Why museums are returning cultural treasures | Chip Colwell

75,655 views ・ 2018-10-11

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: SeungGyu Min κ²€ν† : shin-ae Park
00:13
A confession:
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이 μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ κ³ λ°±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
I am an archaeologist and a museum curator,
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제 직업은 κ³ κ³ ν•™μžμ΄μž λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€ νλ ˆμ΄ν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
but a paradoxical one.
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μ„œλ‘œ λͺ¨μˆœλœ λΆ„μ•Όμ£ .
00:21
For my museum, I collect things,
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λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 일은 물건듀을 μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:24
but I also return things back to where they came from.
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μ›λž˜μ˜ 자리둜 λ˜λŒλ €λ†“κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
I love museums because they're social and educational,
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μ €λŠ” 박물관을 μ‚¬λž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬νšŒμ , ꡐ윑적 μΈ‘λ©΄ λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
00:33
but I'm most drawn to them because of the magic of objects:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 박물관에 λŒλ¦¬λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 사물이 μ§€λ‹Œ λ§ˆλ²• λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
a one-million-year-old hand axe,
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100만 λ…„ μ „μ˜ 손도끼
00:40
a totem pole, an impressionist painting
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ν† ν…œ 쑰각 κΈ°λ‘₯κ³Ό μΈμƒνŒŒ ν™”κ°€λ“€μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆ
00:43
all take us beyond our own imaginations.
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이 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 우리의 상상λ ₯을 λ›°μ–΄λ„˜λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
In museums, we pause to muse, to gaze upon our human empire of things
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λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μž μ‹œ μΉ¨λ¬΅ν•˜λ©° 인λ₯˜ 문물의 세상을 μ‘μ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
in meditation and wonder.
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λͺ…상과 κ²½μ΄λ‘œμ›€μ— μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘ν˜€μ„œ 말이죠.
00:57
I understand why US museums alone
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μ €λŠ” μ™œ 미ꡭ의 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€λ“€λ§Œμ΄
00:59
host more than 850 million visits each year.
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맀년 8μ–΅ 5천만 λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ 방문객을 κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Yet, in recent years, museums have become a battleground.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΅œκ·Όμ— 박물관은 μ „μŸν„°κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
Communities around the world don't want to see their culture
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지ꡬ 상 μ–΄λŠ λ‚˜λΌλ„
μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ λ¬Έν™”μœ μ‚°μ„ κ·Έκ³³κ³Ό 멀리 떨어진 κ³³μ—μ„œ 보길 μ›μΉ˜ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
in distant institutions which they have no control over.
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01:16
They want to see their cultural treasures
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ λ¬Έν™”μœ μ‚°μ„ λ˜μ°Ύμ•„μ„œ
01:18
repatriated, returned to their places of origin.
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μ›λž˜ νƒ„μƒν–ˆλ˜ 자리둜 λ˜λŒλ €λ†“κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
Greece seeks the return of the Parthenon Marbles,
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κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€κ°€ λ°˜ν™˜μ„ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 파λ₯΄ν…Œλ…Ό μ‹ μ „μ˜ λŒ€λ¦¬μ„ 쑰각상은
01:26
a collection of classical sculptures held by the British Museum.
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영ꡭ의 λŒ€μ˜λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ΄ μ†Œμž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
Egypt demands antiquities from Germany.
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μ΄μ§‘νŠΈλŠ” 독일이 κ°€μ Έκ°„ μœ λ¬Όμ„ 되찾고자 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
New Zealand's Maori want to see returned
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λ‰΄μ§ˆλžœλ“œλŠ” μ „ 세계에 흩어져 μžˆλŠ”
01:38
ancestral tattooed heads from museums everywhere.
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문신이 μƒˆκ²¨μ§„ κ³ λŒ€ λ‘μƒμ˜ λ°˜ν™˜μ„ μ£Όμ§„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
Yet these claims pale in comparison to those made by Native Americans.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 인디언 λ¬Έν™”μœ μ‚°μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜ν™˜ 청ꡬ에 λΉ„ν•˜λ©΄ 아무것도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
01:48
Already, US museums have returned more than one million artifacts
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이미 λ―Έκ΅­ 박물관은 100만 점 μ΄μƒμ˜ 유물과
01:52
and 50,000 sets of Native American skeletons.
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아메리카 원주민 유골 5만 여점을 λ°˜ν™˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
To illustrate what's at stake, let's start with the War Gods.
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κ·Έ 일의 μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ 'μ „μŸμ˜ μ‹ 'μ΄λΌλŠ” 쑰각상을 톡해 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
This is a wood carving
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이것은 λͺ©μž¬ μ‘°κ°μƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ
02:05
made by members of the Zuni tribe in New Mexico.
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뉴 λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ˜ μ₯¬λ‹ˆ 뢀쑱이 μ œμž‘ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
In the 1880s, anthropologists began to collect them
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1880λ…„λŒ€, 인λ₯˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 쑰각상을 μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
as evidence of American Indian religion.
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아메리카 인디언 λ¬Έν™”μ˜ 증거둜 말이죠.
02:16
They came to be seen as beautiful,
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이 쑰각상듀은 μ•„μ£Ό 아름닡고
02:19
the precursor to the stark sculptures of Picasso and Paul Klee,
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ν”ΌμΉ΄μ†Œλ‚˜ 폴 클리의 λ‹¨μˆœν™”λœ 쑰각 ν‘œν˜„μ˜ νš¨μ‹œλΌ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
helping to usher in the modern art movement.
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 ν˜„λŒ€ 미술 사쑰가 λ°œμ „ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
From one viewpoint, the museum did exactly as it's supposed to
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μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ”
κ·Έ 박물관은 μ „μŸμ˜ μ‹  쑰각상이 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•  κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
with the War God.
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02:34
It helped introduce a little-known art form
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박물관은 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 예술 μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 감상할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£Όλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:36
for the world to appreciate.
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02:40
But from another point of view,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ”
02:41
the museum had committed a terrible crime of cultural violence.
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κ·Έ 박물관은 λ¬Έν™” 폭λ ₯μ΄λΌλŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 범죄λ₯Ό 저지λ₯΄κ³  λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
For Zunis, the War God is not a piece of art,
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μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘± μž…μž₯μ—μ„œ λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄, μ „μŸμ˜ 신은 μ˜ˆμˆ ν’ˆμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
it is not even a thing.
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λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 사물이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:53
It is a being.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 쑴재 κ·Έ μžμ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
For Zunis, every year,
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μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±λ“€μ€ 맀년
03:00
priests ritually carve new War Gods,
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μ œμ‚¬μž₯이 μ œμ‚¬ μ˜μ‹μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ „μŸμ˜ 신을 μƒˆλ‘œ μ‘°κ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
the Ahayu:da,
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μ•„ν•˜μœ λ‹€λΌκ³  ν•˜μ£ .
03:03
breathing life into them in a long ceremony.
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μ œμ‚¬ κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ κ·Έ μ‘°κ°ν’ˆμ— 생λͺ…을 λΆˆμ–΄λ„£μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
They are placed on sacred shrines
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μ œμ‚¬μž₯은 κ·Έ 쑰각을 μ‹ μ„±ν•œ 사당에 λͺ¨μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
where they live to protect the Zuni people
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κ·Έ 신듀은 κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ μ‚΄λ©° μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³ 
03:12
and keep the universe in balance.
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우주의 κ· ν˜•μ„ κ΄€μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
No one can own or sell a War God.
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μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ „μŸμ˜ 신을 μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 사고 νŒ” 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
They belong only to the earth.
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그듀이 μ‚¬λŠ” λ•…λ§Œμ΄ 였직 κ·Έ μ£ΌμΈμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
And so Zunis want them back from museums
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ€ λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ—κ²Œ μ „μŸμ˜ μ‹ μ˜ λ°˜ν™˜μ„ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
so they can go to their shrine homes
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μ›λž˜ 자리인 λΆ€μ‘±μ˜ 사당에 λ‹€μ‹œ λͺ¨μ…”μ„œ
03:28
to fulfill their spiritual purpose.
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μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ˜ 영적인 일을 살피도둝 말이죠.
03:32
What is a curator to do?
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λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μž₯은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ μ’‹μ„κΉŒμš”?
03:35
I believe that the War Gods should be returned.
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제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ” μ „μŸμ˜ 신은 λ°˜ν™˜λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
This might be a startling answer.
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ‹€λ“€ λ†€λž„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
After all, my conclusion contradicts the refrain
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μ €μ˜ 결둠은 μ €λͺ…ν•œ 인λ₯˜ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ 이런 μ£Όμž₯을 λ°˜λ°•ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:44
of the world's most famous archaeologist:
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03:48
"That belongs in a museum!"
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"그건 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ˜ μ†Œμœ λ¬Όμ΄μ•Ό!"
03:49
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:52
is what Indiana Jones said, not just to drive movie plots,
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μΈλ””μ•„λ‚˜ μ‘΄μŠ€κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ λ§μΈλ°μš”.
μ˜ν™” 쀄거리상 ν•„μš”ν•œ λ§μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
03:56
but to drive home the unquestionable good of museums for society.
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μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 박물관이 ν•„μš”ν•œ ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 이유λ₯Ό λŒ€λ³€ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
I did not come to my view easily.
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이런 결둠을 κ°–κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λ§Žμ€ λ…Έλ ₯이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
I grew up in Tucson, Arizona,
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μ €λŠ” μ•„λ¦¬μ‘°λ‚˜ μ£Ό νˆ¬μ‚°μ—μ„œ 자랐고
04:08
and fell in love with the Sonoran Desert's past.
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κ·Έκ³³ μ†Œλ…Έλž€ μ‚¬λ§‰μ˜ κ³Όκ±° 역사λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
I was amazed that beneath the city's bland strip malls
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μ „ λ„μ‹¬μ˜ ν™”λ €ν•œ μ‡Όν•‘λͺ° λ°”λ‘œ μ•„λž˜
04:16
was 12,000 years of history just waiting to be discovered.
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12000λ…„μ˜ 역사가 우리λ₯Ό 기닀리고 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œκ³  κ²½μ•…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
When I was 16 years old, I started taking archaeology classes
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16μ‚΄ λ•ŒλŠ” κ³ κ³ ν•™ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ λ“€μ—ˆκ³ 
04:24
and going out on digs.
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λ°œκ΅΄ν˜„μž₯에 λ‚˜κ°€κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
04:26
A high school teacher of mine even helped me set up my own laboratory
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고등학ꡐ λ•ŒλŠ” μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ˜ λ„μ›€μœΌλ‘œ μ €λ§Œμ˜ 연ꡬ싀을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
to study animal bones.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ 동물 뼈λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμ£ .
04:33
But in college,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€ν•™μ— μ§„ν•™ν•΄μ„œ
04:35
I came to learn that my future career had a dark history.
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제 μ§μ—…μ˜ λ―Έλž˜κ°€ μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ‘‘λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
Starting in the 1860s,
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1860λ…„λŒ€μ— λ“€μ–΄μ„œλ©΄μ„œ
04:43
Native American skeletons became a tool for science,
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아메리카 μ›μ£Όλ―Όμ˜ 유골이 κ³Όν•™μ˜ 도ꡬ가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
collected in the thousands
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수천 점의 유골이 μˆ˜μ§‘λ˜μ–΄
04:49
to prove new theories of social and racial hierarchies.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ  인쒅 계측에 λŒ€ν•œ 이둠을 증λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
Native American human remains were plundered from graves,
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μ›μ£Όλ―Όμ˜ 유골이 λ¬΄λ€μ—μ„œ νŒŒν—€μ³μ‘Œκ³ 
04:59
even taken fresh from battlefields.
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μ „μž₯μ—μ„œ λ°”λ‘œ κ°€μ Έμ˜€κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
When archaeologists came across white graves,
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κ³ κ³ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 백인의 무덀을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λ©΄ μ¦‰μ‹œ μ œμžλ¦¬μ— λ‹€μ‹œ λ¬»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
the skeleton was often quickly reburied,
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05:09
while Native bones were deposited as specimens on museum shelves.
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— μ›μ£Όλ―Όμ˜ μœ κ³¨μ€ λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ˜ μ „μ‹œλ¬Όλ‘œ μ“°κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μˆ˜μ§‘λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
05:15
In the wake of war, stolen land, boarding schools,
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μ „μŸμ˜ 발발, λΉΌμ•—κΈ΄ λ•…, κΈ°μˆ™ν•™κ΅
05:18
laws banning religion,
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쒅ꡐλ₯Ό κΈˆμ§€ν•˜λŠ” 법 등이 ν•œμ°½μΌ λ•Œ
05:20
anthropologists collected sacred objects
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인λ₯˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ‹ μ„±ν•œ 물건듀을 μˆ˜μ§‘ν–ˆμ£ .
05:22
in the belief that Native peoples were on the cusp of extinction.
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원주민듀이 λ©Έμ’…λ˜λ¦¬λΌκ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:28
You can call it racism or colonialism, but the labels don't matter
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이λ₯Ό 두고 μΈμ’…μ°¨λ³„μ΄λ‚˜ μ‹λ―Όμ£Όμ˜λΌκ³  ν•  수 있겠죠.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 뭐라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λ“  간에
05:32
as much as the fact that over the last century,
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μ§€λ‚œ 1μ„ΈκΈ°λΌλŠ” κΈ΄ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
05:35
Native American rights and culture were taken from them.
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아메리카 원주민은 인ꢌ과 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό λ°•νƒˆλ‹Ήν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
In 1990, after years of Native protests,
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1990λ…„ μ›μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ˜ ν•­μŸ 후에
05:43
the US government, through the US Congress,
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ •λΆ€λŠ” 의회λ₯Ό 톡해
05:45
finally passed a law that allowed Native Americans to reclaim
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 원주민듀이 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό λ˜μ°Ύμ„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 법을 ν†΅κ³Όμ‹œμΌ°κ³ 
05:50
cultural items, sacred objects and human remains from museums.
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λ¬Έν™”μœ μ‚° 및 μ‹ μ„±λ¬Ό, μ„ μ‘°λ“€μ˜ μœ κ³¨μ„ λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 되찾게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
Many archaeologists were panicked.
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λ§Žμ€ 인λ₯˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‹Ήν™©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
For scientists,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€ λˆˆμ—λŠ”
05:59
it can be hard to fully grasp how a piece of wood can be a living god
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λͺ©μž¬ 쑰각이 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ‹ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것인지 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
or how spirits surround bones.
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혼이 유골과 ν•¨κ»˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
06:08
And they knew that modern science, especially with DNA,
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ν•™μžλ“€μ€ ν˜„λŒ€κ³Όν•™, 특히 DNA와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•΄
06:12
can provide luminous insights into the past.
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κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό 바라볼 수 μžˆλŠ” 톡찰λ ₯을 μ œκ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
As the anthropologist Frank Norwick declared,
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인λ₯˜ν•™μžμΈ ν”„λž­ν¬ 노빅은 이런 말을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
"We are doing important work that benefits all of mankind.
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"μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  인λ₯˜μ—κ²Œ 도움이 λ˜λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ 일을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
We are not returning anything to anyone."
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ 아무것도 되돌렀 주지 μ•Šμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€."
06:29
As a college student, all of this was an enigma
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λŒ€ν•™μƒμ΄μ—ˆλ˜ μ €λŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 μˆ˜μˆ˜κ»˜λΌμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
that was hard to decipher.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“  μƒν™©μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
06:35
Why did Native Americans want their heritage back
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μ™œ 원주민듀은 κ·Έλ“€ λ¬Έν™” μœ μ‚°μ„ 되찾으렀고 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒ?
06:38
from the very places preserving it?
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μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ 보쑴할 수 μžˆλŠ” 곳인데도..
06:41
And how could scientists spend their entire lives
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μ™œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μžμ‹ μ˜ 일생을 바쳐 원주민 μœ κ³¨μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 걸까?
06:45
studying dead Indians
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06:46
but seem to care so little about living ones?
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 것듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 관심은 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒ?
06:52
I graduated but wasn't sure what to do next,
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λŒ€ν•™μ„ μ‘Έμ—…ν•œ λ’€μ—λŠ” 무엇을 ν•΄μ•Ό 할지 λͺ°λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
so I traveled.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 여행을 떠났죠.
06:58
One day, in South Africa,
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λ‚¨μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ λ¨Έλ¬Έ μ–΄λŠ λ‚ 
07:00
I visited Nelson Mandela's former prison cell on Robben Island.
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λ„¬μŠ¨ λ§ŒλΈλΌκ°€ κ°‡ν˜”λ˜ 둜빈 μ„¬μ˜ κ΅λ„μ†Œ 독방에 κ°€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:05
I had an epiphany.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ ν™˜μ˜μ„ λ³΄μ•˜μ£ .
07:07
Here was a man who helped a country bridge vast divides
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쑰ꡭ의 뢄열을 λ©”μš°κ³ μž ν–ˆλ˜ ν•œ λ‚¨μžκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
to seek, however imperfectly, reconciliation.
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비둝 λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν™”ν•΄λ₯Ό μ›ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
I'm no Mandela, but I ask myself:
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μ „ λ§ŒλΈλΌκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ € μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•˜κ³€ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:18
Could I, too, plant seeds of hope in the ruins of the past?
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과거의 νν—ˆ μœ„μ— 미래의 씨앗을 뿌릴 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
07:23
In 2007, I was hired as a curator
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2007년에 μ €λŠ” 덴버 μžμ—°μ‚¬ λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ˜ κ΄€μž₯으둜 μΌν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science.
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07:28
Our team agreed that unlike many other institutions,
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우리 νŒ€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ°κ΄€κ³ΌλŠ” 달리
07:32
we needed to proactively confront the legacy of museum collecting.
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λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€ μ†Œμž₯ν’ˆ μœ μ‚°μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λŠ₯λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
We started with the skeletons in our closet,
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μš°μ„  창고에 μžˆλŠ” μœ κ³¨λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
07:41
100 of them.
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100κ΅¬λ‚˜ λ˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
07:43
After months and then years, we met with dozens of tribes
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λͺ‡ 달, λͺ‡ 년에 κ±Έμ³μ„œ λ§Žμ€ 뢀쑱을 λ§Œλ‚˜λ©°
07:45
to figure out how to get these remains home.
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κ·Έ μœ κ³¨λ“€μ„ κ³ ν–₯ 땅에 되돌리기 μœ„ν•œ 방법을 μ°Ύμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
And this is hard work.
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그건 정말 νž˜λ“  μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
It involves negotiating who will receive the remains,
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μœ κ³¨μ„ λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œ 전달할지 λ…Όμ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
07:54
how to respectfully transfer them,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‘΄μ—„μ„±μžˆκ²Œ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κ³ 
07:56
where will they go.
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μ–΄λ””λ‘œ 보낼지 κ²°μ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
Native American leaders become undertakers,
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아메리카 원주민 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ μž₯λ‘€λ₯Ό μ±…μž„μ Έμ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
08:02
planning funerals for dead relatives they had never wanted unearthed.
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λ°œκ΅΄μ„ μ›μΉ˜ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ λ§μžλ“€μ˜ μž₯λ‘€ 절차λ₯Ό μ„Έμ›Œμ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
A decade later, the Denver Museum and our Native partners
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10년이 μ§€λ‚˜μ„œμ•Ό 덴버 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€κ³Ό 원주민 λΆ€μ‘± κ΄€λ ¨μžλ“€μ΄
08:11
have reburied nearly all of the human remains in the collection.
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μ†Œμž₯λ˜μ–΄ 있던 μΈλ””μ–Έμ˜ 유골 거의 μ „λΆ€λ₯Ό 재맀μž₯ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
We have returned hundreds of sacred objects.
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수백 점의 신성물도 λ°˜ν™˜λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
08:19
But I've come to see that these battles are endless.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•žμœΌλ‘œλ„ 이런 싸움은 κ³„μ†λ˜λ¦¬λΌ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:23
Repatriation is now a permanent feature of the museum world.
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유물의 λ°˜ν™˜μ€ 이제 μ „ 세계적인 λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
Hundreds of tribes are waiting their turn.
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수백의 뢀쑱듀이 μžμ‹ μ˜ μœ μ‚°μ„ 기닀리고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
There are always more museums with more stuff.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μœ λ¬Όμ„ 가진 박물관도 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
Every catalogued War God in an American public museum
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μ–΄λŠ λ―Έκ΅­ 박물관이 λ³΄μœ ν•œ μ „μŸμ˜ 신은
08:39
has now been returned -- 106, so far --
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λ°˜ν™˜ μ™„λ£Œλœ 것이 ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ 106μ μ΄λ‚˜ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:43
but there are more beyond the reach of US law,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ―Έκ΅­ λ²•μ˜ λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œκ±°λ‚˜
08:47
in private collections and outside our borders.
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외ꡭ인듀이 μ†Œμž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것듀도 많죠.
08:51
In 2014, I had the chance to travel with a respected religious leader
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2014λ…„μ—λŠ” μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ˜ μ‘΄κ²½λ°›λŠ” μ’…κ΅μ§€λ„μžμΈ
08:56
from the Zuni tribe named Octavius Seowtewa
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μ˜₯νƒ€λΉ„μš°μŠ€ μ„Έμ˜€ν…Œμ™€μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 여행을 ν•  κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
to visit five museums in Europe with War Gods.
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μ „μŸμ˜ 신을 μ†Œμž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 유럽의 5개 박물관을 λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆμ£ .
09:03
At the Ethnological Museum of Berlin,
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λ² λ₯Όλ¦° λ―Όμ‘± λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ—μ„œ
09:06
we saw a War God with a history of dubious care.
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μ˜μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 관리 이λ ₯을 κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ „μŸμ˜ 신을 보게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
An overly enthusiastic curator had added chicken feathers to it.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ 열정이 μ§€λ‚˜μΉœ νλ ˆμ΄ν„°κ°€ μƒˆμ˜ κΉƒν„Έλ‘œ μž₯μ‹ν–ˆλ”κ΅°μš”.
09:14
Its necklace had once been stolen.
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λͺ©κ±Έμ΄λŠ” 사라진 지 μ˜€λž˜κ³ μš”.
09:18
At the MusΓ©e du quai Branly in Paris,
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파리의 캐 λΈŒλž‘λ¦¬ λ―Έμˆ κ΄€μ—μ„œλŠ”
09:20
an official told us that the War God there is now state property
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λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžκ°€ μ „μŸμ˜ 신은 주의 μž¬μ‚°μ΄λ©°
09:23
with no provisions for repatriation.
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λ°˜ν™˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
He insisted that the War God no longer served Zunis
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ „μŸμ˜ 신은 이제 μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ˜ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
09:29
but museum visitors.
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λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€ κ΄€λžŒκ°μ˜ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλ”κ΅°μš”.
09:31
He said, "We give all of the objects to the world."
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그리고 λͺ¨λ“  것을 세상에 κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§λΆ™μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:35
At the British Museum,
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영ꡭ 박물관은
09:36
we were warned that the Zuni case would establish a dangerous precedent
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μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ˜ 사둀가 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ„ λ‘€κ°€ 될 거라고 κ²½κ³ κΉŒμ§€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
for bigger disputes,
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더 큰 λΆ„μŸμ„ λΆ€λ₯Ό κ±°λΌλ©΄μ„œμš”.
09:42
such as the Parthenon Marbles, claimed by Greece.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 그리슀 파λ₯΄ν…Œλ…Ό μ‹ μ „μ˜ λŒ€λ¦¬μ„νŒμ˜ 경우처럼 말이죠.
09:46
After visiting the five museums,
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유럽의 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€ λ‹€μ„― 곳을 λ‘˜λŸ¬λ³Έ ν›„
09:49
Octavius returned home to his people empty-handed.
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μ˜₯νƒ€λΉ„μš°μŠ€λŠ” λΉˆμ†μœΌλ‘œ κ·€κ΅­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
He later told me,
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— κ·Έκ°€ λ§ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
09:55
"It hurts my heart to see the Ahayu:da so far away.
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κ·Έ λ¨Ό 곳에 있던 μ „μŸμ˜ 신을 보고 κ°€μŠ΄μ΄ μ°’μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것 κ°™μ•˜λ‹€κ³ μš”.
09:58
They all belong together.
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κ·Έλ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜μΈλ°λ„ 말이죠.
10:01
It's like a family member that's missing from a family dinner.
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ν•œ 가쑱이 갈갈이 μ°’μ–΄μ Έ μžˆλŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
When one is gone, their strength is broken."
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ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ 없어져도 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” λΆ•κ΄΄λ˜κ³  말죠.
10:10
I wish that my colleagues in Europe and beyond
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μ €λŠ” 유럽과 μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 제 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄
10:13
could see that the War Gods do not represent the end of museums
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μ „μŸμ˜ 신은 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€μ˜ 쒅말이 μ•„λ‹Œ
10:17
but the chance for a new beginning.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œμž‘μ˜ κΈ°νšŒλΌλŠ” κ±Έ κΉ¨λ‹«κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
When you walk the halls of a museum,
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박물관에 μ „μ‹œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μž‘ν’ˆμ€
10:23
you're likely just seeing about one percent
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전체 μ†Œμž₯ν’ˆμ˜ 겨우 1%에 λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
of the total collections.
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10:27
The rest is in storage.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§„ μ†Œμž₯고에 있죠.
10:29
Even after returning 500 cultural items and skeletons,
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500개의 λ¬Έν™”μž¬μ™€ μœ κ³¨λ“€μ„ λ°˜ν™˜ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
10:33
my museum still retains 99.999 percent of its total collections.
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박물관은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 전체 μ†Œμž₯ν’ˆ 쀑 99.999%λ₯Ό μ†Œμž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
Though we no longer have War Gods,
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우리 박물관은 μ „μŸμ˜ 신은 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
10:41
we have Zuni traditional pottery,
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μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘± 전톡 자기λ₯˜μ™€
10:44
jewelry, tools, clothing and arts.
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보석, 도ꡬ, 의볡 그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ˜ˆμˆ ν’ˆλ“€μ„ κ°–κ³  있죠.
10:48
And even more precious than these objects
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 것듀보닀 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
10:51
are the relationships that we formed with Native Americans
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μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 원주민듀 κ°„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
through the process of repatriation.
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λ°˜ν™˜ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 맺게 λ˜λŠ” 관계 말이죠.
10:58
Now, we can ask Zunis to share their culture with us.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ—κ²Œ λ¬Έν™” μœ μ‚°μ„ κ³΅μœ ν•΄λ‹¬λΌκ³  μš”μ²­ν•˜λ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:04
Not long ago, I had the chance to visit the returned War Gods.
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μ–Όλ§ˆ μ „μ—λŠ” λ°˜ν™˜λœ μ „μŸμ˜ 신을 λ³Ό κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
A shrine sits up high atop a mesa overlooking beautiful Zuni homeland.
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘± κ³ ν–₯이 λ‚΄λ €λ‹€λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ‚° 정상에 사당이 μžλ¦¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:16
The shrine is enclosed by a roofless stone building
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사당은 지뢕이 μ—†λŠ” 석쑰 건물둜 λ‘˜λŸ¬ μŒ“μ—¬ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
11:20
threaded at the top with barbed wire
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철쑰망이 μ„€μΉ˜λ˜μ–΄
11:23
to ensure that they're not stolen again.
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λ‹€μ‹œλŠ” λ„λ‚œλ‹Ήν•  μ—Όλ €κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
And there they are, inside,
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κ·Έ 사당에 μ „μŸμ˜ 신이 λͺ¨μ…”μ Έ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
11:28
the Ahayu:da,
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λ°”λ‘œ μ•„ν•˜μœ λ‹€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
106 War Gods amid offerings of turquoise, cornmeal, shell,
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106기의 μ „μŸμ˜ 신을 κ°€μš΄λ°μ— 두고
터킀석, μ˜₯수수 가루, 쑰개껍질 심지어 ν‹°μ…”μΈ κ°€ 놓여져 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
even T-shirts ...
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11:38
a modern gift to ancient beings.
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ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 곡물을 이 κ³ λŒ€ μ‘΄μž¬μ—κ²Œ λ°”μΉ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
11:41
And standing there,
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그곳에 μ„œμ„œ
11:43
I got a glimpse at the War Gods' true purpose in the world.
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μ „μŸμ˜ 신이 이 세속에 온 λͺ©μ μ„ μž μ‹œ κ·Έλ €λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:47
And it occurred to me then
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έλ•Œ μ œκ°€ λ–  올린 생각은
11:49
that we do not get to choose the histories that we inherit.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 역사λ₯Ό 선택할 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:54
Museum curators today did not pillage ancient graves
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€ νλ ˆμ΄ν„°λ“€μ€ κ³ λŒ€μ˜ 무덀을 μ•½νƒˆν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
11:57
or steal spiritual objects,
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영적인 물건듀을 ν›”μΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:59
but we can accept responsibility for correcting past mistakes.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 과거의 잘λͺ»μ„ λ°”λ‘œμž‘μ•„μ•Ό ν•  μ±…μž„μ€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
We can help restore dignity,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 원주민듀이 μ‘΄μ—„μ„±κ³Ό 희망, 인λ₯˜μ• λ₯Ό λ˜μ°Ύλ„λ‘ λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
hope and humanity to Native Americans,
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12:09
the very people who were once the voiceless objects of our curiosity.
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ν•œλ•ŒλŠ” 우리 ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ— λΆˆκ³Όν–ˆλ˜ λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 말이죠.
12:14
And this doesn't even require us to fully understand others' beliefs,
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 것은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ―ΏμŒμ„ μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
12:19
only that we respect them.
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그듀을 쑴쀑해야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
Museums are temples to things past.
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박물관은 과거에 바쳐진 μ„±μ†Œλ‚˜ 닀름 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:26
Now they must also become places for living cultures.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  이곳은 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 것을 μœ„ν•œ μžλ¦¬κ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
As I turned to walk away from the shrine,
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λ‹Ήμ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™€μ„œ
12:34
I drank in the warm summer air,
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λ”°λœ»ν•œ 여름 곡기λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹œλ©΄μ„œ
12:37
and I watched an eagle turn lazy circles high above.
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ν•œκ°€λ‘œμ΄ ν•˜λŠ˜μ„ κ°€λ₯΄λŠ” ν•œ 마리의 λ…μˆ˜λ¦¬λ₯Ό λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
I thought of the Zunis,
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μ₯¬λ‹ˆμ‘±μ΄ μƒκ°λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:42
whose offerings ensure that their culture is not dead and gone
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그듀이 λ°”μΉ˜λŠ” 곡물은 κ·Έλ“€ λ¬Έν™”κ°€ μ†Œλ©Έν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 사라지지 μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
12:47
but alive and well,
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μ‚΄μ•„μ„œ κ±΄μž¬ν•¨μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€,
12:49
and I could think of no better place for the War Gods to be.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έκ³³μ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ μ „μŸμ˜ 신이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•  κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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