Tiny robots with giant potential | Paul McEuen and Marc Miskin

61,765 views ใƒป 2020-02-25

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Shihwan Go ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
Mark Miskin: This is a rotifer.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ด๋ฅœ์ถฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
It's a microorganism about a hair's width in size.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ๊ตต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
00:18
They live everywhere on earth -- saltwater, freshwater, everywhere --
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ, ๋ฏผ๋ฌผ, ์–ด๋””๋“ ์ง€ ์‚ด์•„์š”.
00:22
and this one is out looking for food.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋…€์„์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
I remember the first time I saw this thing,
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€
00:27
I was like eight years old and it completely blew me away.
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8์‚ด ์ •๋„ ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™€๋”ฑ ๋น ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
00:30
I mean, here is this incredible little creature,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
00:32
it's hunting, swimming,
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:34
going about its life,
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๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
00:35
but its whole universe fits within a drop of pond water.
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์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ชป ๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:40
Paul McEuen: So this little rotifer shows us something really amazing.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋‹ด๋ฅœ์ถฉ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
It says that you can build a machine
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ด๊ณ ,
00:45
that is functional, complex, smart,
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
00:49
but all in a tiny little package,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์—
00:51
one so small that it's impossible to see it.
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๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:56
Now, the engineer in me is just blown away by this thing,
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์Šด์ด ๋ฒ…์ฐจ ์˜ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
that anyone could make such a creature.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ถ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:02
But right behind that wonder, I have to admit, is a bit of envy.
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๋†€๋ž๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์†”์งํžˆ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฝ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:06
I mean, nature can do it. Why can't we?
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์ž์—ฐ์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€?
01:10
Why can't we build tiny robots?
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์™œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์†Œํ˜• ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
01:13
Well, I'm not the only one to have this idea.
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์ €๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:15
In fact, in the last, oh, few years,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
01:18
researchers around the world have taken up the task
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€
01:21
of trying to build robots
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
that are so small that they can't be seen.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:26
And what we're going to tell you about today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑด
01:28
is an effort at Cornell University
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฝ”๋„ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์™€
01:30
and now at the University of Pennsylvania
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ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
01:33
to try to build tiny robots.
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๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
OK, so that's the goal.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:38
But how do we do it?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:40
How do we go about building tiny robots?
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๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:43
Well, Pablo Picasso, of all people, gives us our first clue.
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์Œ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์—, ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋กœ ํ”ผ์นด์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Picasso said --
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ํ”ผ์นด์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ
01:48
["Good artists copy, great artists steal."]
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['์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ›”์นœ๋‹ค.']
01:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:51
"Good artists copy. Great artists steal."
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"์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ผ๊ณ , ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ›”์นœ๋‹ค."
01:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:55
OK. But steal from what?
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ญ˜ ํ›”์น˜์ฃ ?
01:58
Well, believe it or not,
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
01:59
most of the technology you need to build a tiny robot already exists.
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์†Œํ˜• ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
The semiconductor industry has been getting better and better
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๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด
02:07
at making tinier and tinier devices,
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์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์  ๋” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:09
so at this point they could put something like a million transistors
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ Œ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ
02:13
into the size of a package that is occupied by, say,
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๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์งš์‹ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋งŒ ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜
02:16
a single-celled paramecium.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์— ๋‹ค ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:19
And it's not just electronics.
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์ „์ž์ œํ’ˆ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
They can also build little sensors,
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์ž‘์€ ์„ผ์„œ,
02:23
LEDs,
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LED,
02:24
whole communication packages that are too small to be seen.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ†ต์‹  ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
So that's what we're going to do.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
We're going to steal that technology.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ›”์น  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Here's a robot.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:35
Robot's got two parts, as it turns out.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
02:37
It's got a head, and it's got legs.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
[Steal these: Brains]
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[์ด๊ฑธ ํ›”์น˜์ฃ : ๋‘๋‡Œ]
02:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:44
We're going to call this a legless robot,
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—†๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
which may sound exotic,
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์ด๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆด์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
02:49
but they're pretty cool all by themselves.
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์ด ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ๋„ ๊ฝค ๋ฉ‹์ง€๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
In fact, most of you have a legless robot with you right now.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Your smartphone is the world's most successful legless robot.
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด์ฃ .
03:00
In just 15 years, it has taken over the entire planet.
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ 15๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:04
And why not?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
03:05
It's such a beautiful little machine.
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์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž–์•„์š”.
03:07
It's incredibly intelligent,
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ด๊ณ ,
03:09
it's got great communication skills,
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์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ๋ฐ๋‹ค
03:11
and it's all in a package that you can hold in your hand.
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ํ•œ ์†์— ์™ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด์ฃ .
03:14
So we would like to be able to build something like this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
only down at the cellular scale,
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์„ธํฌ ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ
03:19
the size of a paramecium.
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์งš์‹ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋งŒํผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:21
And here it is.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
This is our cell-sized smartphone.
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์„ธํฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
It even kind of looks like a smartphone,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:27
only it's about 10,000 times smaller.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ์ž‘์ฃ .
03:30
We call it an OWIC.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์˜ค์œ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
[Optical Wireless Integrated Circuits]
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[๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํšŒ๋กœ]
03:35
OK, we're not advertisers, all right?
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๊ด‘๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ˆ์š”, ์•Œ์ฃ ?
03:37
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:40
But it's pretty cool all by itself.
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์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋„ ๊ฝค ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ฃ .
03:42
In fact, this OWIC has a number of parts.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜ค์œ…์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
So up near the top,
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์œ„์ชฝ์—๋Š”,
03:46
there are these cool little solar cells that you shine light on the device
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์ž‘์€ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋น›์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด
03:49
and it wakes up a little circuit that's there in the middle.
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์ฃ .
03:52
And that circuit can drive a little tiny LED
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๊ทธ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ LED๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•ด
03:54
that can blink at you and allows the OWIC to communicate with you.
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์˜ค์œ…์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊นœ๋นก์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:58
So unlike your cell phone,
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
03:59
the OWIC communicates with light,
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์˜ค์œ…์€ ๋น›์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
sort of like a tiny firefly.
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ˜๋”ง๋ถˆ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:04
Now, one thing that's pretty cool about these OWICs
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์˜ค์œ…์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ ์€
04:06
is we don't make them one at a time,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:08
soldering all the pieces together.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋‚ฉ๋•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
We make them in massive parallel.
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
For example, about a million of these OWICs
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์•ฝ ๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ๊ฐœ ์˜ค์œ…์„
04:15
can fit on a single four-inch wafer.
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10์„ผํ‹ฐ ์›จํ•˜์Šค ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And just like your phone has different apps,
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ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฑ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
04:20
you can have different kinds of OWICs.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ค์œ…์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
There can be ones that, say, measure voltage,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ „์••์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:24
some that measure temperature,
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์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:25
or just have a little light that can blink at you to tell you that it's there.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊นœ๋นก์ด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์œ…์ด ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:29
So that's pretty cool, these tiny little devices.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ฃ .
04:33
And I'd like to tell you about them in a little more detail.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
04:36
But first, I have to tell you about something else.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ ค๋ณด์ฃ .
04:39
I'm going to tell you a few things about pennies that you might not know.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:42
So this one is a little bit older penny.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ข€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋™์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
It's got a picture of the Lincoln Memorial on the back.
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๋’ท๋ฉด์— ๋ง์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
But the first thing you might not know,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
04:49
that if you zoom in, you'll find in the center of this thing
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ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ค‘์•™์—
04:52
you can actually see Abraham Lincoln,
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์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ ๋ง์ปจ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:54
just like in the real Lincoln Memorial not so far from here.
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์‹ค์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง„์งœ ๋ง์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:57
What I'm sure you don't know,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด,
04:58
that if you zoom in even further --
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๋” ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:02
you'll see that there's actually an OWIC on Abe Lincoln's chest.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ง์ปจ์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์œ…์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:09
But the cool thing is,
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€,
05:10
you could stare at this all day long and you would never see it.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
It's invisible to the naked eye.
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์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
These OWICs are so small,
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์˜ค์œ…๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ณ 
05:18
and we make them in such parallel fashion,
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๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
05:21
that each OWIC costs actually less than a penny.
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์˜ค์œ… ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 10์›๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์ฃ .
05:25
In fact, the most expensive thing in this demo is that little sticker
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฒƒ์€ "์˜ค์œ…"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํžŒ ์ž‘์€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์ปค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
that says "OWIC."
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05:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:34
That cost about eight cents.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ 80์› ์ •๋„ ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:40
Now, we're very excited about these things for all sorts of reasons.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:43
For example, we can use them as little tiny secure smart tags,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€๋ฌธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž˜ ์‹๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ž‘์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ํƒœ๊ทธ๋กœ
05:46
more identifying than a fingerprint.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
We're actually putting them inside of other medical instruments
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ
05:51
to give other information,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:53
and even starting to think about putting them in the brain
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‡Œ์— ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ •๋ณด ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ
05:55
to listen to neurons one at a time.
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๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:57
In fact, there's only one thing wrong with these OWICs:
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ์˜ค์œ…๋“ค์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:01
it's not a robot.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
It's just a head.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:05
And I think we'll all agree
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:07
that half a robot really isn't a robot at all.
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๋ฐ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:11
Without the legs, we've got basically nothing.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:14
MM: OK, so you need the legs, too, if you want to build a robot.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
Now, here it turns out you can't just steal
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
06:20
some preexisting technology.
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06:22
If you want legs for your tiny robot, you need actuators, parts that move.
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๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ, ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:26
They have to satisfy a lot of different requirements.
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๋งŽ์€ ์š”๊ตฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:29
They need to be low voltage.
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์ €์ „์••์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:31
They need to be low power, too.
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์ „๋ ฅ์†Œ๋ชจ๋„ ์ ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:32
But most importantly, they have to be small.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
If you want to build a cell-sized robot, you need cell-sized legs.
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์„ธํฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์„ธํฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:38
Now, nobody knows how to build that.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
06:40
There was no preexisting technology that meets all of those demands.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์š”๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
To make our legs for our tiny robots,
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๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด
06:46
we had to make something new.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:47
So here's what we built.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
This is one of our actuators, and I'm applying a voltage to it.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ, ์ „์••์„ ์ค˜๋ณด์ฃ .
06:52
When I do, you can see the actuator respond by curling up.
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์ „์••์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
Now, this might not look like much,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:57
but if we were to put a red blood cell up on the screen, it'd be about that big,
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์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์ € ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ
07:01
so these are unbelievably tiny curls.
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ์ปฌ์ด์ฃ .
07:03
They're unbelievably small,
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ
07:04
and yet this device can just bend and unbend, no problem, nothing breaks.
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์ด, ๊ณ ์žฅ์—†์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ  ํŽผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
So how do we do it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
07:09
Well, the actuator is made from a layer of platinum
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์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์›์ž ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‘๊บผ์šด
07:11
just a dozen atoms or so thick.
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๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
Now it turns out, if you take platinum and put it in water
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฌผ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
07:16
and apply a voltage to it,
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์ „์••์„ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:17
atoms from the water will attach or remove themselves
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๋ฌผ ์›์ž๊ฐ€
07:19
from the surface of the platinum,
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ „์••์˜ ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:21
depending on how much voltage you use.
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๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์ฃ .
07:23
This creates a force,
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํž˜์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ 
07:24
and you can use that force for voltage-controlled actuation.
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๊ทธ ํž˜์„ ์ „์•• ์ œ์–ด ์ž‘๋™์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
The key here was to make everything ultrathin.
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์–‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
Then your actuator is flexible enough
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์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ ค๋„ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ
07:32
to bend to these small sizes without breaking,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:34
and it can use the forces that come about
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๋‹จ์ผ ์›์ž ์ธต์„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ
07:36
from just attaching or removing a single layer of atoms.
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Now, we don't have to build these one at a time, either.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
In fact, just like the OWICs,
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์˜ค์œ…๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
07:43
we can build them massively in parallel as well.
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๋ณ‘๋ ฌํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
So here's a couple thousand or so actuators,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
and all I'm doing is applying a voltage,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ,
07:50
and they all wave,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ค์š”.
07:51
looking like nothing more than the legs of a future robot army.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
07:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:58
So now we've got the brains and we've got the brawn.
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์ด์ œ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋„ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ  ํž˜๋„ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
We've got the smarts and the actuators.
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์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋„ค์š”.
08:03
The OWICs are the brains.
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์˜ค์œ…๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
They give us sensors, they give us power supplies,
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์˜ค์œ…์€ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ์ „์›์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:07
and they give us a two-way communication system via light.
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๋น›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
The platinum layers are the muscle.
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๋ฐฑ๊ธˆํŒ์€ ๊ทผ์œก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
They're what's going to move the robot around.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:13
Now we can take those two pieces, put them together
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด
08:16
and start to build our tiny, tiny robots.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
The first thing we wanted to build was something really simple.
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์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
This robot walks around under user control.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด์ฃ .
08:23
In the middle are some solar cells and some wiring attached to it.
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์„ ์ด ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
That's the OWIC.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค์œ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
They're connected to a set of legs which have a platinum layer
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์˜ค์œ…์€ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆํŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์„ธํŠธ์™€
08:30
and these rigid panels that we put on top
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๊ทธ ์œ„์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ํŒ๋„ฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉด
08:32
that tell the legs how to fold up, which shape they should take.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
The idea is that by shooting a laser at the different solar cells,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์— ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์˜์•„์„œ
08:39
you can choose which leg you want to move
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์›€์ง์ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ 
08:41
and make the robot walk around.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:42
Now, of course, we don't build those one at a time, either.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ์”ฉ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:45
We build them massively in parallel as well.
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๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
We can build something like one million robots on a single four-inch wafer.
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10cm ์™€ํผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
So, for example, this image on the left, this is a chip,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์นฉ์ด๊ณ 
08:53
and this chip has something like 10,000 robots on it.
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์ด ์นฉ์—๋Š” ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Now, in our world, the macro world,
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์ด์ œ, ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
08:58
this thing looks like it might be a new microprocessor or something.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
But if you take that chip and you put it under a microscope,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์นฉ์„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
09:04
what you're going to see are thousands and thousands of tiny robots.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Now, these robots are still stuck down.
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๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
They're still attached to the surface that we built them on.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
In order for them to walk around, we have to release them.
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์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ’€์–ด์ค˜์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:15
We wanted to show you how we do that live, how we release the robot army,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹คํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:19
but the process involves highly dangerous chemicals,
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:22
like, really nasty stuff,
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์ •๋ง ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:25
and we're like a mile from the White House right now?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์—์„œ 1.6ํ‚ฌ๋กœ ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ ?
09:27
Yeah. They wouldn't let us do it.
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๋งž์•„์š”. ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†”๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:30
So --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
09:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:33
so we're going to show you a movie instead. (Laughs)
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๋Œ€์‹  ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
09:37
What you're looking at here are the final stages of robot deployment.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
We're using chemicals
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
09:41
to etch the substrate out from underneath the robots.
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๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ๋ถ€์‹์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:44
When it dissolves, the robots are free to fold up into their final shapes.
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์šฉํ•ด๋˜๋ฉด, ๋กœ๋ด‡์€ ์ตœ์ข… ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ ‘์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
Now, you can see here, the yield's about 90 percent,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์™„์„ฑ๋ฅ ์€ ์•ฝ 90% ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
so almost every one of those 10,000 robots we build,
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๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋กœ๋ด‡์„
09:52
that's a robot that we can deploy and control later.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
And we can take those robots and we can put them places as well.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:58
So if you look at the movie on the left, that's some robots in water.
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์ขŒ์ธก ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ฌผ ์†์— ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
I'm going to come along with a pipette,
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ํ”ผํŽซ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์„
10:04
and I can vacuum them all up.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
Now when you inject the robots back out of that pipette,
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์ด์ œ ์ด ํ”ผํŽซ์—์„œ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋„,
10:09
they're just fine.
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
In fact, these robots are so small,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:12
they're small enough to pass through the thinnest hypodermic needle
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–‡์€ ํ”ผํ•˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๋„
10:15
you can buy.
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ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
Yeah, so if you wanted to,
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๋„ค, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์›ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:18
you could inject yourself full of robots.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋“ ๋ชธ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:22
I think they're into it.
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์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์ด ์™„์ „ ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
10:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:27
On the right is a robot that we put in some pond water.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ชป ๋ฌผ์— ๋„ฃ์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
I want you to wait for just one second.
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์ž ๊น๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
10:32
Ooop!
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์›!
10:34
You see that? That was no shark. That was a paramecium.
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๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ์ƒ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์งš์‹ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜€์–ด์š”.
10:38
So that's the world that these things live in.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด์—์š”.
10:40
OK, so this is all well and good,
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค ์ข‹๊ณ  ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€๋ฐ,
10:42
but you might be wondering at this point,
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์ด์ฏค์—์„œ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
10:44
"Well, do they walk?"
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"๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‚˜?"
10:46
Right? That's what they're supposed to do. They better. So let's find out.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด์ฃ .
10:50
So here's the robot and here are its solar cells in the middle.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
10:53
Those are those little rectangles.
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์ €๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ์ž‘ํ˜•๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
I want you to look at the solar cell closest to the top of the slide.
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์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
See that little white dot? That's a laser spot.
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์ž‘์€ ํ•˜์–€ ์ ์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”? ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ŠคํŒŸ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
Now watch what happens when we start switching that laser
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๋กœ๋ด‡์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:03
between different solar cells on the robot.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด์ฃ .
11:09
Off it goes!
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๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
11:11
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:13
Yeah!
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์˜ˆ!
11:14
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:20
Off goes the robot marching around the microworld.
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ–‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด๋„ค์š”.
11:23
Now, one of the things that's cool about this movie is:
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
11:26
I'm actually piloting the robot in this movie.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
In fact, for six months, my job was to shoot lasers at tiny cell-sized robots
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์‚ฌ์‹ค 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ ์ผ์€ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡์— ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์˜์•„์„œ
11:34
to pilot them around the microworld.
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
This was actually my job.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
As far as I could tell, that is the coolest job in the world.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ, ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:42
It was just the feeling of total excitement,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํฅ๋ถ„๋œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
like you're doing the impossible.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
11:46
It's a feeling of wonder like that first time I looked through a microscope
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
11:50
as a kid staring at that rotifer.
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๋‹ด๋ฅœ์ถฉ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์›€์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
Now, I'm a dad, I have a son of my own, and he's about three years old.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์•„๋น ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 3์‚ด ๋œ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
But one day, he's going to look through a microscope like that one.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋“ค๋„ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:59
And I often wonder:
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๋ฌธ๋“ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง€๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
What is he going to see?
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๋‚ด ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ?
12:03
Instead of just watching the microworld,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
12:05
we as humans can now build technology to shape it,
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์ด์ œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
12:09
to interact with it, to engineer it.
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์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
In 30 years, when my son is my age, what will we do with that ability?
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30๋…„ ํ›„, ์•„๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ œ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:17
Will microrobots live in our bloodstream,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
12:20
as common as bacteria?
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:22
Will they live on our crops and get rid of pests?
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•ด์ถฉ์„ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:25
Will they tell us when we have infections, or will they fight cancer cell by cell?
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๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์„ธํฌ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์•”๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:31
PM: And one cool part is,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
12:33
you're going to be able to participate in this revolution.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Ten years or so from now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10๋…„ ์ •๋„ ํ›„,
12:37
when you buy your new iPhone 15x Moto or whatever it's called --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ดํฐ 15x ๋ชจํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋ญ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋“  ๊ฐ„์—
12:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:42
it may come with a little jar with a few thousand tiny robots in it
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ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ์•ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š”
12:46
that you can control by an app on your cell phone.
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์ž‘์€ ๋ณ‘์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ๊ณต๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
So if you want to ride a paramecium, go for it.
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์งš์‹ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:53
If you want to -- I don't know -- DJ the world's smallest robot dance party,
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์ž˜์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋Œ„์Šค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋””์ œ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:57
make it happen.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:59
And I, for one, am very excited about that day coming.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‚ ์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
MM: Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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