Dare to refuse the origin myths that claim who you are | Chetan Bhatt

117,684 views ใƒป 2017-09-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I'm Chetan Bhatt
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ืฉืžื™ ืฆ'ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ื”ืื˜
00:13
and when I give my name, I'm often asked, "Where are you from?"
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™, ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™, "ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื”?"
00:17
And I normally say London.
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ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
00:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:22
But of course, I know what they're really asking,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
00:25
so I say something like,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•,
00:27
"Well, my grandparents and my mum were born in India,
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"ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื™ืžื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:30
my dad and I were born in Kenya,
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"ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื”,
00:33
and I was brought up in London.
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"ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ."
00:35
And then they've got me mapped.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืงื ืื•ืชื™.
00:36
"Ah, you're a Kenyan Asian. I've worked with one of those."
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"ืื”, ืืชื” ืืกื™ื™ืืชื™-ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™. ืคืขื ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื›ืืœื”."
00:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ืžื”ืฉื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•.
00:41
And from my name they probably assume that I'm a Hindu.
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00:44
And this sort of fixes me for them.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืš ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืชื.
00:48
But what about the Christians
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
00:50
and the Muslims and the atheists
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ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ื’ื“ืœืชื™?
00:53
that I grew up with?
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00:55
Or the socialists and the liberals,
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ืื• ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื,
00:57
even the occasional Tory?
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ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื•ึนืจื™?
01:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:01
Indeed, all kinds of women and men --
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ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื --
01:03
vegetable sellers, factory workers, cooks, car mechanics --
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ื™ืจืงื ื™ื, ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื, ืžื›ื•ื ืื™ื --
01:06
living in my working class area,
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื?
01:08
in some profoundly important way,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:11
they are also a part of me
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ื’ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื™
01:12
and are here with me.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืื™ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ.
01:15
Maybe that's why I find it hard to respond to questions about identity
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ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช
01:20
and about origin.
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ื•ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื.
01:21
And it's not just a sort of teenage refusal to be labeled.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืกืชื ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื™ื’.
01:25
It's about our own most identities,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:28
the ones that we put our hands up to,
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ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ,
01:30
the ones that we cheer for,
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ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืŸ,
01:32
the ones that we fight for,
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ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
01:34
the ones that we love or hate.
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ืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื.
01:37
And it's about how we apprehend ourselves
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉืชื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
01:40
as well as others.
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ื›ืžื•-ื’ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.
01:41
And it's about identities we just assume that we have
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืกืชื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
01:44
without thinking too much about them.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™.
01:48
But our responses to questions of identity and origin
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆื
01:51
have substantial social and political importance.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืจื‘ื”.
01:57
We see the wars, the rages of identity going on all around us.
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื’ืขืฉื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
02:01
We see violent religious, national and ethnic disputes.
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
02:05
And often the conflict is based on old stories of identity
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ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช,
02:11
and belonging
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ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช
02:12
and origins.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื.
02:14
And these identities are based on myths,
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ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื
02:17
typically about ancient, primordial origins.
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ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆื ืขืชื™ืง, ืงื“ื•ื.
02:20
And these could be about Adam and Eve
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื”,
02:23
or about the supremacy of a caste or gender
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ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืื• ืžื’ื“ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื,
02:26
or about the vitality of a supposed race
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ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•-ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื–ืข,
02:29
or about the past glories of an empire or civilization
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ืื• ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ืื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื,
02:32
or about a piece of land
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ืื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื”
02:34
that some imagined deity has gifted.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืžืืช ืื™ื–ื• ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืช.
02:38
Now, people say
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:40
that origin stories and identity myths make us feel secure.
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ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืงื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
02:44
What's wrong with that?
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ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื–ื”?
02:45
They give us a sense of belonging.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช.
ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:47
Identity is your cultural clothing,
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02:48
and it can make you feel warm and fuzzy inside.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
02:52
But does it really?
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ื‘ืืžืช?
02:54
Do we really need identity myths to feel safe?
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ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
02:57
Because I see religious, national, ethnic disputes
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืช
03:01
as adding to human misery.
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:05
Can I dare you
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ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ืืชื’ืจ
03:06
to refuse every origin myth
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ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื
03:10
that claims you?
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ืฉืชื•ื‘ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื ื—ื–ืงื”?
03:12
What if we reject every single primordial origin myth
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ืžื” ืื ื ืกืจื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
03:16
and develop a deeper sense of personhood,
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ื•ื ืคืชื— ื—ื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:20
one responsible to humanity as a whole
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ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
03:22
rather than to a particular tribe,
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ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื—ื“;
03:25
a radically different idea of humanity
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ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
03:27
that exposes how origin myths mystify,
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื
ืžืขืจืคืœื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื,
03:32
disguise global power,
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03:34
rapacious exploitation,
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ืขื•ืฉืง ื ืฆืœื ื™,
03:36
poverty, the worldwide oppression of women and girls,
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ืขื•ื ื™, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืขืจื•ืช,
03:40
and of course massive, accelerating inequalities?
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ?
03:46
Now, origin myths are closely linked to tradition,
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ืœืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ืœืžืกื•ืจืช,
03:48
and the word tradition points to something old
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžืกื•ืจืช" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืขืชื™ืง, ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืžืขื˜,
03:51
and permanent, almost natural,
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03:53
and people assume tradition is just history,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”:
03:56
simply the past condensed into a nice story.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ืื” ืฉืžืชืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
03:59
But let's not confuse tradition with history.
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:02
The two are often in severe conflict.
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ืฉืชื™ ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”.
04:07
Origin stories are usually recently created fictions of ancient belonging,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”,
04:10
and they're absurd
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
04:12
given the complexity of humanity
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04:13
and our vastly interconnected, even if very unequal world.
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ื•ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืขืชื™ืจ-ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
04:18
And today we see claims to tradition
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืชื™ืงื”
04:21
that claim to be ancient
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04:23
changing rapidly in front of our eyes.
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ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•.
04:28
I was brought up in the 1970s near Wembley
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ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืžื‘ืœื™
04:30
with Asian, English, Caribbean, Irish families living in our street,
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ื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื”, ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
04:35
and the neo-Nazi National Front was massive then
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ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ืžื ืชื” ืื– ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื,
04:39
with regular marches and attacks on us
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ื•ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื•ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•
04:41
and a permanent threat
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืชื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื ื•
04:42
and often a frequent reality of violence against us
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04:46
on the streets, in our homes,
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ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื•,
04:49
typically by neo-Nazis and other racists.
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ื‘ื“"ื› ืžืฆื“ ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:52
And I remember during a general election a leaflet came through our letter box
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื•ืŸ
04:56
with a picture of the National Front candidate for our area.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
05:01
And the picture
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
05:02
was of our next-door neighbor.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื ื• ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืžื•ืš.
05:05
He threatened to shoot me once when I played in the garden as a kid,
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ืคืขื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ื•ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™,
05:08
and many weekends, shaven-headed National Front activists
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื™-ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืจื‘ื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื—ื™-ืจืืฉ ืžื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
05:11
arrived at his house
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•
05:13
and emerged with scores of placards
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ ืคืœืงื˜ื™ื
05:15
screaming that they wanted us to go back home.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
05:21
But today he's one of my mum's best mates.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™.
05:25
He's a very lovely, gentle and kind man,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื ื—ืžื“, ื ืขื™ื-ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘,
05:29
and at some point in his political journey out of fascism
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืคืฉื™ื–ื
05:33
he embraced a broader idea of humanity.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืžืฅ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
05:37
There was a Hindu family that we got to know well --
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื›ืจื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ --
05:40
and you have to understand that life in our street
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ื•ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
05:42
was a little bit like the setting for an Asian soap opera.
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ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืืกื™ื”.
ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
05:45
Everyone knew everyone else's business,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื•.
05:47
even if they didn't want it to be known by anyone at all.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ.
05:50
You really had no choice in this matter.
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05:52
But in this family, there was a quiet little boy
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉืชืงืŸ
05:56
who went to the same school as I did,
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ืฉื”ืœืš ืœืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
05:58
and after I left school, I didn't hear much more about him,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ื”"ืก, ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”,
06:01
except that he'd gone off to India.
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
06:06
Now around 2000,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000,
06:08
I remember seeing this short book.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”
06:12
The book was unusual
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06:13
because it was written by a British supporter of Al Qaeda,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ "ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”",
06:17
and in it the author calls for attacks in Britain.
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ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืงืจื ื‘ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
06:20
This is in 1999,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1999,
06:22
so 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq was still in the future,
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ื•ื”-11.9 ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืขื™ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
06:26
and he helped scout New York bombing targets.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืชืจื™ ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
06:29
He taught others how to make a dirty bomb to use on the London Underground,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
06:33
and he plotted a massive bombing campaign in London's shopping areas.
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ื•ื–ืžื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืขื ืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
06:37
He's a very high-risk security prisoner in the UK
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
06:41
and one of the most important Al Qaeda figures to be arrested in Britain.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช "ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”" ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
06:47
The author of that book
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:49
was the very same quiet little boy
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ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉืชืงืŸ
06:52
who went to my school.
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ืฉืœืžื“ ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก.
06:54
So a Hindu boy from Britain
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
06:57
became an Al Qaeda fighter
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ื”ืคืš ืœืœื•ื—ื "ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”"
06:58
and a most-wanted international terrorist,
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ื•ืœืžื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:00
and he rejected what people would call his Hindu or Indian or British identity,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืขืœื™ื• ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ื™ื ื“ื™", "ื”ื•ื“ื™" ืื• "ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™",
07:06
and he became someone else.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
07:07
He refused to be who he was.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื”.
07:09
He recreated himself,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
07:12
and this kind of journey is very common
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™
07:14
for young men and women
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ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช
07:15
who become involved in Al Qaeda or Islamic State
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ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘"ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”" ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
07:19
or other transnational armed groups.
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ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช-ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
07:22
Al Qaeda's media spokesman is a white American
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจ "ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”" ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ
07:26
from a Jewish and Catholic mixed background,
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ืžืจืงืข ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืงืชื•ืœื™,
07:29
and neither he nor the boy from my school
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ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืฉืœื™
07:32
were from Muslim backgrounds.
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ื‘ืื• ืžืจืงืข ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
07:34
There's no point in asking them where are they from.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื.
07:37
A more important question is where they're going.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช.
07:40
And I would also put it to you
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ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืฉืชื“ืขื•
07:42
that exactly the same journey occurs for those young men and women
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ืฉืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช
07:45
who were brought up in Muslim family backgrounds.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ืจืงืข ืžื•ืกืœืžื™.
07:48
Most of those who join Al Qaeda
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœ"ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”"
07:51
and other Salafi jihadi groups from Europe, Asia, North America,
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ืกืœืืคื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืกื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
07:56
even in many cases the Middle East
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื - ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
07:57
are those who have comprehensively rejected their backgrounds
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ื”ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืžื›ืœ ื•ืžื›ืœ ืœืจืงืข ืฉืœื”ื
08:01
to become, in essence, new people.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:06
They spend an enormous amount of time attacking their parents' backgrounds
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ื”ื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืงืขืช ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื
08:09
as profane, impure, blasphemous,
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ื•ื”ืฆื’ืชื• ื›ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื˜ืžื, ื‘ื–ื•ื™,
08:13
the wrong type of Islam,
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ืื™ืกืœืื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืข,
08:15
and their vision instead
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
08:16
is a fantastical view of cosmic apocalypse.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช.
08:21
It's a born again vision.
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ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
08:22
Discard your past, your society, your family and friends
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"ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
08:26
since they're all impure.
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"ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื˜ืžืื™ื,
08:29
Instead, become someone else,
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"ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
08:33
your true self,
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"ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
08:35
your authentic self.
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"ืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™."
08:38
Now, this isn't about a return to the past.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
08:42
It's about using a forgery of the past
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ืืœื ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
08:46
to envision an appalling future which begins today at year zero.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืืคืก.
08:50
This is why over 80 percent of the victims of Al Qaeda and Islamic State
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80% ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช "ืืœ-ืงืขื™ื“ื”" ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
08:54
are people from Muslim backgrounds.
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ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืžื•ืกืœืžื™;
08:55
The first act by Salafi jihadi groups when they take over an area
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ืกืœืืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื
09:00
is to destroy existing Muslim institutions
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื:
09:03
including mosques, shrines, preachers, practices.
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ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื, ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื.
09:08
Their main purpose is to control and punish people internally,
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ืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื,
09:11
to dictate the spaces that women may go,
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ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื”ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื•ื,
09:14
their clothing, family relations,
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
09:16
beliefs, even the minute detail of how one prays.
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ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช.
09:20
And you get the impression in the news
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ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
09:23
that they are after us in the West,
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09:26
but they are actually mainly after people from other Muslim backgrounds.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:32
In their view, no other Muslim can ever be pure enough,
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
09:37
so ordinary beliefs and practices that have existed for centuries
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื–ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
09:40
are attacked as impure
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ืžื•ืงืขื™ื ื›ื˜ืžืื™ื
09:42
by teenagers from Birmingham or London
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ืžืฆื“ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ื ืื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
09:45
who know nothing
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ
09:48
about the histories that they so joyously obliterate.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”.
09:54
Now here, their claim to tradition is at war with history,
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
09:59
but they're nevertheless very certain about their purity
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœื”ื
10:02
and about the impurity of others.
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ื•ืœื˜ื•ืžืืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:06
Purity,
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ื”ื˜ื•ื”ืจ,
10:08
certainty,
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ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื”,
10:10
the return to authentic tradition,
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ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช,
10:11
the quest for these can lead to lethal visions
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ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื—ื ื™ื™ื
10:15
of perfect societies and perfected people.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
10:19
This is what the main Hindu fundamentalist organization in India
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืงื ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
10:23
looks like today at its mass rally.
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ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
10:26
Maybe it reminds you of the 1930s in Italy or Germany,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
10:29
and the movement's roots are indeed in fascism.
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ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื›ืŸ ื ืขื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคืฉื™ื–ื.
10:32
It was a member of the same Hindu fundamentalist movement
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ืงื ืื™ืช
10:35
who shot dead Mahatma Gandhi.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืฆื— ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™.
10:39
Hindu fundamentalists today view this murderer as a national hero,
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ื”ืงื ืื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ื–ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™
ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
10:45
and they want to put up statues of him throughout India.
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10:48
They've been involved for decades
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช-ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื.
10:50
in large-scale mass violence against minorities.
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10:53
They ban books, art, films.
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ื”ื ืžื—ืจื™ืžื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื, ืืžื ื•ืช, ืกืจื˜ื™ื.
10:55
They attack romantic couples on Valentine's Day,
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ื”ื ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”
10:57
Christians on Christmas Day.
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ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื - ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“,
11:00
They don't like others talking critically
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ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
11:02
about what they see as their ancient culture
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
11:05
or using its images
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ืื• ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•
11:07
or caricaturing it
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ืื• ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืœืขื’
11:08
or drawing cartoons about it.
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ืื• ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
11:12
But the people making the strongest possible claims
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:16
about ancient, timeless Hindu religion
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ืช ื”ื ืฆื— ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
11:18
are dressed in brown shorts and white shirts
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ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
11:21
while claiming, oddly,
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ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช,
11:24
to be the original Aryan race,
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
11:27
just like the violent Salafi jihadis
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืœืืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื
11:29
who make their claims about their primordial religion
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ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ืชื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”
11:32
while dressed in black military uniforms
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
11:35
and wearing balaclavas.
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ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™-ื’ืจื‘.
11:37
These people are manufacturing pure, pristine identities of conviction
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื ืคืงื™ื ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”
11:42
and of certainty.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
11:43
Fundamentalists see religion and culture as their sole property, a property.
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ื”ืงื ืื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ืก ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื ื›ืก.
11:48
But religions and cultures are processes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
11:51
They're not things. They're impermanent. They're messy. They're impure.
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืŸ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืœื-ื ืงื™ื•ืช.
11:54
Look at any religion and you'll see disputes and arguments
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืช ืชืžืฆืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
11:57
going all the way down.
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12:01
Any criticism of religion in any form
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”,
12:05
has to therefore be
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:07
part of the expansive sense of humanity
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12:09
we should aspire to.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”.
12:12
I respect your right to have and to express your religion
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื“ืชืš ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ืื•ืชื”
12:16
or your culture or your opinion,
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชืš ืื• ื“ืขื•ืชื™ืš,
12:19
but I don't necessarily have to respect the content.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
12:22
I might like some of it.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•.
12:23
I might like how an old church looks, for example,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
12:26
but this isn't the same thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
12:28
Similarly, I have a human right
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
12:31
to say something that you may find offensive,
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ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืคื•ื’ืข,
12:33
but you do not have a human right not to be offended.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข.
12:36
In a genuine democracy, we're constantly offended
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื™ื
12:39
since people express different views all the time.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
12:42
They also change their views,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื,
12:45
so their views are impermanent.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
12:46
You cannot fix someone's political views
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืข ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืจืงืข ื“ืชื™, ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
12:50
based on their religious or national or cultural background.
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12:54
Now, these points about religious purity
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™,
12:57
also apply to nationalism and to racism.
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ื™ืคื™ื ื’ื ืœืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช.
13:02
I'm always puzzled
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™
13:05
to have pride in your national or ethnic identity,
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ืžืชื’ืื” ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ื”ืืชื ื™ืช,
13:11
pride in the accident of birth from a warm and cozy womb,
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ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืžืจื—ื ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ื—?
13:16
belief in your superiority because of the accident of birth.
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ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื•ืชื” ืœื™ื“ื” ืžืงืจื™ืช?
13:21
These people have very firm ideas
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืžืื“
13:23
about what belongs and what doesn't belong
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš
13:25
inside the cozy national cultures that they imagine.
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ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื.
13:29
And I'm going to caricature a bit here, but only a little bit.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืžืขื˜, ืืš ืจืง ืžืขื˜.
13:32
I want you to imagine the supporter of some Little Englander
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืœ "ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”"
13:36
or British nationalist political party,
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ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.
13:38
and he's sitting at home
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
13:39
and he's screaming about foreigners
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ื•ืฆื•ืจื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื–ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืืจืฆื•
13:42
invading his country
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13:44
while watching Fox News,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืจื•ืฅ "ืคื•ืงืก",
13:46
an American cable channel
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ืขืจื•ืฅ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™
13:48
owned by an Australian
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ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™,
13:49
on his South Korean television set
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ื‘ืžืงืจืŸ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
13:52
which was bought by his Spanish credit card
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ื•ืฉืื•ืชื• ืงื ื” ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืฉืœื•
13:55
which is paid off monthly by his high-street British bank
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ืฉืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ืฉืœื•
13:58
which has its headquarters in Hong Kong.
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ืฉืžื˜ื”ื• ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’-ืงื•ื ื’.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:02
He supports a British football team owned by a Russian.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืจื•ืกื™.
14:06
His favorite brand of fish and chips
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ืžื•ืชื’ ื”"ืคื™ืฉ ืื ื“ ืฆ'ื™ืคืก" ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
14:08
is owned by a Swedish venture capitalist firm.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช.
14:10
The church he sometimes goes to
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ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข
14:12
has its creed decided in meetings in Ghana.
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ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื’ืื ื”.
14:17
His Union Jack underpants
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ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™,
14:20
were made in India.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
14:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:23
And --
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ --
14:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:32
And they're laundered regularly
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-- ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข
14:36
by a very nice Polish lady.
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ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจืช ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืžืื“.
14:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:41
There is no pure ethnicity, national culture,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช,
14:43
and the ethical choices we have today
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
14:45
are far wider than being forced to choose
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ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื— ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
14:49
between racist right and religious right visions,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืขื ื™ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™;
14:53
dismal visions of culture.
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ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืจื™ื.
14:56
Now, culture isn't just about language, food, clothing and music,
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ืฉืคื”, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”,
15:00
but gender relations, ancient monuments,
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ืืœื ื’ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื™ื, ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
15:02
a heritage of sacred texts.
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ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
15:06
But culture can also be what has been decided to be culture
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ืืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
15:10
by those who have a political stake
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ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
15:13
in pounding culture into the shape of a prison.
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœื.
15:18
Big political identity claims are elite bids for power.
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™-ื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื‘ืงื™-ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
15:21
They're not answers to social or economic or political injustices.
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืขื ื” ืœืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
15:25
They often obscure them.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
15:27
And what about the large number of people across the globe
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืžืขื‘ืจื,
15:30
who can't point to a monument from their past,
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15:32
who don't possess a sacred written text,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘,
15:34
who can't hark back
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
15:36
to the past glories of a civilization or empire?
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ืืœ ืชื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ?
15:40
Are these people less a part of humanity?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช?
15:46
What about you,
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ืžื” ืื™ืชื›ื,
15:47
now, listening to this?
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ืืชื, ืฉืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”?
15:49
What about you and your identity,
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ืžื” ืื™ืชื›ื ื•ืขื ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
15:50
because you stitch your experiences and your thoughts into a continuous person
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ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืชื ืฉื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืžืฉืš
15:56
moving forward in time.
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ืฉื ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
15:58
And this is what you are when you say,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื, ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
16:00
"I," "am," or "me."
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"ืื ื™", "ืื ื•ื›ื™" ืื• "ื”ื ื ื™".
16:03
But this also includes all of your hopes and dreams,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื›ื,
16:06
all of the you's that could have been,
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ื›ืœ ื”"ืืชื" ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
16:09
and it includes all the other people
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื.
16:11
and the things that are in the biography of who you are.
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16:14
They, the others,
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ื”ื, ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
16:16
are also a part of you,
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ื’ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื,
16:18
moving forward with you.
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ื ืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื›ื.
16:21
Your authentic self, if such a thing exists,
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
16:25
is a complex, messy and uncertain self,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ ื•ืœื-ื•ื“ืื™,
16:28
and that is a very good thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“.
16:33
Why not value those impurities and uncertainties?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
16:36
Maybe clinging to pure identities is a sign of immaturity,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ-ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
16:40
and ethnic, nationalist and religious traditions are bad for you.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื.
16:43
Why not be skeptical about every primordial origin claim
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™
16:46
made on your behalf?
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืฉืžื›ื?
16:47
Why not reject the identity myths that call on you to belong,
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš,
16:53
that politicians and community leaders,
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ื•ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
16:56
so-called community leaders,
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"ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื”",
16:58
place on you?
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ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื?
16:59
If we don't need origin stories and fixed identities,
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ืื ืœื ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช,
17:02
we can challenge ourselves to think creatively
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช
17:05
about each other and our future.
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ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•.
17:08
And here culture always takes care of itself.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœืขืฆืžื”.
17:11
I'm not worried about culture.
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ืื™ื’ื” ืื•ืชื™.
17:12
Cultures are creative, dynamic processes,
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ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื,
17:15
not imposed laws and boundaries.
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ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื.
17:19
This is Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื‘ื• ื•ืืœื™ื“ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืื™ื‘ืŸ-ืื—ืžื“ ืื™ื‘ืŸ-ืจื•ืฉื“,
17:23
a very senior Muslim judge and thinker in Cordoba in the 12th century,
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ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-12,
17:27
and his writings were considered deeply blasphemous, heretical and evil.
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืืฆื”, ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื•ืจื•ืข ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
17:31
Long after he died,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•,
17:32
followers of his work were ruthlessly hunted down,
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ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื ืจื“ืคื• ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช,
17:35
banished and killed over several centuries
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ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื•ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
17:38
by the most powerful religious institution of the medieval period.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
17:43
That institution was the Roman Catholic Church.
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ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช.
17:48
Why?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข?
17:50
Because ibn Rushd said that something true in religion
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ื›ื™ ืื™ื‘ืŸ-ืจื•ืฉื“ ืืžืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ-ืืžืช ื‘ื“ืช
17:52
may conflict with something
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื”
17:54
that your reason finds to be true on earth,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœ ืžื–ื”ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ-ืืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
17:58
but the latter is still true.
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ื•ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
18:01
There are two distinct worlds of truth,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช-ืืžืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื,
18:03
one based on our reason and evidence, and one that is divine,
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ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™,
18:06
and the state, political power, social law are in the realm of reason.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
18:11
Religious life is a different realm.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื“ืช - ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™.
18:13
They should be kept separated.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
18:14
Social and political life should be governed by our reason,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
18:18
not by religion.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื“ืช.
18:20
And you can see why the church was upset by his writings,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืงืฆืคื” ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•,
18:22
as indeed were some Muslims during his lifetime,
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ื›ืžื•-ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
18:25
because he gives us a strong statement of secularism
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื–ื”,
18:29
of a kind which is normal in Europe today.
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ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
18:32
Now, history plays many tricks on us.
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ื ื•.
18:34
It undermines our fixed truths
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืืฆืœื ื• ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช
18:36
and what we believe to be our culture and their culture.
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ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช "ืฉืœื ื•" ื•"ืฉืœื”ื".
ืื™ื‘ืŸ-ืจื•ืฉื“, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™,
18:39
Ibn Rushd, someone who happens to be a Muslim,
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18:41
is considered one of the key influences
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
18:43
in the introduction and spread of secularism in Europe.
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ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืฆืชื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
18:47
So against religious, nationalist and racial purists of all kinds,
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ืื– ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื˜ื”ืจื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช, ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื,
18:52
can you make his story a part of your own,
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื›ื,
18:56
not because he happened to be a Muslim,
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ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™,
18:58
not because he happened to be an Arab,
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ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืขืจื‘ื™,
19:00
but because he was a human being
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ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื
19:02
with some very good ideas
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“
19:04
that shook his world
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ืฉื–ืขื–ืขื• ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•
19:06
and ours.
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ื•ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
19:08
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
19:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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