The fascinating science of bubbles, from soap to champagne | Li Wei Tan

106,611 views ใƒป 2018-12-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Some years ago, I was visiting Paris
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–
00:15
and walking along the Seine River during a beautiful summer afternoon.
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ื•ื‘ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื™ ื•ื™ืคื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ืกื™ื™ืŸ.
00:19
I saw giant bubbles floating on the riverbank,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ,
00:23
like this one.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
00:24
The next moment, it popped and was gone.
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ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื” ื•ื ืขืœืžื”.
00:28
Making them were two street performers surrounded by a crowd.
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ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืžื ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
00:32
They visibly make a living by asking for donations
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ื”ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช
00:36
and by selling pairs of sticks tied with two strings.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:40
When I was there, a man bought a pair of sticks for 10 euros,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื, ืื“ื ืงื ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืžืงืœื•ืช ื‘10 ื™ื•ืจื•,
00:45
which surprised me.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™.
00:47
I am a scientist who is passionate about bubbles.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
00:51
I know the right trick to make the giant bubbles
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื ืง
00:55
is the right soapy water mixture itself --
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ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” --
00:58
not the sticks,
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ืœื ื”ืžืงืœื•ืช,
00:59
which may be needed,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš,
01:01
but you can easily make them at home.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
01:03
Focusing on the sticks makes us not see that the real tool is the bubble itself.
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ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืฆืžื”.
01:10
Bubbles might seem like something just children make while playing,
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื•,
01:16
but sometimes it can be really stunning.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืžืžื•ืช.
01:19
However, there are more fascinating science to bubbles,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืข ืžืจืชืง ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:24
such as problem-solving tools.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
01:27
So I would like to share with you
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื
01:29
a few stories about the science of creating bubbles
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
01:33
and the science of eliminating the microscopic ones.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
01:37
Since it's up on the screen, let's start with the soap bubble.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ื‘ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:42
It is made from very common substances:
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ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื:
01:45
air, water, soap, in the right mixture.
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ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื, ืกื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
01:50
You can see soap bubbles constantly changing their colors.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื‘ืขืŸ.
01:53
This is due to the interaction with light at various directions
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:58
and the changes of their thickness.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:01
One of the common substances, water molecules,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื,
02:05
are formed by two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen -- H2O.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืื˜ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ - H2O.
02:12
On most surfaces, water droplets tend to curve inwards,
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ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื,
02:17
forming a semihemisphere shape.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ืช.
02:20
This is because the water droplet's surface is like an elastic sheet.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืกื“ื™ืŸ ืืœืกื˜ื™.
02:25
The water molecule on the surface is constantly being pulled inwards
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื
02:29
by the molecule at the center.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
02:32
And the quality of the elasticity is what we call "surface tension."
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ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืžืชื— ื”ืคื ื™ื".
02:38
Now by adding soap,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกื‘ื•ืŸ,
02:40
what happens is the soap molecule reduces the surface tension of water,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช ืžืชื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื,
02:45
making it more elastic and easier to form bubbles.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœืกื˜ื™ ื•ืงืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:50
You can think of a bubble as a mathematical problem-solver.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:55
You see it relentlessly trying to achieve geometry perfection.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช.
03:00
For instance, a sphere is the shape with the least surface area
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื
03:06
for a given volume.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื ืคื— ื ืชื•ืŸ.
03:08
That's why a single bubble is always in the shape of a sphere.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
03:12
Let me show you. Check it out.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘.
03:30
This is a single bubble.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ืช.
03:31
When two bubbles touch each other,
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ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•,
03:37
they can save materials by sharing a common wall.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
03:48
When more and more bubbles are added together,
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ื›ืฉืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
03:51
their geometry changes.
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ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
03:53
These four bubbles are added together.
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ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื—ื“.
03:55
They meet at one point at the center.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
04:42
When six bubbles are added together,
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ื›ืฉืฉืฉ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
04:45
a magical cube appears at the center.
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ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืงืกื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
04:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:55
That is surface tension at work,
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ื–ื” ืžืชื— ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
04:57
trying to find the most effective geometry arrangement.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
05:03
Now, let me give you another example.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
05:09
This is a very simple prop.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
05:13
This is made from two layers of plastic
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
05:17
with four pins connected to each other.
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ื›ืฉืืจื‘ืข ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
05:19
Imagine these four pins represent four cities that are equally apart,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืจื‘ืข ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืžื–ื•,
05:25
and we would like to make roads to connect these four cities.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:30
My question is: What is the shortest length to connect these four cities?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื: ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
05:35
Let's find out the answer by dipping it into the soapy water.
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ื‘ื ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ ืกื‘ื•ืŸ.
05:43
Remember, the soap bubble forms will always try to minimize
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉืืคื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
05:49
their surface area
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ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™
05:50
with a perfect geometry arrangement.
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ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
05:54
So the solution might not be something you expected.
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ืื– ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื.
06:02
The shortest length to connect these four cities
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:05
is 2.73 times the distance between these two cities.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืคื•ืœ 2.73.
06:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:17
Now you've got the idea.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
06:19
The soap bubble forms will always try to minimize their surface area
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉืืคื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™
06:24
with a perfect geometry arrangement.
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ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
06:29
Now, let us look at bubbles in another perspective.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.
06:36
My daughter, Zoe, loves visiting zoos.
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ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™, ื–ื•ืื™, ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
06:40
Her favorite spot is Penguin Cove at Marwell Zoo in Southern England,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจืช ื”ืคื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
06:46
where she could see penguins swim at speed under the water.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
06:51
One day, she noticed that the body of penguins
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ
06:55
leaves a trail of bubbles when they swim
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ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื
06:58
and asked why.
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ื•ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื”.
07:00
Animals and birds like penguins
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
07:03
that spend a lot of their time under the water
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ื”ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืžื ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
07:06
have evolved an ingenious way of utilizing the capability of bubbles
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
07:13
to reduce the density of water.
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ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื.
07:17
Emperor penguins are thought to be able to dive a few hundred meters
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ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืงื™ืกืจื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื
07:21
below the sea surface.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
07:24
They are thought to store the air under their feathers
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
07:28
before they dive
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื
07:29
and then progressively release it as a cloud of bubbles.
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
07:35
This reduces the density of water surrounding them,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
07:38
making it easier to swim through
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื
07:41
and speed up their swimming speed at least 40 percent.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืœืคื—ื•ืช 40 ืื—ื•ื–.
07:47
This feature has been noticed by the ship manufacturers.
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืขืชืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:52
I am talking about the big ships here,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง,
07:55
the ones that are used to transport thousands of containers across the ocean.
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ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
08:01
Recently, they developed a system called "air lubricating system,"
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ",
08:06
inspired by the penguins.
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
08:09
In this system, they produce a lot of air bubbles
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
08:13
and redistribute them across the whole of the ship,
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ื•ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”,
08:18
like an air carpet that reduces the water resistance
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
08:22
when a ship is moving.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื”.
08:26
This feature cuts off the energy consumption for the ship
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ื”
08:30
up to 15 percent.
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ื‘ื› 15 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
08:34
Bubbles can also be used for medicines.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
08:38
It can also play a role in medicines,
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”,
08:42
for instance, as a method for noninvasive delivery systems for drugs and genes
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ื
08:49
to a specific part of the body.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
08:52
Imagine a microbubble
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ื•ืขื”
08:54
filled with a mixture of drugs and magnetic agents
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
08:58
being injected into our bloodstream.
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื“ืจืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:02
The bubbles will move to the target areas.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
09:05
But how do they know where to go?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช?
09:08
Because we placed a magnet there.
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ื›ื™ ืฉืชืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืžื’ื ื˜.
09:10
For instance, this part of my hand.
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ืœื“ื’ื•ืžื, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
09:12
When the microbubbles move to this part of my hand,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™,
09:16
we can pop it via ultrasound
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื-ืกืื•ื ื“
09:20
and release the drug exactly where it's needed.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชืŸ.
09:25
Now, I mentioned about the science of creating bubbles.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
09:29
But sometimes we also need to remove them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืŸ.
09:33
That's actually part of my job.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
09:36
My exact job title is "ink formulation scientist."
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื "ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœืช ื“ื™ื•".
09:41
But I don't work on the ink that you use for your writing pens.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื›ื.
09:46
I'm working on some cool applications
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช
09:49
such as organic photovoltaics, OPVs,
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ื›ืžื• ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช
09:53
and organic light-emitting diodes, OLEDs.
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:57
Part of my job is to figure out how and why we want to remove the bubbles
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืคืขื ื— ืื™ืš ื•ืžืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
10:03
from the ink that my company produces.
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ืžื”ื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช.
10:06
During the formulation-mixing process,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื”,
10:10
or preparation process,
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ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ื ื”.
10:12
we mix active ingredients, solvents and additives
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ืžืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืชื•ืกืคื™ื
10:18
in order to achieve the formulations with the properties we want
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื
10:22
when the ink is being used.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•.
10:25
But just like you would make drinks
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืงื”
10:28
or bake cakes,
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ืื• ืื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ื’ื”,
10:29
it is unavoidable that some air bubbles will be trapped inside that ink.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืฉื›ืžื” ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ื›ืœืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื• ื”ื–ื”.
10:35
Here, we are talking about a different space
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื”
10:38
from the bubbles I'd seen in Paris.
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ืžื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–.
10:42
The bubbles that are trapped inside those inks
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื• ื”ืืœื”
10:45
vary between a few millimeters,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
10:48
a few microns
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื
10:49
or even a few nanometers in size.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื ื ื•-ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
10:52
And what we are concerned about
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื•
10:54
is the oxygen and the moisture that is trapped inside.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
10:58
At this size scale, removing them is not easy.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”, ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืŸ.
11:04
But it matters,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
11:06
for instance, for organic light-emitting diodes inks
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช,
11:11
that we can use to produce display for your smartphone, for example.
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ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื‘ืกืžืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื.
11:19
It's supposed to last for many years,
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ื”ื“ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
11:21
but if the ink that we use has been absorbed with oxygen and moisture
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื–ื”
11:26
[which] are not being removed,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืกืจื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
11:29
then we can quickly see dark spots appear in the pixels.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื.
11:34
Now, one challenge we face in removing the microbubbles
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื’ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
11:41
is that they are not very cooperative.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”.
11:45
They like to sit there,
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ื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉื,
11:47
bathing in the ink without moving much.
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ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื–ื•ื– ื”ืจื‘ื”.
11:50
But how do we kick them out?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ?
11:54
One technology we use
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”
11:56
is to force the ink going through a thin, long and tiny tube
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ื”ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ืง, ืืจื•ืš ื•ืงื˜ืŸ
12:02
with a porous wall,
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ื‘ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™,
12:04
and we place the tubes inside the vacuum chamber,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื•ืืงื•ื,
12:07
so that the bubbles can be squeezed out from the ink
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื™ื•
12:12
and be removed.
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ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
12:14
Once we manage to remove the bubbles from the ink that we produce,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื™ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื,
12:21
it is time for celebration.
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช.
12:25
Let's open a bubbling champagne.
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ื‘ื ื ืคืชื— ืฉืžืคื ื™ื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขืช.
12:35
Ooh, this is going to be fun!
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ืื•ื•ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฃ!
12:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:42
Woooo!
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ื•ื•ื”ื•ื•!
12:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:52
You could see a lot of bubbles rushing out from the champagne bottle.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืœื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื“ื—ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืฉืžืคื ื™ื”.
12:58
These are the bubbles filled with carbon dioxide,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
13:02
a gas that's been produced during the fermentation process of the wine.
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ื’ื– ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืกื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:09
Let me pour some out.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืคื•ืš ืงืฆืช.
13:12
I can't miss the chance.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
13:22
I guess it's enough.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
13:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:29
Here, I can see a lot of microbubbles
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ื”ื ื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
13:34
moving from the bottom of the glass to the top of the champagne.
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ืฉื ืขื•ืช ืžืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืคื ื™ื”.
13:40
Before it pops,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช,
13:42
it will jet tiny droplets of aroma molecules
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ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ื—
13:47
and intensify the flavor of champagne,
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ื•ื™ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืืช ื˜ืขืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืคื ื™ื”,
13:51
making us enjoy much more the flavor of champagne.
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ื•ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืคื ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:56
As a scientist who is passionate about bubbles,
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ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื•ืชืงืช ืžื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
13:59
I love to see them,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ,
14:02
I love to play with them,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชืŸ,
14:04
and I love to study them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:06
And also, I love to drink them.
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ื•ื’ื, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:09
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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