Why museums are returning cultural treasures | Chip Colwell

79,217 views ใƒป 2018-10-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
A confession:
0
13992
1818
ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™:
00:15
I am an archaeologist and a museum curator,
1
15834
2973
ืื ื™ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ,
00:18
but a paradoxical one.
2
18831
2189
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™.
00:21
For my museum, I collect things,
3
21637
2631
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:24
but I also return things back to where they came from.
4
24292
3408
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžื ื•.
00:28
I love museums because they're social and educational,
5
28815
4556
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื,
00:33
but I'm most drawn to them because of the magic of objects:
6
33395
3730
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืกื ืฉื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื:
00:37
a one-million-year-old hand axe,
7
37814
2478
ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
00:40
a totem pole, an impressionist painting
8
40316
2954
ืขืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™
00:43
all take us beyond our own imaginations.
9
43294
2925
ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:47
In museums, we pause to muse, to gaze upon our human empire of things
10
47228
6430
ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:53
in meditation and wonder.
11
53682
2047
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืœื™ืื”.
00:57
I understand why US museums alone
12
57315
2234
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืจืง ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
00:59
host more than 850 million visits each year.
13
59573
4365
ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž850 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
01:05
Yet, in recent years, museums have become a battleground.
14
65390
3690
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื“ื” ืงืจื‘.
01:09
Communities around the world don't want to see their culture
15
69564
2864
ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:12
in distant institutions which they have no control over.
16
72452
3735
ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
01:16
They want to see their cultural treasures
17
76783
2141
ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:18
repatriated, returned to their places of origin.
18
78948
3718
ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
01:23
Greece seeks the return of the Parthenon Marbles,
19
83679
2786
ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืชื ื•ืŸ,
01:26
a collection of classical sculptures held by the British Museum.
20
86489
4182
ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืกืœื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
01:31
Egypt demands antiquities from Germany.
21
91425
2785
ืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
01:35
New Zealand's Maori want to see returned
22
95187
2796
ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœื”ื
01:38
ancestral tattooed heads from museums everywhere.
23
98007
4349
ืจืืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืขืงืขื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:43
Yet these claims pale in comparison to those made by Native Americans.
24
103197
4888
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:48
Already, US museums have returned more than one million artifacts
25
108857
3913
ื›ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืคืฆื™ื
01:52
and 50,000 sets of Native American skeletons.
26
112794
3974
ื•50,000 ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื™ื.
01:58
To illustrate what's at stake, let's start with the War Gods.
27
118891
3697
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
02:03
This is a wood carving
28
123461
1850
ื–ื”ื• ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืขืฅ
02:05
made by members of the Zuni tribe in New Mexico.
29
125335
3391
ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
02:09
In the 1880s, anthropologists began to collect them
30
129399
3199
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื
02:12
as evidence of American Indian religion.
31
132622
2387
ื›ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช.
02:16
They came to be seen as beautiful,
32
136040
3059
ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืคื™ื,
02:19
the precursor to the stark sculptures of Picasso and Paul Klee,
33
139123
4973
ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงืืกื• ื•ืคื•ืœ ืงืœื™
02:24
helping to usher in the modern art movement.
34
144120
3523
ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ื‘ืืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
02:28
From one viewpoint, the museum did exactly as it's supposed to
35
148559
4247
ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื•
02:32
with the War God.
36
152830
1420
ืขื ืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
02:34
It helped introduce a little-known art form
37
154274
2419
ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฆื•ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช
02:36
for the world to appreciate.
38
156717
1866
ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
02:40
But from another point of view,
39
160200
1517
ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
02:41
the museum had committed a terrible crime of cultural violence.
40
161741
4443
ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคืฉืข ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:47
For Zunis, the War God is not a piece of art,
41
167589
4031
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื ื ืคืจื™ื˜ ืืžื ื•ืช,
02:51
it is not even a thing.
42
171644
1969
ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื—ืคืฅ.
02:53
It is a being.
43
173637
1499
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉื•ืช.
02:57
For Zunis, every year,
44
177521
2676
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
03:00
priests ritually carve new War Gods,
45
180221
2222
ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื’ืœืคื™ื ืืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:02
the Ahayu:da,
46
182467
1492
ื”ืื”ื™ื•ื“ื”,
03:03
breathing life into them in a long ceremony.
47
183983
2603
ื•ืžืคื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืืจื•ืš.
03:07
They are placed on sacred shrines
48
187408
1972
ื”ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื
03:09
where they live to protect the Zuni people
49
189404
3241
ืฉื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™
03:12
and keep the universe in balance.
50
192669
2314
ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:15
No one can own or sell a War God.
51
195856
2302
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”
03:18
They belong only to the earth.
52
198182
2197
ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืจืง ืœืื“ืžื”.
03:21
And so Zunis want them back from museums
53
201443
3167
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื
03:24
so they can go to their shrine homes
54
204634
2110
ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:28
to fulfill their spiritual purpose.
55
208531
2261
ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.
03:32
What is a curator to do?
56
212451
2333
ืžื” ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
03:35
I believe that the War Gods should be returned.
57
215461
3595
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
03:40
This might be a startling answer.
58
220694
1627
ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื”.
03:42
After all, my conclusion contradicts the refrain
59
222345
2579
ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื”
03:44
of the world's most famous archaeologist:
60
224948
2547
ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื:
03:48
"That belongs in a museum!"
61
228174
1554
"ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ!"
03:49
(Laughter)
62
229752
2936
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:52
is what Indiana Jones said, not just to drive movie plots,
63
232712
4024
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื” ื’'ื•ื ืก ืืžืจ, ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืขืœื™ืœื” ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช,
03:56
but to drive home the unquestionable good of museums for society.
64
236760
4758
ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
04:03
I did not come to my view easily.
65
243052
2492
ืœื ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
04:05
I grew up in Tucson, Arizona,
66
245926
2451
ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืกื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”,
04:08
and fell in love with the Sonoran Desert's past.
67
248401
2809
ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื•ื ื•ืจื”.
04:12
I was amazed that beneath the city's bland strip malls
68
252037
3981
ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืคืจื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
04:16
was 12,000 years of history just waiting to be discovered.
69
256042
3873
ื”ืกืชืชืจื• 12,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ.
04:20
When I was 16 years old, I started taking archaeology classes
70
260983
3267
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 16 ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:24
and going out on digs.
71
264274
1785
ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
04:26
A high school teacher of mine even helped me set up my own laboratory
72
266896
3272
ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™
04:30
to study animal bones.
73
270192
1577
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:33
But in college,
74
273061
1150
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’',
04:35
I came to learn that my future career had a dark history.
75
275125
4355
ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืคืœื”.
04:40
Starting in the 1860s,
76
280372
2731
ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
04:43
Native American skeletons became a tool for science,
77
283127
4127
ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข,
04:47
collected in the thousands
78
287278
1858
ื”ื ื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืืœืคื™ื
04:49
to prove new theories of social and racial hierarchies.
79
289160
4284
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืขื™ื•ืช.
04:54
Native American human remains were plundered from graves,
80
294735
4508
ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉื“ื“ื• ืžืงื‘ืจื™ื,
04:59
even taken fresh from battlefields.
81
299267
2666
ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืœืงื—ื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘.
05:04
When archaeologists came across white graves,
82
304370
2453
ื›ืฉื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
05:06
the skeleton was often quickly reburied,
83
306847
2436
ื”ืฉืœื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืงื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
05:09
while Native bones were deposited as specimens on museum shelves.
84
309307
5019
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ.
05:15
In the wake of war, stolen land, boarding schools,
85
315380
3325
ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื–ื•ืœื•ืช, ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
05:18
laws banning religion,
86
318729
1787
ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืช,
05:20
anthropologists collected sacred objects
87
320540
2102
ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืืกืคื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื
05:22
in the belief that Native peoples were on the cusp of extinction.
88
322666
3991
ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
05:28
You can call it racism or colonialism, but the labels don't matter
89
328162
4383
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ืื• ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืช,
05:32
as much as the fact that over the last century,
90
332569
2808
ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
05:35
Native American rights and culture were taken from them.
91
335401
3610
ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ื.
05:40
In 1990, after years of Native protests,
92
340039
3211
ื‘1990, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื•ืช
05:43
the US government, through the US Congress,
93
343274
2433
ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
05:45
finally passed a law that allowed Native Americans to reclaim
94
345731
4350
ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื
05:50
cultural items, sacred objects and human remains from museums.
95
350105
3594
ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื.
05:54
Many archaeologists were panicked.
96
354854
2604
ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืชืงืคื• ืคืื ื™ืงื”.
05:58
For scientists,
97
358713
1174
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
05:59
it can be hard to fully grasp how a piece of wood can be a living god
98
359911
6240
ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืื™ืš ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœ ื—ื™
06:06
or how spirits surround bones.
99
366175
2228
ืื• ืื™ืš ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
06:08
And they knew that modern science, especially with DNA,
100
368427
3802
ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื“ื ื,
06:12
can provide luminous insights into the past.
101
372253
3539
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
06:17
As the anthropologist Frank Norwick declared,
102
377155
2559
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืจื ืง ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืง,
06:19
"We are doing important work that benefits all of mankind.
103
379738
4131
"ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
06:23
We are not returning anything to anyone."
104
383893
3027
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“".
06:29
As a college student, all of this was an enigma
105
389381
2977
ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืงื•ืœื’' ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
06:32
that was hard to decipher.
106
392382
2395
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ืœืคื™ืขื ื•ื—.
06:35
Why did Native Americans want their heritage back
107
395409
2993
ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื–ืจื”
06:38
from the very places preserving it?
108
398426
2380
ืžืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”?
06:41
And how could scientists spend their entire lives
109
401849
3222
ื•ืื™ืš ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
06:45
studying dead Indians
110
405095
1491
ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื
06:46
but seem to care so little about living ones?
111
406610
3077
ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืžืืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
06:52
I graduated but wasn't sure what to do next,
112
412221
3191
ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื”,
06:55
so I traveled.
113
415436
1658
ืื– ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ,
06:58
One day, in South Africa,
114
418897
1699
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:00
I visited Nelson Mandela's former prison cell on Robben Island.
115
420620
3459
ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื ื”ืžืืกืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื™ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ.
07:05
I had an epiphany.
116
425160
1317
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช.
07:07
Here was a man who helped a country bridge vast divides
117
427590
4184
ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
07:11
to seek, however imperfectly, reconciliation.
118
431798
2897
ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืกื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
07:16
I'm no Mandela, but I ask myself:
119
436120
2709
ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื ื“ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™:
07:18
Could I, too, plant seeds of hope in the ruins of the past?
120
438853
3960
ื”ืื ื’ื ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ?
07:23
In 2007, I was hired as a curator
121
443586
2369
ื‘2007, ื ืฉื›ืจืชื™ ื›ืื•ืฆืจ
07:25
at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science.
122
445979
2798
ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื“ื ื‘ืจ.
07:28
Our team agreed that unlike many other institutions,
123
448801
3212
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:32
we needed to proactively confront the legacy of museum collecting.
124
452037
4550
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
07:37
We started with the skeletons in our closet,
125
457850
3215
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:41
100 of them.
126
461089
1387
100 ื‘ืžืกืคืจ.
07:43
After months and then years, we met with dozens of tribes
127
463035
2747
ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืื– ืฉื ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื
07:45
to figure out how to get these remains home.
128
465806
2276
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
07:48
And this is hard work.
129
468840
1358
ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”.
07:50
It involves negotiating who will receive the remains,
130
470222
4079
ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื,
07:54
how to respectfully transfer them,
131
474325
1928
ืื™ืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“,
07:56
where will they go.
132
476277
1730
ืœืืŸ ื™ืœื›ื•.
07:58
Native American leaders become undertakers,
133
478734
3607
ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื‘ืจื ื™ื,
08:02
planning funerals for dead relatives they had never wanted unearthed.
134
482365
4579
ื”ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืฉื™ื—ืฉืคื•.
08:09
A decade later, the Denver Museum and our Native partners
135
489106
2710
ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ, ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื“ื ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื™ื
08:11
have reburied nearly all of the human remains in the collection.
136
491840
3766
ืงื‘ืจื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ.
08:16
We have returned hundreds of sacred objects.
137
496098
2579
ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืžืื•ืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:19
But I've come to see that these battles are endless.
138
499600
3164
ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
08:23
Repatriation is now a permanent feature of the museum world.
139
503837
3761
ื”ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื.
08:29
Hundreds of tribes are waiting their turn.
140
509310
2238
ืžืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื.
08:32
There are always more museums with more stuff.
141
512668
3173
ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:36
Every catalogued War God in an American public museum
142
516766
2913
ื›ืœ ืืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื˜ืœื’ ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
08:39
has now been returned -- 106, so far --
143
519703
4230
ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ -- 106, ืขื“ ื›ื” --
08:43
but there are more beyond the reach of US law,
144
523957
3040
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
08:47
in private collections and outside our borders.
145
527021
2967
ื‘ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:51
In 2014, I had the chance to travel with a respected religious leader
146
531225
5104
ื‘2014, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื“ืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“
08:56
from the Zuni tribe named Octavius Seowtewa
147
536353
3842
ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ืื•ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืก ืกื™ืื•ื˜ื•ื•ื”
09:00
to visit five museums in Europe with War Gods.
148
540219
2689
ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
09:03
At the Ethnological Museum of Berlin,
149
543680
2659
ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืชื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ,
09:06
we saw a War God with a history of dubious care.
150
546363
3729
ืจืื™ื ื• ืืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืฉืžืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™.
09:10
An overly enthusiastic curator had added chicken feathers to it.
151
550443
3619
ืื•ืฆืจ ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ.
09:14
Its necklace had once been stolen.
152
554922
2100
ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœื• ื ื’ื ื‘ื”.
09:18
At the Musรฉe du quai Branly in Paris,
153
558267
2049
ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืงื” ื‘ืจืื ืœื™ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–,
09:20
an official told us that the War God there is now state property
154
560340
3333
ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
09:23
with no provisions for repatriation.
155
563697
2833
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื‘ืชื•.
09:26
He insisted that the War God no longer served Zunis
156
566554
2912
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืฉืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™
09:29
but museum visitors.
157
569490
1317
ืืœื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ.
09:31
He said, "We give all of the objects to the world."
158
571238
3180
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื".
09:35
At the British Museum,
159
575487
1452
ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™,
09:36
we were warned that the Zuni case would establish a dangerous precedent
160
576963
4008
ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
09:40
for bigger disputes,
161
580995
1445
ืœื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
09:42
such as the Parthenon Marbles, claimed by Greece.
162
582464
3554
ื›ืžื• ืคืกืœื™ ื”ืคืจืชื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช.
09:46
After visiting the five museums,
163
586574
2469
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื,
09:49
Octavius returned home to his people empty-handed.
164
589067
3800
ืื•ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืก ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืงื•ืช.
09:54
He later told me,
165
594284
1310
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™,
09:55
"It hurts my heart to see the Ahayu:da so far away.
166
595618
3301
"ื›ืื‘ ืœื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื”ื™ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื.
09:58
They all belong together.
167
598943
1674
ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“.
10:01
It's like a family member that's missing from a family dinner.
168
601066
4278
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.
10:06
When one is gone, their strength is broken."
169
606292
3424
ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื ืฉื‘ืจ".
10:10
I wish that my colleagues in Europe and beyond
170
610848
2814
ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”
10:13
could see that the War Gods do not represent the end of museums
171
613686
3477
ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื
10:17
but the chance for a new beginning.
172
617187
2197
ืืœื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:20
When you walk the halls of a museum,
173
620861
2596
ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ,
10:23
you're likely just seeing about one percent
174
623481
2769
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืจืื• ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“
10:26
of the total collections.
175
626274
1219
ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื.
10:27
The rest is in storage.
176
627517
1994
ื”ืฉืืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ืกื ื™ื.
10:29
Even after returning 500 cultural items and skeletons,
177
629535
3787
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืจื ื• 500 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื“ื™ื,
10:33
my museum still retains 99.999 percent of its total collections.
178
633346
5872
ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• 99.999 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื•.
10:39
Though we no longer have War Gods,
179
639987
1660
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
10:41
we have Zuni traditional pottery,
180
641671
2380
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™,
10:44
jewelry, tools, clothing and arts.
181
644075
3412
ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ื, ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื•ื ื™ืช.
10:48
And even more precious than these objects
182
648461
2827
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:51
are the relationships that we formed with Native Americans
183
651312
3333
ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืขื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
10:54
through the process of repatriation.
184
654669
2626
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื”.
10:58
Now, we can ask Zunis to share their culture with us.
185
658673
4674
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืืชื ื•.
11:04
Not long ago, I had the chance to visit the returned War Gods.
186
664810
3659
ืœืคื ื™ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
11:09
A shrine sits up high atop a mesa overlooking beautiful Zuni homeland.
187
669263
5528
ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ืžืกื” ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื”.
11:16
The shrine is enclosed by a roofless stone building
188
676466
4215
ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื
11:20
threaded at the top with barbed wire
189
680705
2428
ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื’ื“ืจ ืชื™ืœ
11:23
to ensure that they're not stolen again.
190
683157
1936
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘.
11:26
And there they are, inside,
191
686553
2341
ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื, ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
11:28
the Ahayu:da,
192
688918
1204
ื”ืื”ื™ื•ื“ื”,
11:30
106 War Gods amid offerings of turquoise, cornmeal, shell,
193
690146
5411
106 ืืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื–, ืงืžื— ืชื™ืจืก, ืฆื“ืคื™ื,
11:35
even T-shirts ...
194
695581
1206
ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื˜ื™ ...
11:38
a modern gift to ancient beings.
195
698149
1948
ืžืชื ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช.
11:41
And standing there,
196
701306
1715
ื•ื›ืฉืขืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื,
11:43
I got a glimpse at the War Gods' true purpose in the world.
197
703045
3443
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:47
And it occurred to me then
198
707518
1643
ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืื–
11:49
that we do not get to choose the histories that we inherit.
199
709185
4055
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื.
11:54
Museum curators today did not pillage ancient graves
200
714043
3135
ืื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืฉื“ื“ื• ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
11:57
or steal spiritual objects,
201
717202
1786
ืื• ื’ื ื‘ื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื,
11:59
but we can accept responsibility for correcting past mistakes.
202
719012
4262
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
12:04
We can help restore dignity,
203
724232
2240
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
12:06
hope and humanity to Native Americans,
204
726496
3437
ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื,
12:09
the very people who were once the voiceless objects of our curiosity.
205
729957
3817
ืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื ื—ืกืจ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:14
And this doesn't even require us to fully understand others' beliefs,
206
734400
5081
ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
12:19
only that we respect them.
207
739505
2093
ืจืง ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ.
12:22
Museums are temples to things past.
208
742732
2725
ื”ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
12:26
Now they must also become places for living cultures.
209
746406
3872
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.
12:32
As I turned to walk away from the shrine,
210
752466
2270
ื›ืฉืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ,
12:34
I drank in the warm summer air,
211
754760
2374
ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื—ื,
12:37
and I watched an eagle turn lazy circles high above.
212
757158
3081
ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื˜ ื—ื’ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
12:41
I thought of the Zunis,
213
761483
1453
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื ื™ื,
12:42
whose offerings ensure that their culture is not dead and gone
214
762960
4195
ืฉืžื ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžืชื” ืื• ื ืขืœืžื”
12:47
but alive and well,
215
767179
1642
ืืœื ื—ื™ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
12:49
and I could think of no better place for the War Gods to be.
216
769970
3420
ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
12:54
Thank you.
217
774069
1151
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:55
(Applause)
218
775244
5256
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7