Jeffrey Brown: How we cut youth violence in Boston by 79 percent | TED

ジェフリー・ブラウン牧師: どのようにボストンの若者の暴力を79％削減したのか

翻訳: Masako Kigami 校正: Claire Ghyselen

I've learned some of my most important life lessons

私は最も大切な人生の教訓を

from drug dealers

麻薬ディーラーや

and gang members

チンピラや

and prostitutes,

売春婦から学びました

and I've had some of my most profound theological conversations

そして最も深遠なる神学的な会話を

not in the hallowed halls of a seminary

神聖な神学校のホールではなく

but on a street corner

金曜 深夜１時の

on a Friday night, at 1 a.m.

街角で行ってきました

That's a little unusual, since I am a Baptist minister, seminary-trained,

私は神学校を卒業した バプテスト派の牧師で

and pastored a church for over 20 years,

教会を任されて20年以上ですから 少し変わっていると思うでしょうが

but it's true.

本当の話です

It came as a part of my participation

私は治安維持や犯罪削減に携わり

in a public safety crime reduction strategy

私は治安維持や犯罪削減に携わり

that saw a 79 percent reduction in violent crime

大都市で８年間で 凶悪犯罪が

over an eight-year period in a major city.

79％減少するのを見てきました

But I didn't start out wanting to be

でも私は誰かのやり方で

a part of somebody's crime reduction strategy.

犯罪削減に携わりたいわけでは なかったのです

I was 25, had my first church.

私は25才で 最初の教会を任されました

If you would have asked me what my ambition was,

当時の私に夢を聞くなら

I would have told you I wanted to be a megachurch pastor.

大きな教会の牧師になりたいと 答えたでしょう

I wanted a 15-, 20,000-member church.

信者数が１万５千人とか２万人の 教会が欲しかった

I wanted my own television ministry.

テレビ中継される 牧師になりたかった

I wanted my own clothing line.

礼拝用の服もたくさん欲しかった

(Laughter)

(笑)

I wanted to be your long distance carrier.

遠距離の信者も集めたかった

You know, the whole nine yards.

何もかも欲しかったのです

(Laughter)

(笑)

After about a year of pastoring,

牧師になって１年が過ぎた頃

my membership went up about 20 members.

会員は20人くらいに増えましたが

So megachurchdom was way down the road.

大教会は遥か彼方でした

But seriously, if you'd have said, "What is your ambition?"

でも もし真摯な夢を聞かれたなら

I would have said just to be a good pastor,

立派な牧師になることでした

to be able to be with people through all the passages of life,

人々のあらゆる人生の局面に寄り添い

to preach messages that would have an everyday meaning for folks,

日常生活の意味を説き

and in the African-American tradition,

アフリカ系アメリカ人の伝統に則って

to be able to represent the community that I serve.

私の管轄区の代表に なりたかったのです

But there was something else that was happening in my city

一方 私の街や大都市圏 そして

and in the entire metro area,

アメリカの大半の主要都市で

and in most metro areas in the United States,

ある事態が起こりつつありました

and that was the homicide rate started to rise precipitously.

殺人率が急激に上昇し始めたのです

And there were young people who were killing each other

些細としか思えないことで

for reasons that I thought were very trivial,

若者同士が殺し合うのです

like bumping into someone in a high school hallway,

例えば 高校の廊下で ぶつかった生徒を

and then after school, shooting the person.

放課後撃つのです

Someone with the wrong color shirt on,

最悪のタイミングで 危険な街角に

on the wrong street corner at the wrong time.

着てはいけない色のシャツを着て 立っていたといって撃つのです

And something needed to be done about that.

なんとかする必要がありました

It got to the point where it started to change the character of the city.

都市の雰囲気が 変わり始めていたのです

You could go to any housing project,

公営住宅に行ってみると ―

for example, like the one that was down the street from my church,

私の教会から 少し行ったところにもありますが ―

and you would walk in, and it would be like a ghost town,

足を踏み入れると ゴーストタウンのようなのです

because the parents wouldn't allow their kids to come out and play,

暴力がはびこっているせいで 夏であっても

even in the summertime, because of the violence.

親が子供を外で 遊ばせないからです

You would listen in the neighborhoods on any given night,

夜近所の音に耳を澄ませば

and to the untrained ear, it sounded like fireworks,

慣れていないと 花火の音に聞こえるかもしれませんが

but it was gunfire.

銃声がするのです

You'd hear it almost every night, when you were cooking dinner,

ほぼ毎晩のように銃声がします 夕食を作っている時

telling your child a bedtime story, or just watching TV.

寝る前に子供に本を読んであげる時 テレビを見ている時に聞こえてくるのです

And you can go to any emergency room at any hospital,

そして病院の緊急治療室に行けば

and you would see lying on gurneys

若い黒人やラテン系の男性が 撃たれて瀕死の状態で

young black and Latino men shot and dying.

担架に横たわっている光景を 目にします

And I was doing funerals,

私は多くの葬儀を行いましたが

but not of the venerated matriarchs and patriarchs who'd lived a long life

弔辞にも困らないような

and there's a lot to say.

長寿を全うした 年配の方の葬儀ではないのです

I was doing funerals of 18-year-olds,

執り行ったのは 18歳や

17-year-olds,

17歳 ―

and 16-year-olds,

16歳の子供たちの葬儀で

and I was standing in a church or at a funeral home

教会や葬儀場に立って

struggling to say something

心に響くことを言うには

that would make some meaningful impact.

大変苦労しました

And so while my colleagues were building these cathedrals great and tall

私の同僚が 高くて立派な大聖堂を建てたり

and buying property outside of the city

郊外に不動産を買ったり

and moving their congregations out

集会の場所を変えたりして

so that they could create or recreate their cities of God,

「神の都市」を作ろうとしていた頃

the social structures in the inner cities

市街地の社会構造は

were sagging under the weight of all of this violence.

この暴力の重圧に 押しつぶされていました

And so I stayed, because somebody needed to do something,

だから私は留まりました 誰かがやらねばと思ったからです

and so I had looked at what I had and moved on that.

自分が行ってきた使命を 考えてみました

I started to preach decrying the violence in the community.

私は地域社会の暴力を非難する 説教を始めました

And I started to look at the programming in my church,

自分の教会で礼拝を 企画することから始めました

and I started to build programs that would catch the at-risk youth,

暴力を ただ傍観し 非行に走る恐れのある子供を

those who were on the fence to the violence.

惹きつけようとしたのです

I even tried to be innovative in my preaching.

自分の説教のスタイルを 変えてもみました

You all have heard of rap music, right?

皆さん ラップをご存じですよね？

Rap music?

ラップですよ？

I even tried to rap sermon one time.

一度ラップで説教をやりました

It didn't work, but at least I tried it.

失敗でしたが とにかくやったのです

I'll never forget the young person who came to me after that sermon.

説教後に若者が私の所にやってきたのが 忘れられません

He waited until everybody was gone,

彼は皆が居なくなるまで 待って言いました

and he said, "Rev, rap sermon, huh?" And I was like, "Yeah, what do you think?"

「牧師さん ラップで説教かよ？」 「どうだった？」と聞くと

And he said, "Don't do that again, Rev."

「二度とするな」と言われました

(Laughter)

(笑)

But I preached and I built these programs,

それでも私は説教をし これらの企画を作り

and I thought maybe if my colleagues did the same

もし同僚が同じことをしたのなら

that it would make a difference.

結果は違っていたかと悩みました

But the violence just careened out of control,

手に負えないほど 暴力の勢いが強く

and people who were not involved in the violence were getting shot and killed:

暴力とは直接関わりのない人々が 撃たれたり殺されたりしました

somebody going to buy a pack of cigarettes at a convenience store,

コンビニでタバコを 一箱買おうとする人や

or someone who was sitting at a bus stop just waiting for a bus,

バスを待つため 停留所に座っている人

or kids who were playing in the park,

公園の片隅で起こった暴力に

oblivious to the violence on the other side of the park,

気付かずに遊んでいた子供たちです

but it coming and visiting them.

でも暴力が彼らの世界に入り込んでくるのです

Things were out of control,

事態は制御不能で

and I didn't know what to do,

自分のすべきことが 分かりませんでしたが

and then something happened that changed everything for me.

私の全てを変えるようなことが 起こりました

It was a kid by the name of Jesse McKie,

ジェシー・ミッキーという子どもが

walking home with his friend Rigoberto Carrion

友達のリゴベルト・キャリーオンと一緒に

to the housing project down the street from my church.

私の教会の先にある 公営住宅に歩いて帰る途中

They met up with a group of youth who were from a gang in Dorchester,

ドーチェスターの チンピラのグループと出会い

and they were killed.

殺されたのです

But as Jesse was running from the scene mortally wounded,

ジェシーは致命傷を負った現場から

he was running in the direction of my church,

私の教会の方向へ逃げましたが

and he died some 100, 150 yards away.

あと100mか150mの所で 息絶えました

If he would have gotten to the church, it wouldn't have made a difference,

教会に逃げ込んでいても 何も変わらなかったでしょう

because the lights were out; nobody was home.

明かりが消え 誰もいなかったからです

And I took that as a sign.

私はそれを神の啓示と捉えました

When they caught some of the youth that had done this deed,

犯人のチンピラを捕まえてみると

to my surprise, they were around my age,

なんと 私と同世代だったのです

but the gulf that was between us was vast.

しかし 私たちの隔たりは大きく

It was like we were in two completely different worlds.

あたかも全く違う二つの世界で 暮らしているかのようでした

And so as I contemplated all of this

私はこのことを深く考え

and looked at what was happening,

何が起こったのか調べました

I suddenly realized that there was a paradox that was emerging inside of me,

そして突然 私の内なる矛盾に 気付いたのです

and the paradox was this: in all of those sermons

その矛盾とは 説教では

that I preached decrying the violence,

暴力を非難し

I was also talking about building community,

地域社会の再建を話してきたのに

but I suddenly realized

私の地域社会の定義には

that there was a certain segment of the population

含まれていない階層の人々がいることに

that I was not including in my definition of community.

突然 気付いたのです

And so the paradox was this:

つまり こういうことです

If I really wanted the community that I was preaching for,

本当に私が 自分の管轄区が欲しいなら

I needed to reach out

私の定義から外れた人々に

and embrace this group that I had cut out of my definition.

手を差し伸べ 受け入れる必要があったのです

Which meant not about building programs

暴力を傍観している人たちを

to catch those who were on the fences of violence,

惹きつける企画を作るだけでなく

but to reach out and to embrace those who were committing the acts of violence,

暴力に関わっている人たち ― 暴力団員や麻薬ディーラーに

the gang bangers, the drug dealers.

手を差し伸べ 受け入れるのです

As soon as I came to that realization, a quick question came to my mind.

それに気付いて すぐに疑問が頭をもたげました

Why me?

「どうして私が？」

I mean, isn't this a law enforcement issue?

警察の問題ではないかと 思ったのです

This is why we have the police, right?

そのために警察がいるのですよね？

As soon as the question, "Why me?" came, the answer came just as quickly:

でも 疑問がわいた直後に 答えも見つかりました

Why me? Because I'm the one who can't sleep at night thinking about it.

暴力のことを考えだすと 夜も眠れないのは 私だからです

Because I'm the one looking around saying somebody needs to do something about this,

誰かが何とかする必要があると 思っているのは 私だからです

and I'm starting to realize that that someone is me.

そして その誰かこそ 自分だと気付きました

I mean, isn't that how movements start anyway?

運動とは こうして始まるものでしょう？

They don't start with a grand convention and people coming together

初めから大きな集会に沢山 人が集まって

and then walking in lockstep with a statement.

横断幕を掲げて 行進するわけではないのです

But it starts with just a few, or maybe just one.

最初は ほんの数人 一人だけかも知れません

It started with me that way,

始めの頃はそんな具合でした

and so I decided to figure out the culture of violence

私は若者が関与する暴力文化を

in which these young people who were committing them existed,

解明することにし

and I started to volunteer at the high school.

高校でボランティアを始めました

After about two weeks of volunteering at the high school,

ボランティアを始めて ２週間が過ぎた頃

I realized that the youth that I was trying to reach,

探している若者は

they weren't going to high school.

高校に行っていないことに 気付きました

I started to walk in the community,

私は地域を歩くようになりました

and it didn't take a rocket scientist to realize that they weren't out

彼らが昼間に外出しないことは

during the day.

天才じゃなくてもわかります

So I started to walk the streets at night, late at night,

だから 私は深夜の路上を 歩き始めました

going into the parks where they were,

彼らのいる公園へ行き

building the relationship that was necessary.

必要な関係を築きました

A tragedy happened in Boston that brought a number of clergy together,

ボストンで起こった悲劇は 聖職者を団結させました

and there was a small cadre of us who came to the realization

私を含め数人が悟ったのは 四方を壁に囲まれた教会から出て

that we had to come out of the four walls of our sanctuary

若者たちに会いに行く必要が

and meet the youth where they were,

あるということでした

and not try to figure out how to bring them in.

教会に連れて来るのではないのです

And so we decided to walk together,

そこで私たちは

and we would get together

一緒に歩くことにしました

in one of the most dangerous neighborhoods in the city

その町で最も危険な場所の一つで

on a Friday night and on a Saturday night

金曜日と土曜日の

at 10 p.m.,

夜10時に集まって

and we would walk until 2 or 3 in the morning.

深夜２時とか３時まで 歩き回りました

I imagine we were quite the anomaly when we first started walking.

歩き始めた最初の頃 自分たちを例外だと思っていました

I mean, we weren't drug dealers.

麻薬ディーラーでも

We weren't drug customers.

麻薬の顧客でも

We weren't the police. Some of us would have collars on.

警察でもないからです 牧師の印の白い襟を付けた人もいました

It was probably a really odd thing.

多分とても変だったでしょう

But they started speaking to us after a while,

しばらくすると 若者たちと会話するようになりました

and what we found out is that

そして気付いたことは

while we were walking, they were watching us,

私たちが歩いている間 彼らは 私たちを見て

and they wanted to make sure of a couple of things:

２つのことを確かめていたのです

that number one, we were going to be consistent in our behavior,

その１：そこに来た私たちの態度に

that we would keep coming out there;

一貫性があるのか

and then secondly, they had wanted to make sure

その２：若者を利用するために

that we weren't out there to exploit them.

来たわけではないこと

Because there was always somebody who would say,

というのも 「安全な通りを取り戻す」と

"We're going to take back the streets,"

主張する人間はいつでも

but they would always seem to have a television camera with them,

テレビカメラやレポーターと

or a reporter,

一緒にいるようだったからです

and they would enhance their own reputation

自分の名声を高めるために

to the detriment of those on the streets.

路上の若者を利用しているのです

So when they saw that we had none of that,

だから私たちが 誰も連れていないのを見て

they decided to talk to us.

話しかけてきたのです

And then we did an amazing thing for preachers.

そして私たちは 牧師としては驚くべき態度に出ました

We decided to listen and not preach.

説教はせず 聞くことにしたのです

Come on, give it up for me.

さあ 拍手してくださいよ

(Laughter) (Applause)

(笑) (拍手)

All right, come on, you're cutting into my time now, okay? (Laughter)

私の時間に 食い込んでますよ (笑)

But it was amazing.

でも 素晴らしかった

We said to them, "We don't know our own communities after 9 p.m. at night,

彼らに こう話しかけました 「私たちは夜９時以降の地域の様子 ―

between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m.,

夜９時から朝５時までの様子を知らないが

but you do.

君たちは知っている

You are the subject matter experts, if you will, of that period of time.

君たちは夜の時間帯の エキスパートなんだ

So talk to us. Teach us.

だから私たちに教えてほしい

Help us to see what we're not seeing.

私たちに見えないことが見えるように

Help us to understand what we're not understanding."

理解していないことを 理解できるように手伝ってほしい」

And they were all too happy to do that,

若者は喜んでやってくれました

and we got an idea of what life on the streets was all about,

私たちはストリートでの暮らしが 分かってきました

very different than what you see on the 11 o'clock news,

11時のニュース報道とは全然違うのです

very different than what is portrayed in popular media and even social media.

人気メディアやソーシャルメディアの報道とも 全然違うのです

And as we were talking with them,

若者たちと話しているうちに

a number of myths were dispelled about them with us.

彼らに対する偏見が 消えて行きました

And one of the biggest myths was that these kids were cold and heartless

ひどい偏見の一つは この子たちは冷たく残酷で

and uncharacteristically bold in their violence.

暴力を好むというものです

What we found out was the exact opposite.

私たちが見たのは その真逆の姿です

Most of the young people who were out there on the streets

路上にいる若者の大半は

are just trying to make it on the streets.

そこでうまく生活しようとしています

And we also found out

さらに分かったことは

that some of the most intelligent and creative

ストリートには 私たちが今まで会った中で

and magnificent and wise

最も知的で クリエイティブで 堂々として

people that we've ever met

賢い若者たちがいて

were on the street, engaged in a struggle.

そこで闘っていたのです

And I know some of them call it survival, but I call them overcomers,

それをサバイバルと呼ぶ若者もいますが 私は克服だと思います

because when you're in the conditions that they're in,

彼らのような状況に置かれると

to be able to live every day is an accomplishment of overcoming.

日々生きることは 克服することなのです

And as a result of that, we said to them,

それを受けて 私たちは彼らに尋ねました

"How do you see this church, how do you see this institution

「こういう状況を改善するために 教会は何をすればいいと思う？」

helping this situation?"

「こういう状況を改善するために 教会は何をすればいいと思う？」

And we developed a plan in conversation with these youths.

私たちは若者との会話を通じて 計画を立てました

We stopped looking at them as the problem to be solved,

若者を問題視することを止め

and we started looking at them as partners, as assets,

地域社会の暴力削減運動の パートナーであり 有用な人材であり

as co-laborers in the struggle to reduce violence in the community.

仲間として 彼らを見るようになりました

Imagine developing a plan,

計画を立てるのを 想像してみてください

you have one minister at one table and a heroin dealer at the other table,

牧師と麻薬ディーラーが 席を共にして

coming up with a way in which the church can help the entire community.

教会が地域社会全体を 支援する方法を考えるのです

The Boston Miracle was about bringing people together.

ボストンの奇跡は 人々を団結させました

We had other partners.

私たちには他にも協力者がいました

We had law enforcement partners.

司法関係者がおり

We had police officers.

警察官がいました

It wasn't the entire force,

ただ警官全員ではありません

because there were still some who still had that lock-'em-up mentality,

「刑務所送りにすればいい」と 考える人も いましたから

but there were other cops

でも 地域社会のために協力するのを

who saw the honor in partnering with the community,

名誉だと思う警官もいました

who saw the responsibility from themselves

彼らはコミュニティ・リーダーや 信仰指導者と

to be able to work as partners with community leaders and faith leaders

働くことを責務とみなし

in order to reduce violence in the community.

地域社会の暴力削減に 努めてきました

Same with probation officers,

保護観察官も然り

same with judges,

裁判官も然り

same with folks who were up that law enforcement chain,

司法関連の人々も然り

because they realized, like we did,

なぜなら私たちが気付いたように

that we'll never arrest ourselves out of this situation,

この状況から抜け出すには

that there will not be enough prosecutions made,

いくら起訴をしても

and you cannot fill these jails up enough

いくら刑務所送りにしても

in order to alleviate the problem.

問題解決に至らないことに 彼らも気付いたのです

I helped to start an organization

私は20年前に 信仰に基づいた団体を

20 years ago, a faith-based organization, to deal with this issue.

この問題を解決するために 立ち上げました

I left it about four years ago

私は４年前に退き

and started working in cities across the United States,

アメリカの合計19の都市での

19 in total,

活動を開始しました

and what I found out was that in those cities,

そして気付いたことは そういう都市には

there was always this component of community leaders

常に地域の リーダーとなる人がいて

who put their heads down and their nose to the grindstone,

頭を下げながら コツコツ働き

who checked their egos at the door

エゴは決して持ち込まず

and saw the whole as greater than the sum of its parts,

全体の力は 個人の力を足したものより 大きいことを理解し

and came together and found ways to work with youth out on the streets,

力を合わせて 路上の若者と 共に活動する方法を見つけていました

that the solution is not more cops,

そして解決策は 警官を増員することではなく

but the solution is mining the assets that are there in the community,

地域の人材を掘り起こして

to have a strong community component

暴力を削減するために協働する

in the collaboration around violence reduction.

強力な地域の体制を作ることなのです

Now, there is a movement in the United States

アメリカで 私の自慢の若者たちが

of young people who I am very proud of who are dealing with the structural issues

構造改革の問題に取組み

that need to change if we're going to be a better society.

より良い社会を築こうとしています

But there is this political ploy to try to pit police brutality

一方で 黒人同士の暴力に対して

and police misconduct against black-on-black violence.

警察が暴力や職務乱用で 対抗しようとする政治的策略がありますが

But it's a fiction.

これは所詮 絵空事です

It's all connected.

すべてが連鎖しているのですから

When you think about decades of failed housing policies

数十年に渡って 破綻した住宅政策に

and poor educational structures,

貧弱な教育システム ―

when you think about persistent unemployment

地域における 長期に渡る失業に

and underemployment in a community,

不安定な労働条件 ―

when you think about poor healthcare,

そして 医療サービスの不足を考えると

and then you throw drugs into the mix

そんな環境に 麻薬や ダッフルバッグに詰めた銃を

and duffel bags full of guns,

放り込めば

little wonder that you would see this culture of violence emerge.

こういう暴力文化が現れるのも 全然不思議ではないのです

And then the response that comes from the state is more cops

結果として州の対応は 警官の増員と

and more suppression of hot spots.

危険地域の取り締まり強化になります

It's all connected,

すべて連鎖しているのです

and one of the wonderful things that we've been able to do

私たちが行った 素晴らしいことの一つは

is to be able to show the value of partnering together --

暴力削減を目指して

community, law enforcement, private sector, the city --

地域社会、警察、企業、市当局が 共に連携することの

in order to reduce violence.

価値を示したことです

You have to value that community component.

地域社会の価値を 尊重しなければなりません

I believe that we can end the era of violence in our cities.

私は都市の暴力の時代に 終止符を打てると信じています

I believe that it is possible and that people are doing it even now.

できると信じているし 人々が 今まさに取り組んでいますが

But I need your help.

みなさんの支援が必要です

It can't just come from folks who are burning themselves out

地域社会で 人々は精根尽き果てています

in the community.

地域社会で 人々は精根尽き果てています

They need support. They need help.

あなたの支援や 援助が必要なのです

Go back to your city.

自分の街に帰ったら

Find those people.

そういう人々を見つけてください

"You need some help? I'll help you out."

「お困りですか？」 「私がお助けします」

Find those people. They're there.

人々を見つけるのです 彼らはそこにいます

Bring them together with law enforcement, the private sector, and the city,

そして彼らが暴力削減という目標の下に 警察、企業、市当局と

with the one aim of reducing violence,

連携できるようにしてください

but make sure that that community component is strong.

地域に活力を与えてください

Because the old adage that comes from Burundi is right:

ブルンジ共和国には古い諺があって まさにその通りなのです

that you do for me, without me, you do to me.

「私のためにと思っていても 私抜きなら 押し付けているだけ」

God bless you. Thank you.

皆さんに神のご加護を ありがとうございました

(Applause)

(拍手)