Your body was forged in the spectacular death of stars | Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

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2020-01-15 ・ TED


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Your body was forged in the spectacular death of stars | Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

60,571 views ・ 2020-01-15

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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Prevoditelj: Nina Bassi Recezent: Sanda L
00:13
We are all atomically connected.
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Svi smo povezani na atomskoj razini.
00:16
Fundamentally, universally.
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Fundamentalno, univerzalno.
00:19
But what does that mean?
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Ali što to znači?
00:22
I'm an astrophysicist, and as such,
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Ja sam astrofizičar, i kao takav,
00:25
it is my responsibility to trace the cosmic history
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moja je odgovornost pratiti kozmičku povijest
00:29
of every single one of your atoms.
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svakog pojedinog vašeg atoma.
00:33
In fact, I would say
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U stvari, rekao bih
00:35
that one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy
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kako je jedno od najvećih postignuća moderne astronomije
00:39
is the understanding of how our atoms were actually put together.
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razumijevanje kako su se naši atomi složili.
00:45
While hydrogen and helium were made
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Dok su se stvarali vodik i helij
00:48
during the first two minutes of the big bang,
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tijekom prve dvije minute Velikog praska,
00:51
the origin of heavy elements,
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nastanak teških metala,
00:54
such as the iron in your blood, the oxygen we're breathing,
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kao željeza u vašoj krvi, kisika kojeg udišemo,
00:58
the silicone in your computers,
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silikona u vašim računalima,
01:00
lies in the life cycle of stars.
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leži u životnom ciklusu zvijezda.
01:05
Nuclear reactions take lighter elements and transform them into heavier ones,
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Nuklearne reakcije koriste lakše elemente i pretvaraju ih u one teže,
01:11
and that causes stars to shine
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i zbog toga zvijezde sjaje
01:13
and ultimately explode,
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a na kraju i eksplodiraju,
01:16
therefore enriching the universe with these heavy elements.
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i tako obogaćuju svemir teškim elementima.
01:21
So without stellar death
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Tako da bez smrti zvijezda
01:27
there would be no oxygen
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ne bi bilo kisika
01:29
or other elements heavier than hydrogen and helium,
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ili ostalih elemenata težih od vodika i helija,
01:32
and therefore, there would be no life.
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stoga ne bi bilo ni života.
01:36
There are more atoms in our bodies
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Postoji više atoma u našim tijelima
01:39
than stars in the universe.
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nego zvijezda u svemiru.
01:42
And these atoms are extremely durable.
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I ovi atomi su nevjerojatno postojani.
01:45
The origins of our atoms
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Postanak naših atoma
01:47
can be traceable to stars that manufactured them in their interiors
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može se pratiti do zvijezda koje su ih stvorile u svojoj unutrašnjosti
01:53
and exploded them all across the Milky Way,
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i izbacile van diljem cijele Mliječne staze
01:57
billions of years ago.
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prije više milijardi godina.
02:00
And I should know this,
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I valjda ja to znam,
02:01
because I am indeed a certified stellar mortician.
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zato što sam ja priznati zvjezdani mrtvozornik.
02:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:06
And today, I want to take you on a journey that starts in a supernova explosion
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A danas vas želim odvesti na putovanje koje počinje u eksploziji supernove
02:12
and ends with the air that we're breathing right now.
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i završava zrakom kojeg mi sada udišemo.
02:18
So what is our body made of?
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Dakle, od čega je napravljeno naše tijelo?
02:21
Ninety-six percent consists of only four elements:
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96 posto sastoji se od samo četiri elementa:
02:27
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
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vodika, ugljika, kisika i dušika.
02:33
Now the main character of this cosmic tale is oxygen.
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Glavnu ulogu u ovoj kozmičkoj priči ima kisik.
02:39
Not only is the vast majority of our bodies made of oxygen,
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Ne samo da je većina naših tijela građena od kisika,
02:43
but oxygen is the one element fighting to protect life on earth.
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nego je kisik i jedini element koji se bori kako bi zaštitio život na Zemlji.
02:49
The vast majority of oxygen in the universe
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Većina kisika u svemiru
02:51
was indeed produced over the entire history of the universe
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zaista je proizvedena kroz cijelu povijest svemira
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in these supernova explosions.
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u ovim eksplozijama supernove.
02:59
These supernova explosions signal the demise of very massive stars.
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Ove eksplozije supernove označavaju smrt ogromnih zvijezda.
03:04
And for a brilliant month,
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I jedan cijeli mjesec
03:06
one supernova explosion can be brighter than an entire galaxy
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eksplozija jedne supernove može biti svjetlija nego cijela galaksija
03:11
containing billions of stars.
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koja sadrži milijarde zvijezda.
03:13
That is truly remarkable.
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To je zaista nevjerojatno.
03:17
That is because massive stars burn brighter
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To je zato što masivne zvijezde više izgaraju
03:21
and have a spectacular death, compared to other stars.
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i imaju spektakularne smrti u usporedbi s drugim zvijezdama.
03:26
Nuclear fusion is really the lifeblood of all stars,
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Nuklearna fuzija žila je kucavica svih zvijezda,
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including the sun,
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uključujući i Sunce,
03:31
and as a result is the root source of all the energy on earth.
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što rezultira time da je i glavni izvor energije na Zemlji.
03:37
You can think of stars as these fusion factories
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Možete gledati na zvijezde kao tvornice fuzije
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which are powered by smashing atoms together
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koje pokreće sudaranje atoma
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in their hot and dense interiors.
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u njihovim vrućim i gustim unutrašnjostima.
03:47
Now, stars like our sun,
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Zvijezde kao naše Sunce,
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which are relatively small,
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koje su relativno male,
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burn hydrogen into helium,
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izgaraju vodik u helij,
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but heavier stars of about eight times the mass of the sun
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ali zvijezde koje teže oko osam masi Sunca
03:57
continue this burning cycle
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nastavljaju ciklus izgaranja
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even after they exhausted their helium in their cores.
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i nakon što su iscrpile sav helij iz jezgre.
04:05
So at this point,
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Tako da je u tom trenutku
04:07
the massive star is left with a carbon core,
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masivna zvijezda ostala s ugljikovom jezgrom
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which, as you know, is the building block of life.
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koja je, kao što znate, sastavnica života.
04:14
This carbon core continues to collapse
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Ova jezgra od ugljika nastavlja se urušavati,
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and as a result, the temperature increases,
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što rezultira porastom temperature,
04:21
which allows further nuclear reactions to take place,
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što omogućava da se dogode daljnje nuklearne reakcije,
04:25
and carbon then burns into oxygen,
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ugljik tada izgara u kisik,
04:27
into neon, silicon, sulphur
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u neon, silikon, sulfor
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and ultimately iron.
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i na kraju u željezo.
04:33
And iron is the end.
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A željezo označava kraj.
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Why?
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Zašto?
04:37
Because iron is the most bound nuclei in the universe,
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Zato što željezo ima najveću energiju vezanja u svemiru,
04:40
which means that we cannot extract energy by burning iron.
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što znači kako ne možemo dobiti energiju izgaranjem željeza.
04:45
So when the entire core of the massive star is made of iron,
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Tako da kada je jezgra masivne zvijezde potpuno napravljena od željeza,
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it's run out of fuel.
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ostala je bez goriva.
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And that's an incredibly bad day for a star.
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I to je jako loš dan za zvijezdu.
04:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:00
Without fuel, it cannot generate heat,
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Bez goriva ne može proizvoditi toplinu,
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and therefore gravity has won the battle.
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zbog čega gravitacija dobiva bitku.
05:08
The iron core has no other choice but to collapse,
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Željezna jezgra nema izbora nego se urušiti,
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reaching incredibly high densities.
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dostižući nevjerojatno visoke gustoće.
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Think of 300 million tons
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Zamislite 300 milijuna tona
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reduced to a space the size of a sugar cube.
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stavljenih u prostor veličine kocke šećera.
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At these extreme high densities, the core actually resists collapse,
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U ovim ekstremno visokim gustoćama jezgra se zapravo opire urušavanju,
05:27
and as a result,
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što rezultira
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all of this infalling material bounces off the core.
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time da sav taj propadajući materijal odskoči od jezgre.
05:33
And this dramatic bounce,
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I taj dramatični skok,
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which happens in a fraction of a second or so,
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koji se dogodi u djeliću sekunde,
05:38
is responsible for ejecting the rest of the star in all directions,
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odgovoran je za raspršivanje ostatka zvijezde u svim smjerovima
05:44
ultimately forming a supernova explosion.
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stvarajući tako eksploziju supernove.
05:50
So, sadly, from the perspective of an astrophysicist,
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Tako da, nažalost, iz perspektive astrofizičara,
05:55
the conditions in the centers of these exploding stars
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uvjeti u središtima ovih eksplodirajućih zvijezda
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cannot be recreated in a laboratory.
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ne mogu se stvoriti u laboratoriju.
06:01
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:02
Now, thankfully for humanity, we're not able to do that.
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Zahvaljujući čovječanstvu nismo u mogućnosti to napraviti.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:07
But what does that mean?
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Ali što to znači?
To znači da se kao astrofizičari
06:09
That means that as astrophysicists,
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06:10
we have to rely on sophisticated computer simulations
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moramo osloniti na sofisticiranije kompjutorske simulacije
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in order to understand these complex phenomena.
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kako bismo razumjeli ovaj složeni fenomen.
06:20
These simulations can be used to really understand how gas behaves
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Te simulacije mogu se koristiti kako bi shvatili kako se plin ponaša
06:24
under such extreme conditions.
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u takvim ekstremnim uvjetima.
06:27
And can be used to answer fundamental questions
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I mogu se upotrijebiti za odgovore na temeljna pitanja
06:29
like, "What ultimately disrupted the massive star?"
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kao: "Što u konačnici uništava masivnu zvijezdu?",
06:32
"How is it that this implosion can be reversed into an explosion?"
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"Kako to da se ova implozija može okrenuti i postati eksplozija?"
06:39
There's a huge amount of debate in the field,
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Postoje ogromne debate unutar discipline,
06:42
but we all agree that neutrinos,
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ali se svi slažemo kako neutrini,
06:46
which are these elusive elementary particles,
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neuhvatljive elementarne čestice,
06:49
play a crucial role.
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igraju ključnu ulogu.
06:51
Yeah?
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U redu?
06:53
I'm about to show you one of those simulations.
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Pokazat ću vam jednu od simulacija.
06:58
So neutrinos are produced in huge numbers once the core collapses.
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Neutrini se stvaraju u velikim količinama jednom kada se jezgra raspadne.
07:04
And in fact,
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I u stvari,
07:05
they are responsible for transferring the energy in this core.
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oni su odgovorni za prenošenje energije u ovoj jezgri.
07:09
Like thermal radiation in a heater,
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Kao termalna radijacija u grijaču,
07:12
neutrinos pump energy into the core,
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neutrini pumpaju energiju u jezgru
07:15
increasing the possibility of disrupting the star.
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te na taj način povećavaju mogućnost uništavanja zvijezde.
07:20
In fact, for about a fraction of a second,
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U stvari, u djeliću sekunde,
07:23
neutrinos pump so much energy
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neutrini pumpaju toliko energije
07:25
that the pressure increases high enough that a shock wave is produced
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da se pritisak poveća dovoljno da proizvede udarni val
07:29
and the shock wave goes and disrupts the entire star.
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i taj udarni val uništi cijelu zvijezdu.
07:34
And it is in that shock wave where elements are produced.
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I unutar tog udarnog vala elementi nastaju.
07:40
So thank you, neutrinos.
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Tako da hvala neutrini.
07:41
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:45
Supernovas shine bright,
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Supernove jako sjaje,
07:48
and for a brief period of time,
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i u jednom kratkom trenutku
07:50
they radiate more energy than the sun will in its entire lifetime.
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isijavaju više energije nego Sunce tijekom cijelog svog života.
07:56
That point of light that you see there,
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Ova svjetlosna točka koju vidite tamo,
07:59
which was certainly not there before,
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koja sigurno nije bila tamo prije,
08:02
burns like a beacon,
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svijetli kao svjetionik,
08:05
clearly indicating the position where the massive star has died.
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jasno pokazujući mjesto gdje je umrla masivna zvijezda.
08:11
In a galaxy like our own Milky Way,
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U galaksiji kao što je naša Mliječna staza,
08:13
we estimate that about once every 50 years,
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procjenjujemo kako otprilike jednom u svakih 50 godina
08:17
a massive star dies.
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umre masivna zvijezda.
08:20
This implies that somewhere in the universe,
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Ovo ukazuje na to kako negdje u svemiru
08:23
there's a supernova explosion every second or so.
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postoji eksplozija supernove otprilike svake sekunde.
08:29
And thankfully for astronomers,
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I zahvaljujući astronomima,
08:31
some of them are actually found relatively close to earth.
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neke od njih pronađene su relativno blizu Zemlje.
08:36
Various civilizations recorded these supernova explosions
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Različite civilizacije zabilježile su eksplozije supernove
08:42
long before the telescope was invented.
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prije nego što je izumljen teleskop.
08:46
The most famous of all of them
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Najpoznatija od svih
08:48
is probably the supernova explosion that gave rise to the Crab Nebula.
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je najvjerojatnije eksplozija supernove koja je stvorila Rakovu maglinu.
08:53
Yeah?
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U redu?
08:55
Korean and Chinese astronomers recorded this supernova in 1054,
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Korejski i kineski astronomi zabilježili su ovu supernovu 1054.
09:01
as did, almost certainly, Native Americans.
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kao što su, skoro sigurno, Indijanci.
09:05
This supernova happened about 5,600 light-years away from earth.
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Ova supernova dogodila se otprilike 5 600 svjetlosnih godina od Zemlje.
09:11
And it was so incredibly bright
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I bila je toliko nevjerojatno sjajna
09:13
that astronomers could see it during the day.
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da su je astronomi mogli vidjeti tijekom dana.
09:16
And it was visible to the naked eye for about two years in the night sky.
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I bila je vidljiva ljudskom oku oko dvije godine na noćnom nebu.
09:25
Fast forward 1,000 years or so later, and what do we see?
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Ubrzajmo na otprilike 1000 godina poslije i što vidimo?
09:30
We see these filaments that were blasted by the explosion,
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Vidimo filamente koji su raznešeni zbog eksplozije
09:34
moving at 300 miles per second.
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krećući se brzinom od 300 milja po sekundi.
09:37
These filaments are essential for us to understand
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Ovi filamenti ključni su za naše razumijevanje
09:41
how massive stars die.
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kako masivne zvijezde umiru.
09:43
The image that you see there
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Slika koju vidite ovdje
09:45
was assembled by the Hubble Space Telescope
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sastavljena je svemirskim teleskopom Hubble
09:47
over a span of three months.
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kroz razdoblje od tri mjeseca.
09:49
And it is incredibly important to astronomers
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I nevjerojatno je važna astronomima
09:52
because it ultimately carries the chemical legacy
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zato što nosi kemijsko nasljeđe
09:55
of the star that exploded.
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zvijezde koja je eksplodirala.
09:57
The orange filaments that you see there are the tattered remains of the star,
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Narančasti filamenti koje vidite su raspadnuti ostaci zvijezde
10:02
and are made primarily of hydrogen,
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i prvenstveno se sastoje od vodika,
10:05
while the blue and red filaments that you see
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dok su plavi i crveni filamenti koje vidite
10:08
are the freshly synthesized oxygen.
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svježe sintetizirani kisik.
10:11
So studying supernova remnants, like the Crab Nebula,
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Tako da proučavajući ostatke supernove, kao što je Rakova maglina,
10:16
allowed astronomers to firmly conclude
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omogućilo je astronomima da zaključe
10:18
that the vast majority of oxygen on earth was produced by supernova explosions
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kako je većina kisika na Zemlji nastala eksplozijama supernove
10:23
over the history of the universe.
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kroz povijest svemira.
10:27
And we can estimate
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I možemo procijeniti
10:28
that in order to assemble all the atoms of oxygen in our body,
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da kako bismo skupili sve atome kisika u našem tijelu
10:33
it took on the order of a 100 million supernova.
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trebalo bi otprilike 100 milijuna supernova.
10:37
So every bit of you, or at least the majority of it,
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Tako da je svaki djelić vas, ili barem većina vas,
10:41
came from one of these supernova explosions.
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došao iz jedne od ovih eksplozija supernove.
10:47
So now you may be wondering,
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Sada se možda pitate
10:48
how is it that these atoms
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kako to da su se ovi atomi,
10:50
that were generated in such extreme conditions
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koji su nastali u ovako ekstremnim uvjetima,
10:55
ultimately took residence in our body?
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na kraju nastanili u našim tijelima?
10:59
So I want you to follow the thought experiment.
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Želim da zamislite jedan eksperiment.
11:03
Imagine that we're in the Milky Way, and a supernova happens.
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Zamislite da smo u Mliječnoj stazi i dogodi se supernova.
11:06
It blasted tons and tons of oxygen atoms
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Raznijela je tone i tone atoma kisika
11:10
almost into empty space.
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u skoro prazan prostor.
11:14
A few of them were able to be assembled in a cloud.
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Nekolicina njih uspjela se skupiti u oblak.
11:19
Now, 4.5 billion years ago,
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A sada, prije 4,5 milijardi godina
11:22
something unsettled that cloud and caused it to collapse,
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nešto je uznemirilo taj oblak i uzrokovalo da se uruši,
11:26
forming the sun in its center and the solar system.
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formirajući Sunce i Sunčev sustav u njegovom središtu.
11:32
So the sun, the planets and life on earth
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Tako da Sunce, planeti i život na Zemlji
11:35
depend on this beautiful cycle
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ovise o ovom prekrasnom ciklusu
11:38
of stellar birth, stellar death and stellar rebirth.
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rođenja zvijezde, smrti zvijezde i ponovnog rođenja zvijezde.
11:43
And this continues the recycling of atoms in the universe.
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I ovo nastavlja recikliranje atoma u svemiru.
11:48
And as a result, astronomy and chemistry are intimately connected.
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Što rezultira time da su astronomija i kemija usko povezane.
11:53
We are life forms that have evolved to inhale the waste products of plants.
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Mi smo životni oblici koji su evoluirali kako bi udisali otpadni materijal biljaka.
12:01
But now you know
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Ali sada znate
12:02
that we also inhale the waste products of supernova explosions.
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kako također udišemo i otpadni materijal eksplozija supernove.
12:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:08
So take a moment, inhale.
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Stoga uzmite trenutak i udahnite.
12:12
An oxygen atom has just gone into your body.
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Atom kisika je upravo ušao u vaše tijelo.
12:15
It is certain that that oxygen [atom]
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Sigurno je kako taj kisik [atom]
12:17
remembers that it was in the interior of a star
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zna kako je bio u unutrašnjosti zvijezde
12:19
and it was probably manufactured by a supernova explosion.
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i kako je vjerojatno nastao eksplozijom supernove.
12:24
This atom may have traveled the entire solar system
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Ovaj atom možda je proputovao kroz cijeli Sunčev sustav
12:28
until it splashed on earth,
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dok nije pljusnuo na Zemlju
12:30
long before reaching you.
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puno prije nego je došao do vas.
12:34
When we breathe,
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Dok dišemo,
12:36
we use hundreds of liters of oxygen every day.
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koristimo stotine litara kisika svaki dan.
12:43
So I'm incredibly lucky to be standing in front of this beautiful audience,
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Tako da sam iznimno sretan što stojim ispred ove predivne publike,
12:48
but I'm actually stealing your oxygen atoms.
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ali zapravo kradem vaše atome kisika.
12:51
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:54
And because I'm speaking to you,
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I zato što vam pričam,
12:55
I'm giving you some of them back, that once resided in me.
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dajem vam dio njih nazad, onih koji su bili u meni.
13:03
So breathing, yeah,
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Tako da, disanje
13:08
participates in this beautiful exchange of atoms.
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sudjeluje u ovoj predivnoj razmjeni atoma.
13:12
And you can then ask,
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I možete se zapitati,
13:15
"Well, how many atoms in our body once belonged to Frida Kahlo?"
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"Pa, koliko je atoma u našem tijelu jednom pripadalo Fridi Kahlo?"
13:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:25
About 100,000 of them.
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Oko 100 000 njih.
13:28
100,000 more probably belonged to Marie Curie,
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Još 100 000 vjerojatno je pripadalo Marie Curie,
13:32
100,000 more to Sally Ride,
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još 100 000 Sally Ride,
13:35
or whoever you want to think of.
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ili kome god možete zamisliti.
13:39
So breathing is not only filling our lungs with cosmic history,
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Tako da disanje ne ispunjuje naša pluća samo kozmičkom povijesti,
13:46
but with human history.
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nego ljudskom povijesti.
13:49
I would like to end my talk by sharing a myth
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Želio bih završiti govor tako što ću podijeliti mit
13:52
that is very close to my heart.
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koji mi je veoma drag.
13:54
A myth from the Chichimeca culture,
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Mit iz kulture Chichimeca,
13:56
which is a very powerful Mesoamerican culture.
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što je veoma utjecajna srednjoamerička kultura.
14:01
And the Chichimecas believe
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Ljudi Chichimece vjeruju
14:03
that our essence was assembled in the heavens.
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kako je naša bit nastala u nebesima.
14:06
And on its journey towards us,
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I na svojem putu prema nama
14:08
it actually fragmented into tons of different pieces.
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raspala se na tone različitih komada.
14:13
So my abuelo used to say,
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Tako da je moj djed znao reći,
14:15
"One of the reasons you feel incomplete
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"Jedan od razloga zašto se osjećaš nepotpuno
14:17
is because you are missing your pieces."
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je zato što ti nedostaju dijelovi".
14:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:21
"But don't be fooled by that.
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"Ali nemoj da te to zavara.
14:22
You've been given an incredible opportunity of growth.
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Dobio si nevjerojatnu priliku za rast.
14:26
Why?
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Zašto?
14:27
Because it's not like those pieces were scattered on earth
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Zato što nije da su ti komadi razasuti po Zemlji
14:30
and you have to go and pick them up.
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i ti moraš ići i skupljati ih.
14:32
No, those pieces fell into other people.
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Ne, ti komadi pali su na druge ljude.
14:35
And only by sharing them you will become more complete.
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I jedino njihovim dijeljenjem postat ćeš potpuniji.
14:40
Yes, during your life,
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Da, tijekom tvog života
14:41
there's going to be individuals that have these huge pieces
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postojat će pojedinci koji imaju velike komade
koji te čine potpunim.
14:44
that make you feel whole.
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14:47
But in your quest of being complete,
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Ali u svojoj potrazi za potpunošću,
14:50
you have to treasure and share every single one of those pieces."
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moraš cijeniti i dijeliti svaki od tih komadića".
14:57
Sounds a lot like the story of oxygen to me.
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Meni zvuči kao priča o kisiku.
15:00
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:01
Which started in the heavens in a supernova explosion,
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Koja je počela u nebesima u eksploziji supernove,
15:04
and continues today,
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a nastavlja se i danas
15:08
within the confines of our humanity.
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unutar granica našeg čovječanstva.
15:11
Our atoms in our body have embarked on an epic odyssey,
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Naši atomi u našim tijelima otisnuli su se na epsko putovanje
15:17
with time spans from billions of years to mere centuries,
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u vremenu između milijardi godina sve do običnih stoljeća,
15:22
all leading to you,
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sve vodeći prema vama,
15:24
all of you,
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svima vama,
15:26
witnesses of the universe.
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svjedocima svemira.
15:28
Thank you.
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Hvala.
15:29
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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