why it's very hard to get funding,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ λ‹¨μˆœν•˜κ²Œ 보면
04:42
but to a first approximation, that's actually the proposal.
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μ‹ μ•½ νˆ¬μžκ°€ μ΄λ ‡λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ•½ν’ˆλ“€μ— 일찍뢀터 νˆ¬μžν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
04:45
You have to fund these things from the early stages on.
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μ•„μ£Ό 였래 νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€μš”.
04:47
It takes a long time.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•€λ“œλ₯˜κ°€ 제게 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
So Andrew said to me, he said,
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"이것듀이 신약이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒ?
04:52
"What if we stop thinking about these as drugs?
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04:55
What if we start thinking about them as financial assets?"
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λ§Œμ•½ 이것듀이 금육 μžμ‚°μ΄λΌλ©΄?
04:57
They've got really weird payoff structures and all that,
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수읡 ꡬ쑰가 μ΄μƒν•˜κ²Œ 생기긴 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 금육 곡학에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•„λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ μš©ν•΄λ³΄μžκ³ .
05:00
but let's throw everything we know about financial engineering at them.
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05:03
Let's see if we can use all the tricks of the trade
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금육 κ³΅ν•™μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  방법듀을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
이 약듀을 금육 μžμ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 보면 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒ?
05:06
to figure out how to make these drugs work as financial assets.
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λŒ€ν˜• νŽ€λ“œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 보자고."
05:10
Let's create a giant fund.
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κΈˆμœ΅μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μžμ‚°μ„
05:12
In finance, we know what to do with assets that are risky.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
포트폴리였λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
05:15
You put them in a portfolio and you try to smooth out the returns.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μˆ˜μ΅μ„ λΆ„μ‚°ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
05:18
So we did some math, and it turned out you could make this work,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 계산을 ν•΄λ³΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ
이거 λ˜κ² λ”λΌκ³ μš”. 그런데 이게 λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λ €λ©΄
05:21
but in order to make it work, you need about 80 to 150 drugs.
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신약이 80~150개 정도 ν•„μš”ν•΄μš”.
05:24
Now the good news is, there's plenty of drugs
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€ 신약이 κ½€ λ§Žλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
that are waiting to be tested.
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κ²€μ¦λ˜κΈ°λ§Œμ„ 기닀리고 있죠.
μž”λœ© λ°€λ €μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”
05:28
We've been told that there's a backlog of about 20 years of drugs
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거의 20λ…„μΉ˜λ‚˜
05:32
that are waiting to be tested but can't be funded.
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검증을 기닀리고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 투자λ₯Ό 받지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€..
05:34
In fact, that early stage of the funding process,
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사싀 κ·Έ 초기 투자 과정은,
05:37
that Phase I and preclinical stuff,
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1 단계와 μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜ 전에 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μ΄μš”,
μ—…κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” 죽음의 계곑이라고 λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
that's actually, in the industry, called the Valley of Death
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약듀이 μ£½μ–΄ μ—†μ–΄μ§€λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
05:42
because it's where drugs go to die.
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05:43
It's very hard to for them to get through there,
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κ·Έ 첫 단계λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜κΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“€μ§€μš”.
κ·Έ 과정을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ 갈 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
and of course, if you can't get through there,
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05:48
you can't get to the later stages.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 계산을 μ’€ ν•΄λ³΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ "그래,
05:50
So we did this math, and we figured out, OK,
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약이 ν•œ 80~150개 정도 μžˆμ–΄μ•Όκ² λ„€."
05:52
well, you need about 80 to, say, 150, or something like that, drugs.
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μ’€ 더 κ³„μ‚°ν•΄λ³΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ
05:55
And then we did a little more math, and we said, OK,
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"그러면 λŒ€μΆ©
05:58
well, that's a fund of about three to 15 billion dollars.
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30~150μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ 정도 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ² λ„€." μ‹Άμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:01
So we kind of created a new problem by solving the old one.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 바뀐 κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
μ›λž˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” ν•΄κ²°λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:05
We got rid of the risk, but now we need a lot of capital,
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투자 μœ„ν—˜μ€ μ—†μ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°, 이제 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 큰 자본이 ν•„μš”ν•œκ±°μ£ 
06:08
and you can only get that kind of capital in the capital markets.
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κ·Έλ§Œν•œ μžλ³Έμ€ ν•œ κ³³μ—λ§Œ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ°”λ‘œ 금육 μ‹œμž₯이죠.
06:11
Venture capitalists and philanthropies don't have it.
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λ²€μ²˜μΊν”Όνƒˆλ„ μžμ„  사업가도 그런 λˆμ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그런데 κΈˆμœ΅μ‹œμž₯ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이런 데 νˆ¬μžν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
But we have to figure out how to get people in the capital markets,
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이런 데 νˆ¬μžν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  μ‹Άκ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
who traditionally don't invest in this, to want to invest in this stuff.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ λ‹€μ‹œ 금육 κ³΅ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
06:21
So again, financial engineering was helpful here.
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λ§¨μ†μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν˜• νŽ€λ“œλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:23
Imagine the megafund starts empty,
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” λΉšλ„ μ’€ λ‚΄κ³  주식도 λ°œν–‰ν•˜μ£ .
06:25
and what it does is it issues some debt and some equity,
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06:29
and that generates cash flow.
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그러면 ν˜„κΈˆμ΄ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
That cash flow is used, then, to buy that big portfolio of drugs that you need,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 생긴 ν˜„κΈˆμœΌλ‘œ
ν•„μš”ν•œ 신약듀을 많이 μ‚¬λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
06:34
and those drugs start working their way through that approval process,
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그리고 μ•½λ¬Ό ν—ˆκ°€ 단계λ₯Ό λ°Ÿμ•„ λ‚˜κ°€λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν—ˆκ°€ 단계λ₯Ό ν•œ 단계 톡과할 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
06:38
and each time they go through a phase of approval,
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μ‹ μ•½μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ 톡과에 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
06:40
they gain value.
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06:41
Most of them don't make it, but a few of them do,
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λͺ‡ κ°œλŠ” ν†΅κ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 컀진 것듀 쀑에
06:44
and with the ones that gain value, you can sell some,
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λͺ‡ 개λ₯Ό νŒ”λ©΄
06:46
and when you sell them,
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빚의 μ΄μžλ„ 갚고
06:47
you have money to pay the interest on those bonds,
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λ‹€μŒ 단계 μ‹€ν—˜μ— νˆ¬μžλ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
06:50
but also to fund the next round of trials.
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슀슀둜 μž¬μ›μ„ λ§ˆλ ¨ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
It's almost self-funding.
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06:53
You do that for the course of the transaction,
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그런 과정을 λ°˜λ³΅ν•œ ν›„,
06:55
and when you're done, you liquidate the portfolio,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ— μ²­μ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λΉšμ„ 갚고
06:58
pay back the bonds, and you can give the equity holders a nice return.
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μ£Όμ£Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 이읡을 λŒλ €μ£ΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:01
That was the theory, and we talked about it,
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일단 이둠은 κ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ…Όμ˜λ„ ν•˜κ³ 
07:03
we did a bunch of experiments,
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이런 μ €λŸ° μ‹œν—˜λ„ 해보고
κ²°κ΅­ "ν•œ 번 λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 보자" κΉŒμ§€ κ°”μ–΄μš”.
07:05
and then we said, let's really try to test it.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ 두 ν•΄ λ™μ•ˆ μ €ν¬λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
We spent the next two years doing research.
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07:10
We talked to hundreds of experts in drug financing and venture capital.
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수백 λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ μ•½ 투자 μ „λ¬Έκ°€,
λ²€μ²˜μΊν”Όνƒˆ,
07:15
We talked to people who have developed drugs.
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μ‹ μ•½ κ°œλ°œμ„ ν•΄ λ³Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€,
07:17
We talked to pharmaceutical companies.
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또 μ œμ•½ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€κ³Ό μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
We actually looked at the data for drugs,
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2,000κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” ν—ˆκ°€, 거절, 포기된 μ‹ μ•½μ˜ μžλ£Œλ“€λ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄€μ–΄μš”.
07:22
over 2,000 drugs that had been approved or denied or withdrawn,
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07:26
and we also ran millions of simulations.
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또 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λͺ¨μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
And all that actually took a lot of time.
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ν•˜λ‹€λ³΄λ‹ˆ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ’€ κ±Έλ Έμ£ .
07:32
But when we were done, we found something that was sort of surprising.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ λ‹€ ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜μ„œ κ½€λ‚˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ 점을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
그런 νŽ€λ“œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ§Œ ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
It was feasible to structure that fund
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07:37
such that when you were done structuring it,
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정말 μ’‹μ•„μ„œ λ§Œλ“€κ³  보면
μ±„κΆŒμžλ“€μ΄ μ’‹μ•„ν•  λ§Œν•œ μ €μœ„ν—˜μ˜ μ±„κΆŒμ΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
you could actually produce low-risk bonds that would be attractive to bond holders,
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μ΄μžλŠ” 5~8%κ°€ 되고
07:44
that would give you yields of about five to eight percent,
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07:46
and you could produce equity
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μ£Όμ‹μœΌλ‘œμ„œλŠ”
07:48
that would give equity holders about a 12 percent return.
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μ£Όμ£Όμ—κ²Œ 12% μ΄μœ€μ„ λ‚΄λŠ” νˆ¬μžκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그런데 이 정도 μ΄μœ€μ€ λ²€μ²˜μΊν”Όνƒˆμ—κ²Œ 맀λ ₯적일 μ •λ„λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”
07:51
Now those returns aren't going to be attractive to a venture capitalist.
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λ²€μ²˜μΊν”Όνƒˆμ€ μœ„ν—˜ν•˜κ²Œ νˆ¬μžν•΄μ„œ
07:54
They want to make those big bets
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07:55
and get those billion dollar payoffs.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 보상을 μ›ν•˜μ£ .
07:57
But it turns out there are lots of other folks that would be interested.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 νŽ€λ“œλ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ„ 많이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ—°κΈˆ κΈ°κΈˆμ΄λ‚˜ κ΅­λ―Ό μ—°κΈˆ κ°™μ€λ°μ„œ λ”± μ›ν•˜λŠ” νŽ€λ“œμ£ .
08:01
That's right in the investment sweet spot of pension funds and 401(k) plans
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08:05
and all this other stuff.
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08:06
So we published some articles in the academic press,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν•™μˆ  λ…Όλ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ λ°œν‘œν•˜κ³ 
의료 저널에도 κΈ°μ‚¬λ‘œ μ“°κ³ 
08:09
in medical journals, in finance journals.
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금육 저널에도 κΈ°μ‚¬λ‘œ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
But it wasn't until we actually got the popular press interested in this
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ κ²°κ΅­ μΈκΈ°μžˆλŠ” 언둠이 관심을 가지고 λ‚˜μ„œμ•Ό
08:17
that we began to get some traction.
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일이 ν’€λ €κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
We wanted to do more than just make people aware of it.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런게 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ¦¬λŠ”κ²Œ μ €ν¬λ“€μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:22
We wanted people to get involved.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λž¬μ£ .
08:24
So we took all of our computer code and made that available online
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ˜€ν”ˆ μ†ŒμŠ€ λΌμ΄μ„ΌμŠ€λ‘œ
08:27
under an open-source license to anybody that wanted it.
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인터넷에 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ κ³΅κ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
And you guys can download it today
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이게 λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 직접 μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κ³  μ‹ΆμœΌμ‹œλ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ 였늘 λ‚΄λ €λ°›μœΌμ‹€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
if you want to run your own experiments to see if this would work.
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이건 κ½€ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
08:35
And that was really effective,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‚΄λ¦° 가정을 믿지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
08:36
because people that didn't believe our assumptions
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ κ°€μ •μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œν—˜ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:39
could try their own and see how it would work.
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이제 λ»”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:41
Now there's an obvious problem, which is,
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세상에 그만큼 크게 νˆ¬μžν•  λ§Œν•œ 돈이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:43
is there enough money in the world to fund this?
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08:45
I've told you there's enough drugs, but is there enough money?
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신약은 λ§Žλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
그런데 νˆ¬μžν•  돈이 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
08:48
There's 100 trillion dollars of capital
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ν˜„μž¬ 100μ‘° λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 자본이 κ³ μ • μˆ˜μ΅μ¦κΆŒμ— νˆ¬μžλ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
currently invested in fixed-income securities.
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08:54
That's a hundred thousand billion.
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10μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ μˆ˜μ‹­λ§Œ 개 μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:58
There's plenty of money.
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λˆμ€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
(Laughter)
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09:04
But we realized it's more than just money that's required.
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그런데 μ €ν¬λŠ” 돈 보닀 λ§Žμ€κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:06
We had to get people motivated, involved,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 동기λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜κ³ , μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€κ³ , μ΄ν•΄μ‹œμΌœμ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:08
and get them to understand this.
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09:10
And we started thinking about all the different things that could go wrong.
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그리고 뭐가 잘λͺ»λ  수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€λ„ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄λ–€ μž₯애물이 κ°€λ‘œλ§‰μ„κΉŒμš”?
09:14
What are all the challenges that might get in the way?
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09:17
And we had a long list.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
09:18
We assigned a bunch of people, including ourselves,
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우리λ₯Ό 포함해 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λΆ™μ—¬μ„œ
09:21
different pieces of this problem.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
And we said, could you start a work stream on credit risk?
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주둜 이런 μš”μ²­μ„ ν–ˆμ£ . "μ‹ μš© μœ„ν—˜ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 일해 μ£Όμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?"
09:26
Could you start a work stream on the regulatory aspects?
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규제 λ°©λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ’€ λ„μ™€μ£Όμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ“€μ„ 관리할 업무 방면을 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ μ£Όμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?"
09:29
Could you start a work stream on how you would manage so many projects?
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09:33
And we had all these experts get together and do these different work streams,
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전문가듀을 λͺ¨μ•„ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
회의λ₯Ό μ—΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
and then we held a conference.
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νšŒμ˜λŠ” μž‘λ…„ 여름에 μ—΄λ ΈλŠ”λ°
09:39
The conference was held over this past summer.
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μ΄ˆλŒ€λ°›μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ§Œ 올 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
It was an invitation-only conference.
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λ―Έκ΅­μ•”ν•™νšŒμ˜ 후원을 λ°›κ³ 
09:43
It was sponsored by the American Cancer Society
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κ΅­λ¦½μ•”μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯을 λ°›μ•˜μ§€μš”.
09:45
and done in collaboration with the National Cancer Institute.
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09:48
We had experts from every field we thought would be important,
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ΄ˆλŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
including the government, and people that run research centers,
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μ •λΆ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€, μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œ μš΄μ˜μžλ“€ λ“±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
and for two days they heard the reports
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이틀 λ™μ•ˆ 5가지 방면에 λŒ€ν•΄
09:57
from those five work streams, and talked about it.
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μΌν•œ 보고λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
처음으둜
09:59
It was the first time the people who could make this happen
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이 일을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
10:02
sat across the table from each other and had these conversations.
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책상에 마주 앉아
이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
Now these conferences, it's typical to have a dinner,
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이런 ν–‰μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 저녁 식사λ₯Ό ν•˜μ£ .
10:09
and at that dinner, you get to know each other,
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저녁 식사λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‹€λ³΄λ©΄
μ„œλ‘œ μ•ˆλ©΄μ„ 읡히곀 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
sort of like what we're doing here.
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μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것 μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
10:13
I happened to look out the window,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ μ°½ 밖을 λ΄€λŠ”λ°
10:15
and hand on my heart,
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거짓말 μ•ˆν•˜κ³ 
κ·Έ 행사일 밀에 -- μ—¬λ¦„μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ° --
10:16
on the night of this conference -- it was the summertime --
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μŒλ¬΄μ§€κ°œλ₯Ό λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
and that's what I saw, a double rainbow.
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쒋은 징쑰라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
10:22
So I'd like to think it was a good sign.
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νšŒμ˜κ°€ λλ‚˜κ³  νŒŒλ¦¬μ™€ μƒŒν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€μ½”μ—μ„œ
10:24
Since the conference, we've got people working between Paris and San Francisco,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 일을 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
lots of different folks working on this
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이 일에 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ°Έμ—¬ν•΄μ„œ
10:30
to try to see if we can really make it happen.
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이것이 정말 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 일인지 ν™•μΈν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
We're not looking to start a fund, but we want somebody else to do this.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νŽ€λ“œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°
λ‹€λ₯Έ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
Because, again, I'm not a scientist.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, λ‹€μ‹œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ, μ €λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
I can't build a drug.
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약을 λ§Œλ“€μ§€λ„ λͺ»ν•˜κ³ μš”.
10:40
I'm never going to have enough money to fund even one of those trials.
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이 μ•½ 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œμ΄λΌλ„ μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄ λ³Ό λˆλ„ μ ˆλŒ€ 가져보지 λͺ»ν•˜κ² μ§€μš”.
10:44
But all of us together, with our 401(k)s,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λͺ¨μ΄λ©΄,
κ΅­λ―Όμ—°κΈˆ, μ—°κΈˆκΈ°κΈˆ λ“±μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨μ΄λ©΄
10:47
with our 529 plans, with our pension plans,
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10:49
all of us together can actually fund hundreds of trials
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수백 개의 μž„μƒ μ‹€ν—˜μ— μžκΈˆμ„ μœ΅ν†΅ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
and get paid well for doing it
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ©΄μ„œ λˆλ„ 많이 벌 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
and save millions of lives like my dad.
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그리고 우리 아버지 같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ 수백만 λͺ… 살릴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:57
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (λ°•μˆ˜)
10:58
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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