Your body was forged in the spectacular death of stars | Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

60,749 views ใƒป 2020-01-15

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Hemu
00:13
We are all atomically connected.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™.
00:16
Fundamentally, universally.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
00:19
But what does that mean?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
00:22
I'm an astrophysicist, and as such,
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ืื ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™, ื•ื›ื›ื–ื”,
00:25
it is my responsibility to trace the cosmic history
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช
00:29
of every single one of your atoms.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
00:33
In fact, I would say
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ
00:35
that one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy
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ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
00:39
is the understanding of how our atoms were actually put together.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื•.
00:45
While hydrogen and helium were made
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•
00:48
during the first two minutes of the big bang,
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:51
the origin of heavy elements,
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:54
such as the iron in your blood, the oxygen we're breathing,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ื“ืžื›ื, ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
00:58
the silicone in your computers,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
01:00
lies in the life cycle of stars.
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ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:05
Nuclear reactions take lighter elements and transform them into heavier ones,
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:11
and that causes stars to shine
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื—
01:13
and ultimately explode,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ,
01:16
therefore enriching the universe with these heavy elements.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:21
So without stellar death
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ืื– ืœืœื ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™
01:27
there would be no oxygen
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ
01:29
or other elements heavier than hydrogen and helium,
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ืื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื,
01:32
and therefore, there would be no life.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:36
There are more atoms in our bodies
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ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
01:39
than stars in the universe.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:42
And these atoms are extremely durable.
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ื•ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:45
The origins of our atoms
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:47
can be traceable to stars that manufactured them in their interiors
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ืขื“ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื”ื
01:53
and exploded them all across the Milky Way,
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ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
01:57
billions of years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:00
And I should know this,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
02:01
because I am indeed a certified stellar mortician.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืงื‘ืจืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™.
02:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:06
And today, I want to take you on a journey that starts in a supernova explosion
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืกืข ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”
02:12
and ends with the air that we're breathing right now.
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ื•ืกื•ืคื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
02:18
So what is our body made of?
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ืื– ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•?
02:21
Ninety-six percent consists of only four elements:
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ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช:
02:27
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ.
02:33
Now the main character of this cosmic tale is oxygen.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:39
Not only is the vast majority of our bodies made of oxygen,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ,
02:43
but oxygen is the one element fighting to protect life on earth.
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ืืœื ืฉื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืœื—ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:49
The vast majority of oxygen in the universe
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
02:51
was indeed produced over the entire history of the universe
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ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•
02:56
in these supernova explosions.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื”.
02:59
These supernova explosions signal the demise of very massive stars.
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ืฆื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ.
03:04
And for a brilliant month,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘,
03:06
one supernova explosion can be brighter than an entire galaxy
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”
03:11
containing billions of stars.
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ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:13
That is truly remarkable.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:17
That is because massive stars burn brighter
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:21
and have a spectacular death, compared to other stars.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:26
Nuclear fusion is really the lifeblood of all stars,
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
03:30
including the sun,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:31
and as a result is the root source of all the energy on earth.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:37
You can think of stars as these fusion factories
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื”
03:42
which are powered by smashing atoms together
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ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
03:45
in their hot and dense interiors.
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ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื”ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื.
03:47
Now, stars like our sun,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:50
which are relatively small,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
03:51
burn hydrogen into helium,
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ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืœื™ื•ื,
03:53
but heavier stars of about eight times the mass of the sun
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
03:57
continue this burning cycle
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื”
04:00
even after they exhausted their helium in their cores.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื”ื.
04:05
So at this point,
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ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•,
04:07
the massive star is left with a carbon core,
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
04:10
which, as you know, is the building block of life.
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ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:14
This carbon core continues to collapse
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ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืก
04:18
and as a result, the temperature increases,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœื”,
04:21
which allows further nuclear reactions to take place,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:25
and carbon then burns into oxygen,
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืื– ื ืฉืจืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ,
04:27
into neon, silicon, sulphur
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ืœื ื™ืื•ืŸ, ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช
04:31
and ultimately iron.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ.
04:33
And iron is the end.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
04:36
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
04:37
Because iron is the most bound nuclei in the universe,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื›ืœื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
04:40
which means that we cannot extract energy by burning iron.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืฅ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
04:45
So when the entire core of the massive star is made of iron,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ,
04:50
it's run out of fuel.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื“ืœืง.
04:52
And that's an incredibly bad day for a star.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘.
04:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:00
Without fuel, it cannot generate heat,
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ืœืœื ื“ืœืง, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื,
05:04
and therefore gravity has won the battle.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘.
05:08
The iron core has no other choice but to collapse,
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ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืก,
05:11
reaching incredibly high densities.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
05:15
Think of 300 million tons
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ
05:18
reduced to a space the size of a sugar cube.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ.
05:22
At these extreme high densities, the core actually resists collapse,
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ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืงืจื™ืกื”,
05:27
and as a result,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”,
05:28
all of this infalling material bounces off the core.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
05:33
And this dramatic bounce,
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ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:34
which happens in a fraction of a second or so,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš,
05:38
is responsible for ejecting the rest of the star in all directions,
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ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
05:44
ultimately forming a supernova explosion.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”.
05:50
So, sadly, from the perspective of an astrophysicist,
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ืื–, ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™,
05:55
the conditions in the centers of these exploding stars
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื
05:59
cannot be recreated in a laboratory.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
06:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:02
Now, thankfully for humanity, we're not able to do that.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:07
But what does that mean?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
06:09
That means that as astrophysicists,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื,
06:10
we have to rely on sophisticated computer simulations
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช
06:15
in order to understand these complex phenomena.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
06:20
These simulations can be used to really understand how gas behaves
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืš ื’ื– ืžืชื ื”ื’
06:24
under such extreme conditions.
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ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
06:27
And can be used to answer fundamental questions
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
06:29
like, "What ultimately disrupted the massive star?"
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ื›ืžื•, "ืžื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื?"
06:32
"How is it that this implosion can be reversed into an explosion?"
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"ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ืžืชื”ืคืš ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช"?
06:39
There's a huge amount of debate in the field,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”,
06:42
but we all agree that neutrinos,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื,
06:46
which are these elusive elementary particles,
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ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ืžืงื ื™ื™ื,
06:49
play a crucial role.
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ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ืš.
06:51
Yeah?
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ื›ืŸ?
06:53
I'm about to show you one of those simulations.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:58
So neutrinos are produced in huge numbers once the core collapses.
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ืื– ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ืžื•ืคืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก.
07:04
And in fact,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”,
07:05
they are responsible for transferring the energy in this core.
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ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”.
07:09
Like thermal radiation in a heater,
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ื›ืžื• ืงืจื™ื ื” ืชืจืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ,
07:12
neutrinos pump energy into the core,
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ,
07:15
increasing the possibility of disrupting the star.
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ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
07:20
In fact, for about a fraction of a second,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื ื™ื”,
07:23
neutrinos pump so much energy
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
07:25
that the pressure increases high enough that a shock wave is produced
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื›ื–ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ืœ ื”ื“ืฃ
07:29
and the shock wave goes and disrupts the entire star.
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ื•ื’ืœ ื”ื”ื“ืฃ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื•.
07:34
And it is in that shock wave where elements are produced.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืœ ื”ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
07:40
So thank you, neutrinos.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื.
07:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:45
Supernovas shine bright,
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ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
07:48
and for a brief period of time,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื”,
07:50
they radiate more energy than the sun will in its entire lifetime.
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ื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชืคื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”.
07:56
That point of light that you see there,
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
07:59
which was certainly not there before,
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ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
08:02
burns like a beacon,
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ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื›ืžื• ืœืคื™ื“,
08:05
clearly indicating the position where the massive star has died.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื ืžืช.
08:11
In a galaxy like our own Milky Way,
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:13
we estimate that about once every 50 years,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ืคืขื ื‘ื›ืœ 50 ืฉื ื”,
08:17
a massive star dies.
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ืžืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื.
08:20
This implies that somewhere in the universe,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
08:23
there's a supernova explosion every second or so.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš.
08:29
And thankfully for astronomers,
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื,
08:31
some of them are actually found relatively close to earth.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:36
Various civilizations recorded these supernova explosions
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ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื”
08:42
long before the telescope was invented.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
08:46
The most famous of all of them
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ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืžื›ืœ ืืœื”
08:48
is probably the supernova explosion that gave rise to the Crab Nebula.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:53
Yeah?
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ื›ืŸ?
08:55
Korean and Chinese astronomers recorded this supernova in 1054,
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘1054,
09:01
as did, almost certainly, Native Americans.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืขืฉื• ื’ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
09:05
This supernova happened about 5,600 light-years away from earth.
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 5,600 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:11
And it was so incredibly bright
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื”
09:13
that astronomers could see it during the day.
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ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:16
And it was visible to the naked eye for about two years in the night sky.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
09:25
Fast forward 1,000 years or so later, and what do we see?
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ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื?
09:30
We see these filaments that were blasted by the explosion,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช,
09:34
moving at 300 miles per second.
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ื”ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 480 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
09:37
These filaments are essential for us to understand
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:41
how massive stars die.
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ืื™ืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
09:43
The image that you see there
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
09:45
was assembled by the Hubble Space Telescope
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ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ "ื”ืื‘ืœ"
09:47
over a span of three months.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:49
And it is incredibly important to astronomers
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
09:52
because it ultimately carries the chemical legacy
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ืช
09:55
of the star that exploded.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
09:57
The orange filaments that you see there are the tattered remains of the star,
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื”ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
10:02
and are made primarily of hydrogen,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื™ืžืŸ,
10:05
while the blue and red filaments that you see
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
10:08
are the freshly synthesized oxygen.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืง.
10:11
So studying supernova remnants, like the Crab Nebula,
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
10:16
allowed astronomers to firmly conclude
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช
10:18
that the vast majority of oxygen on earth was produced by supernova explosions
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ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”
10:23
over the history of the universe.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
10:27
And we can estimate
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
10:28
that in order to assemble all the atoms of oxygen in our body,
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ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:33
it took on the order of a 100 million supernova.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:37
So every bit of you, or at least the majority of it,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื,
10:41
came from one of these supernova explosions.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื—ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื”.
10:47
So now you may be wondering,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
10:48
how is it that these atoms
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:50
that were generated in such extreme conditions
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
10:55
ultimately took residence in our body?
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•?
10:59
So I want you to follow the thought experiment.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื.
11:03
Imagine that we're in the Milky Way, and a supernova happens.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื•ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช.
11:06
It blasted tons and tons of oxygen atoms
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืงืช ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
11:10
almost into empty space.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ืง.
11:14
A few of them were able to be assembled in a cloud.
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ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืขื ืŸ.
11:19
Now, 4.5 billion years ago,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืคื ื™ 4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:22
something unsettled that cloud and caused it to collapse,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœืงืจื™ืกื”,
11:26
forming the sun in its center and the solar system.
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ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื•ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
11:32
So the sun, the planets and life on earth
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ืื– ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
11:35
depend on this beautiful cycle
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•
11:38
of stellar birth, stellar death and stellar rebirth.
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ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.
11:43
And this continues the recycling of atoms in the universe.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
11:48
And as a result, astronomy and chemistry are intimately connected.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™.
11:53
We are life forms that have evolved to inhale the waste products of plants.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืืช ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
12:01
But now you know
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:02
that we also inhale the waste products of supernova explosions.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”.
12:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:08
So take a moment, inhale.
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ืื– ืงื—ื• ืจื’ืข, ืชื ืฉืžื• ืขืžื•ืง.
12:12
An oxygen atom has just gone into your body.
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ืื˜ื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
12:15
It is certain that that oxygen [atom]
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื˜ื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื–ื”
12:17
remembers that it was in the interior of a star
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ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘
12:19
and it was probably manufactured by a supernova explosion.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”.
12:24
This atom may have traveled the entire solar system
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ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉื™ืช
12:28
until it splashed on earth,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
12:30
long before reaching you.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื›ื.
12:34
When we breathe,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
12:36
we use hundreds of liters of oxygen every day.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
12:43
So I'm incredibly lucky to be standing in front of this beautiful audience,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”,
12:48
but I'm actually stealing your oxygen atoms.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืžื›ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
12:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:54
And because I'm speaking to you,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื,
12:55
I'm giving you some of them back, that once resided in me.
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื, ืฉืคืขื ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™.
13:03
So breathing, yeah,
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ืื– ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื›ืŸ,
13:08
participates in this beautiful exchange of atoms.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื—ืœื•ืคืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:12
And you can then ask,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
13:15
"Well, how many atoms in our body once belonged to Frida Kahlo?"
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืคืขื ืœืคืจื™ื“ื” ืงืืœื•?
13:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:25
About 100,000 of them.
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ื›100,000 ืžืชื•ื›ื.
13:28
100,000 more probably belonged to Marie Curie,
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100,000 ืขื•ื“ ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืืจื™ ืงื™ืจื™,
13:32
100,000 more to Sally Ride,
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100,000 ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืกืืœื™ ืจื™ื™ื“,
13:35
or whoever you want to think of.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
13:39
So breathing is not only filling our lungs with cosmic history,
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ืื– ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช,
13:46
but with human history.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
13:49
I would like to end my talk by sharing a myth
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืก
13:52
that is very close to my heart.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื™ื‘ื™.
13:54
A myth from the Chichimeca culture,
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ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆ'ื™ืฆ'ื™ืž'ืงื”
13:56
which is a very powerful Mesoamerican culture.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
14:01
And the Chichimecas believe
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืฆ'ื™ืฆ'ื™ืžืงื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
14:03
that our essence was assembled in the heavens.
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ืฉื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
14:06
And on its journey towards us,
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ื•ื‘ืžืกืขื” ืืœื™ื ื•,
14:08
it actually fragmented into tons of different pieces.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชืคืฆืœืช ืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
14:13
So my abuelo used to say,
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ืื– ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ,
14:15
"One of the reasons you feel incomplete
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"ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ืฉืœื
14:17
is because you are missing your pieces."
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ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืš".
14:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:21
"But don't be fooled by that.
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"ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื˜ืขื”,
14:22
You've been given an incredible opportunity of growth.
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ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืš ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
14:26
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
14:27
Because it's not like those pieces were scattered on earth
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชืคื–ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:30
and you have to go and pick them up.
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ื•ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:32
No, those pieces fell into other people.
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ืœื, ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืคืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:35
And only by sharing them you will become more complete.
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืืชื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:40
Yes, during your life,
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ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ืš,
14:41
there's going to be individuals that have these huge pieces
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
14:44
that make you feel whole.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื.
14:47
But in your quest of being complete,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื,
14:50
you have to treasure and share every single one of those pieces."
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœื ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”".
14:57
Sounds a lot like the story of oxygen to me.
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ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื™.
15:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:01
Which started in the heavens in a supernova explosion,
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
15:04
and continues today,
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:08
within the confines of our humanity.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
15:11
Our atoms in our body have embarked on an epic odyssey,
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ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืคืฆื—ื• ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื” ืืคื™ืช,
15:17
with time spans from billions of years to mere centuries,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื•ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื,
15:22
all leading to you,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื™ื›ื,
15:24
all of you,
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื,
15:26
witnesses of the universe.
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ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
15:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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