Lifelike simulations that make real-life surgery safer | Peter Weinstock

62,429 views ใƒป 2017-04-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
What if I told you there was a new technology
0
12621
3875
ืื™ืš ืชื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:16
that, when placed in the hands of doctors and nurses,
1
16520
4568
ืฉืื ืชื™ืžืกืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:21
improved outcomes for children and adults, patients of all ages;
2
21112
5143
ืชืฉืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื;
00:27
reduced pain and suffering,
3
27311
2543
ืชืคื—ื™ืช ื›ืื‘ ื•ืกื‘ืœ
00:29
reduced time in the operating rooms,
4
29878
3189
ืชืฆืžืฆื ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
00:33
reduced anesthetic times,
5
33091
2853
ืชืคื—ื™ืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืจื“ืžื”,
00:35
had the ultimate dose-response curve
6
35968
1898
ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืขืงื•ืžืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
00:37
that the more you did it,
7
37890
1746
ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:39
the better it benefitted patients?
8
39660
2322
ื–ื” ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื?
00:43
Here's a kicker: it has no side effects,
9
43160
2402
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœ: ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™,
00:45
and it's available no matter where care is delivered.
10
45586
3017
ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ.
00:49
I can tell you as an ICU doctor at Boston Children's Hospital,
11
49325
3442
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืจื•ืคื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:52
this would be a game changer for me.
12
52791
2307
ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
00:55
That technology is lifelike rehearsal.
13
55122
4633
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”
01:00
This lifelike rehearsal is being delivered through medical simulation.
14
60533
4546
ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
01:05
I thought I would start with a case,
15
65711
4001
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืคืชื— ืขื ืžืงืจื” ืจืคื•ืื™,
01:09
just to really describe the challenge ahead,
16
69736
2710
ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
01:12
and why this technology is not just going to improve health care
17
72470
3371
ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ืชืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
01:15
but why it's critical to health care.
18
75865
2690
ืืœื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
01:19
This is a child that's born, young girl.
19
79388
2873
ื–ื”ื• ื™ื™ืœื•ื“, ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
01:22
"Day of life zero," we call it,
20
82285
1760
"ื™ื•ื ืืคืก ืœื—ื™ื™ื" ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”,
01:24
the first day of life, just born into the world.
21
84069
2299
ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืง ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:26
And just as she's being born,
22
86392
1391
ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื”,
01:27
we notice very quickly that she is deteriorating.
23
87807
2432
ืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช.
01:30
Her heart rate is going up, her blood pressure is going down,
24
90759
2913
ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื” ืขื•ืœื”, ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืจื“,
01:33
she's breathing very, very fast.
25
93696
1642
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžืช ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ.
01:36
And the reason for this is displayed in this chest X-ray.
26
96097
4902
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื”.
01:41
That's called a babygram,
27
101023
1311
ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ืจืื,
01:42
a full X-ray of a child's body, a little infant's body.
28
102358
3274
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช, ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช.
01:45
As you look on the top side of this,
29
105656
1906
ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
01:47
that's where the heart and lungs are supposed to be.
30
107586
2483
ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:50
As you look at the bottom end, that's where the abdomen is,
31
110093
2777
ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช,
01:52
and that's where the intestines are supposed to be.
32
112894
2422
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:55
And you can see how there's sort of that translucent area
33
115340
2729
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืงื•ืฃ
01:58
that made its way up into the right side of this child's chest.
34
118093
3171
ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช.
02:01
And those are the intestines -- in the wrong place.
35
121288
4008
ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื - ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:05
As a result, they're pushing on the lungs
36
125320
2170
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช
02:07
and making it very difficult for this poor baby to breathe.
37
127514
2971
ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื”ืžืกื›ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื.
02:11
The fix for this problem
38
131038
1493
ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•
02:12
is to take this child immediately to the operating room,
39
132555
2654
ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืžื™ื“ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
02:15
bring those intestines back into the abdomen,
40
135233
2131
ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ,
02:17
let the lungs expand
41
137388
1415
ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘
02:18
and allow this child to breathe again.
42
138827
1881
ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื.
02:21
But before she can go to the operating room,
43
141307
2059
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
02:23
she must get whisked away to the ICU, where I work.
44
143390
3292
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ืฉืฉื ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:26
I work with surgical teams.
45
146706
1868
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:28
We gather around her,
46
148598
1302
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:29
and we place this child on heart-lung bypass.
47
149924
4101
ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืขืงืฃ ืœื‘-ืจื™ืื”.
02:35
We put her to sleep,
48
155416
1621
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื“ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
02:37
we make a tiny little incision in the neck,
49
157061
2596
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ื—ืชืš ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ,
02:39
we place catheters into the major vessels of the neck --
50
159681
3138
ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื ืงื–ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ --
02:42
and I can tell you that these vessels are about the size of a pen,
51
162843
3694
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื˜,
02:46
the tip of a pen --
52
166561
1905
ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืขื˜ --
02:48
and then we have blood drawn from the body,
53
168490
2084
ื•ืื– ื“ื ื ืฉืื‘ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:50
we bring it through a machine, it gets oxygenated,
54
170598
2408
ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืžืฆืŸ,
02:53
and it goes back into the body.
55
173030
1852
ื•ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
02:54
We save her life,
56
174906
1576
ื•ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”,
02:56
and get her safely to the operating room.
57
176506
2524
ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
03:00
Here's the problem:
58
180870
1278
ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
03:03
these disorders --
59
183692
1573
ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื• --
03:05
what is known is congenital diaphragmatic hernia --
60
185289
3289
ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ืงืข ืกืจืขืคืชื™ ืžื•ืœื“ --
03:08
this hole in the diaphragm that has allowed these intestines to sneak up --
61
188602
3596
ื—ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืืคืจื’ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” -
03:12
these disorders are rare.
62
192222
1966
ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:15
Even in the best hands in the world,
63
195113
3825
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:18
there is still a challenge to get the volume --
64
198962
3510
ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืชื’ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช --
03:22
the natural volume of these patients --
65
202496
1898
ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืืœื” --
03:24
in order to get our expertise curve at 100 percent.
66
204418
2522
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
03:26
They just don't present that often.
67
206964
2100
ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:30
So how do you make the rare common?
68
210549
2906
ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ืœืฉื›ื™ื—?
03:35
Here's the other problem:
69
215921
1297
ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
03:38
in the health care system that I trained for over 20 years,
70
218179
4601
ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื™ ืžืขืœ ืœ 20 ืฉื ื”,
03:42
what currently exists,
71
222804
1185
ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
03:44
the model of training is called the apprenticeship model.
72
224013
2944
ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื•ืช.
03:46
It's been around for centuries.
73
226981
1915
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
03:48
It's based on this idea that you see a surgery maybe once,
74
228920
3948
ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ืœื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช,
03:52
maybe several times,
75
232892
1528
ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
03:54
you then go do that surgery,
76
234444
2790
ื•ืื– ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
03:57
and then ultimately you teach that surgery to the next generation.
77
237258
3558
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
04:02
And implicit in this model --
78
242262
2750
ื•ืžืจื•ืžื– ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” --
04:05
I don't need to tell you this --
79
245036
2174
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” --
04:07
is that we practice on the very patients that we are delivering care to.
80
247234
4957
ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื.
04:14
That's a problem.
81
254123
1679
ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
04:19
I think there's a better approach.
82
259096
2197
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:21
Medicine may very well be the last high-stakes industry
83
261317
4365
ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
04:25
that does not practice prior to game time.
84
265706
2722
ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืชืืžื ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
04:30
I want to describe to you a better approach through medical simulation.
85
270128
4182
ื•ืืชืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
04:36
Well, the first thing we did is we went to other high-stakes industries
86
276139
3377
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:39
that had been using this type of methodology for decades.
87
279540
2870
ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
04:42
This is nuclear power.
88
282434
1665
ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
04:44
Nuclear power runs scenarios on a regular basis
89
284123
4041
ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข
04:48
in order to practice what they hope will never occur.
90
288188
3217
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื.
04:51
And as we're all very familiar, the airline industry --
91
291932
3848
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” -
04:55
we all get on planes now, comforted by the idea
92
295804
3297
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
04:59
that pilots and crews have trained on simulators much like these,
93
299125
5796
ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืืžื ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืืœื”,
05:04
training on scenarios that we hope will never occur,
94
304945
2561
ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงืจื• ืœืขื•ืœื,
05:07
but we know if they did,
95
307530
2180
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
05:09
they would be prepared for the worst.
96
309734
2513
ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ืœ.
05:12
In fact, the airline industry has gone as far as to create fuselages
97
312750
4405
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก
05:17
of simulation environments,
98
317179
1543
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
05:18
because of the importance of the team coming together.
99
318746
3241
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ื ืก,
05:22
This is an evacuation drill simulator.
100
322633
2264
ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™.
05:25
So again, if that ever were to happen, these rare, rare events,
101
325526
3867
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืงืจื• ืื™ ืคืขื,
05:29
they're ready to act on the drop of a dime.
102
329417
3290
ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
05:34
I guess the most compelling for me in some ways is the sports industry --
103
334706
5318
ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ --
05:40
arguably high stakes.
104
340048
1632
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
05:42
You think about a baseball team: baseball players practice.
105
342293
3261
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ:
05:45
I think it's a beautiful example of progressive training.
106
345578
2671
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ืคื” ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื.
05:48
The first thing they do is go out to spring training.
107
348273
2760
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ื.
05:51
They go to a spring training camp,
108
351057
2264
ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื” ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ื,
05:53
perhaps a simulator in baseball.
109
353345
2519
ืื•ืœื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ.
05:56
They're not on the real field, but they're on a simulated field,
110
356392
3042
ื”ื ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืืžืชื™, ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžื“ื•ืžื”,
05:59
and they're playing in the pregame season.
111
359458
2033
ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื˜ืจื•ื-ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
06:01
Then they make their way to the field during the season games,
112
361515
3497
ื•ืื—"ื› ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื”,
06:05
and what's the first thing they do before they start the game?
113
365036
3098
ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง?
06:08
They go into the batting cage and do batting practice for hours,
114
368158
4431
ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืช,
06:12
having different types of pitches being thrown at them,
115
372613
3331
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื–ืจืงื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื,
06:15
hitting ball after ball as they limber their muscles,
116
375968
4332
ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืžื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
06:20
getting ready for the game itself.
117
380324
1973
ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืขืฆืžื•.
06:22
And here's the most phenomenal part of this,
118
382321
2850
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
06:26
and for all of you who watch any sport event,
119
386345
2500
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
06:28
you will see this phenomenon happen.
120
388869
1915
ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
06:31
The batter gets into the batter's box,
121
391661
2688
ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช,
06:34
the pitcher gets ready to pitch.
122
394373
2121
ื”ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ.
06:36
Right before the pitch is thrown,
123
396518
3106
ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ืจืง,
06:39
what does that batter do?
124
399648
1209
ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื˜?
06:40
The batter steps out of the box
125
400881
1904
ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ
06:44
and takes a practice swing.
126
404097
2043
ื•ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืชื ื•ืคื”,
06:46
He wouldn't do it any other way.
127
406164
1825
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช,
06:49
I want to talk to you about how we're building practice swings like this
128
409212
3415
ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ืœื™ ืชื ื•ืคื” ื›ืืœื”
06:52
in medicine.
129
412651
1155
ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
06:53
We are building batting cages for the patients that we care about
130
413830
4182
ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžื”ื
06:58
at Boston Children's.
131
418036
1228
ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
06:59
I want to use this case that we recently built.
132
419288
2493
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
07:02
It's the case of a four-year-old who had a progressively enlarging head,
133
422304
4271
ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžืชืจื—ื‘,
07:06
and as a result,
134
426599
1277
ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
07:07
had loss of developmental milestones, neurologic milestones,
135
427900
3132
ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
07:11
and the reason for this problem is here --
136
431056
3017
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ -
07:14
it's called hydrocephalus.
137
434097
1650
ื•ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืฆืคืœื•ืก (ืžื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืจืืฉ)
07:16
So, a quick study in neurosurgery.
138
436372
2871
ืื–, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
07:19
There's the brain,
139
439267
1165
ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื—,
07:20
and you can see the cranium surrounding the brain.
140
440456
2548
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
07:23
What surrounds the brain, between the brain and cranium,
141
443469
3344
ืžื” ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
07:26
is something called cerebrospinal fluid or fluid,
142
446837
3218
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžื•ื—ื™-ืฉื“ืจืชื™ ืื• ื ื•ื–ืœ,
07:30
which acts as a shock absorber.
143
450079
1734
ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืœื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื.
07:32
In your heads right now,
144
452406
1322
ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
07:33
there is cerebrospinal fluid just bathing your brains
145
453752
3257
ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžื•ื—ื™-ืฉื“ืจืชื™ ืฉืจื•ื—ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—
07:37
and making its way around.
146
457033
1826
ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
07:38
It's produced in one area and flows through,
147
458883
2626
ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจื›ื•,
07:41
and then is re-exchanged.
148
461533
1291
ื•ืื– ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืชื—ืœืฃ.
07:42
And this beautiful flow pattern occurs for all of us.
149
462848
2897
ื•ื“ืคื•ืก ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืืฆืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
07:46
But unfortunately in some children,
150
466265
2045
ืืš ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
07:48
there's a blockage of this flow pattern,
151
468334
2503
ื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื–ื”,
07:50
much like a traffic jam.
152
470861
1552
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื”.
07:52
As a result, the fluid accumulates,
153
472885
2823
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
07:55
and the brain is pushed aside.
154
475732
2516
ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”.
07:58
It has difficulty growing.
155
478947
1837
ื•ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:01
As a result, the child loses neurologic milestones.
156
481421
3493
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
08:04
This is a devastating disease in children.
157
484938
2411
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
08:08
The cure for this is surgery.
158
488793
3074
ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
08:11
The traditional surgery is to take a bit of the cranium off,
159
491891
2910
ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืงืฆื” ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
08:14
a bit of the skull,
160
494825
1158
ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
08:16
drain this fluid out, stick a drain in place,
161
496007
2943
ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื ืงื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
08:18
and then eventually bring this drain internal to the body.
162
498974
2728
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื– ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
08:21
Big operation.
163
501726
1216
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:23
But some great news is that advances in neurosurgical care
164
503916
4317
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™
08:28
have allowed us to develop minimally invasive approaches
165
508257
3709
ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช
08:31
to this surgery.
166
511990
1160
ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื”.
08:33
Through a small pinhole, a camera can be inserted,
167
513174
4325
ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฆืœืžื”,
08:38
led into the deep brain structure,
168
518752
2728
ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
08:41
and cause a little hole in a membrane that allows all that fluid to drain,
169
521504
3953
ื•ืœื ืงื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืœื ื™ืงื•ื– ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
08:45
much like it would in a sink.
170
525481
2048
ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืจ.
08:47
All of a sudden, the brain is no longer under pressure,
171
527553
3115
ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
08:50
can re-expand
172
530692
1457
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘.
08:52
and we cure the child through a single-hole incision.
173
532173
2879
ื•ืื ื• ืžืจืคืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
08:56
But here's the problem:
174
536478
1415
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”:
08:57
hydrocephalus is relatively rare.
175
537917
2144
ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืฆืคืœื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
09:00
And there are no good training methods
176
540730
2410
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
09:03
to get really good at getting this scope to the right place.
177
543164
3624
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:06
But surgeons have been quite creative about this, even our own.
178
546812
4314
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ื•.
09:11
And they've come up with training models.
179
551150
2008
ื•ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื”.
09:13
Here's the current training model.
180
553182
1725
ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
09:14
(Laughter)
181
554931
1958
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:16
I kid you not.
182
556913
1657
ืื™ื ื™ ืžื”ืชืœ ื‘ื›ื.
09:18
This is a red pepper, not made in Hollywood;
183
558594
2439
ื–ื”ื• ืคืœืคืœ ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœื ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“;
09:21
it's real red pepper.
184
561057
1328
ื–ื” ืคืœืคืœ ืื“ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™.
09:22
And what surgeons do is they stick a scope into the pepper,
185
562820
2947
ื•ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคืœืคืœ,
09:25
and they do what is called a "seedectomy."
186
565791
3098
ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื–ืจืข".
09:28
(Laughter)
187
568913
1767
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:30
They use this scope to remove seeds using a little tweezer.
188
570704
6100
ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืœืงื˜ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
09:37
And that is a way to get under their belts
189
577632
2628
ื•ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ
09:40
the rudimentary components of doing this surgery.
190
580284
2996
ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื”.
09:43
Then they head right into the apprenticeship model,
191
583936
2436
ื•ืื– ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื•ืช,
09:46
seeing many of them as they present themselves,
192
586396
2872
ืจื•ืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
09:49
then doing it, and then teaching it --
193
589292
2263
ื•ืื– ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื–ืืช -
09:51
waiting for these patients to arrive.
194
591579
2017
ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื•.
09:54
We can do a lot better.
195
594347
1539
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:55
We are manufacturing reproductions of children
196
595910
4727
ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืขืชื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:00
in order for surgeons and surgical teams to rehearse
197
600661
3906
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื ื™ืชืืžื ื•
10:04
in the most relevant possible ways.
198
604591
2380
ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:06
Let me show you this.
199
606995
1375
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:08
Here's my team
200
608966
1508
ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
10:10
in what's called the SIM Engineering Division of the Simulator Program.
201
610498
3905
ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืกื™ื, ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ.
10:15
This is an amazing team of individuals.
202
615140
2843
ื–ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:18
They are mechanical engineers;
203
618007
2275
ื”ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช;
10:20
you're seeing here, illustrators.
204
620306
2425
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ืžืื™ื™ืจื™ื.
10:22
They take primary data from CT scans and MRIs,
205
622755
4572
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ืงื•ืช CT ื•- MRI,
10:27
translate it into digital information,
206
627351
3330
ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
10:30
animate it,
207
630705
1306
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื• ื”ื ืคืฉื”,
10:32
put it together into the components of the child itself,
208
632035
4791
ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขืฆืžื•,
10:36
surface-scan elements of the child that have been casted as needed,
209
636850
3794
ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืจื™ืงืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš,
10:40
depending on the surgery itself,
210
640668
2585
ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืฆืžื•,
10:43
and then take this digital data and be able to output it
211
643277
3891
ื•ืื– ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžื”ื ืคืœื˜
10:47
on state-of-the-art, three-dimensional printing devices
212
647192
3748
ืขืœ ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื—ื“ื™ืฉื•ืช
10:50
that allow us to print the components
213
650964
2270
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
10:53
exactly to the micron detail of what the child's anatomy will look like.
214
653258
5668
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชื™ืจืื”.
10:58
You can see here,
215
658950
1304
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
11:00
the skull of this child being printed
216
660278
2434
ืืช ื’ื•ืœื’ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช
11:02
in the hours before we performed this surgery.
217
662736
2486
ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—.
11:06
But we could not do this work
218
666438
2576
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
11:09
without our dear friends on the West Coast in Hollywood, California.
219
669038
4387
ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
11:14
These are individuals that are incredibly talented
220
674600
3230
ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
11:17
at being able to recreate reality.
221
677854
2424
ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
11:20
It was not a long leap for us.
222
680302
4424
ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
11:24
The more we got into this field,
223
684750
1576
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”,
11:26
the more it became clear to us that we are doing cinematography.
224
686350
3760
ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข.
11:30
We're doing filmmaking,
225
690810
1877
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื,
11:32
it's just that the actors are not actors.
226
692711
2224
ืจืง ืฉื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื.
11:35
They're real doctors and nurses.
227
695729
2496
ื”ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
11:39
So these are some photos of our dear friends at Fractured FX
228
699010
3379
ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ Fractured FX
11:42
in Hollywood California,
229
702413
1469
ืฉื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
11:43
an Emmy-Award-winning special effects firm.
230
703906
3574
ื–ื•ื›ืช ืคืจืก ืืžื™ ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
11:47
This is Justin Raleigh and his group --
231
707504
3170
ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’'ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• -
11:50
this is not one of our patients --
232
710698
1648
ื–ื” ืœื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• -
11:52
(Laughter)
233
712370
1358
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:53
but kind of the exquisite work that these individuals do.
234
713752
3068
ืืœื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
11:56
We have now collaborated and fused our experience,
235
716844
3604
ืฉื™ืชืคื ื• ื›ืขืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžื™ื–ื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
12:00
bringing their group to Boston Children's Hospital,
236
720472
2406
ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
12:02
sending our group out to Hollywood, California
237
722902
2656
ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
12:05
and exchanging around this
238
725582
1369
ื•ื”ื—ืœืคื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”
12:06
to be able to develop these type of simulators.
239
726975
3003
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
12:10
What I'm about to show you is a reproduction of this child.
240
730002
4469
ืžื” ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”.
12:18
You'll notice here that every hair on the child's head is reproduced.
241
738992
5128
ื•ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉื•ืขืชืงืช.
12:24
And in fact, this is also that reproduced child --
242
744144
3703
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืชืง --
12:27
and I apologize for any queasy stomachs,
243
747871
3193
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืชื”ืคื›ืช
12:31
but that is a reproduction and simulation
244
751088
2860
ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฉืขืชื•ืง ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”
12:33
of the child they're about to operate on.
245
753972
2094
ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ืชื—,
12:38
Here's that membrane we had talked about,
246
758313
2438
ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”,
12:40
the inside of this child's brain.
247
760775
2159
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”.
12:43
What you're going to be seeing here is, on one side, the actual patient,
248
763358
4968
ื•ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
12:48
and on the other side, the simulator.
249
768350
2279
ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ.
12:50
As I mentioned, a scope, a little camera, needs to make its way down,
250
770653
4350
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ืžืฆืœืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžื˜ื”
12:55
and you're seeing that here.
251
775027
1401
ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื›ืืŸ,
12:56
It needs to make a small hole in this membrane
252
776452
2324
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืงื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”,
12:58
and allow this fluid to seep out.
253
778800
2709
ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืงื– ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
13:02
I won't do a quiz show to see who thinks which side is which,
254
782975
4641
ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื ืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“,
13:08
but on the right is the simulator.
255
788782
2304
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ.
13:12
So surgeons can now produce training opportunities,
256
792503
3798
ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื”,
13:16
do these surgeries as many times as they want,
257
796325
3053
ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจืฆื•,
13:19
to their heart's content, until they feel comfortable.
258
799402
2842
ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื•ื—
13:22
And then, and only then, bring the child into the operating room.
259
802268
3565
ื•ืจืง ืื– ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
13:25
But we don't stop here.
260
805857
1169
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
13:27
We know that a key step to this is not just the skill itself,
261
807050
4310
ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช,
13:31
but combining that skill with a team who's going to deliver that care.
262
811384
4531
ืืœื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
13:35
Now we turn to Formula One.
263
815939
2342
ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื” 1.
13:38
And here is an example of a technician putting on a tire
264
818845
3250
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฆืžื™ื’
13:42
and doing that time and time again on this car.
265
822119
3209
ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
13:45
But that is very quickly going to be incorporated
266
825352
2985
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืœืœ
13:48
within team-training experiences,
267
828361
1931
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช,
13:50
now as a full team orchestrating the exchange of tires
268
830316
4209
ื›ืขืช ื›ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืชื–ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืคื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื
13:54
and getting this car back on the speedway.
269
834549
2998
ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ.
13:58
We've done that step in health care,
270
838094
3277
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”,
14:01
so now what you're about to see is a simulated operation.
271
841395
4122
ืื– ื›ืขืช ืชืจืื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
14:06
We've taken the simulator I just described to you,
272
846580
2387
ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื,
14:08
we've brought it into the operating room at Boston Children's Hospital,
273
848991
3401
ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื“ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
14:12
and these individuals -- these native teams, operative teams --
274
852416
3655
ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื --
14:16
are doing the surgery before the surgery.
275
856095
3523
ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
14:19
Operate twice;
276
859642
1737
ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื;
14:21
cut once.
277
861403
1206
ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
14:22
Let me show that to you.
278
862939
1396
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
14:25
(Video) Surgical team member 1: You want the head down or head up?
279
865237
3113
(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ 1: ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืœืžื˜ื” ืื• ืœืžืขืœื”?
14:28
STM 2: Can you lower it down to 10?
280
868374
1704
ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช 2: ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœ 10?
14:30
STM 3: And then lower the whole table down a little bit?
281
870102
2649
ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช 3" ื•ืื– ืœื”ื ืžื™ืš ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ?
14:32
STM 4: Table coming down.
282
872775
1254
ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช 4: ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“.
14:36
STM 3: All right, this is behaving like a vessel.
283
876676
2705
ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช 3: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜.
14:39
Could we have the scissors back, please?
284
879405
2087
ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”?
14:41
STM 5: I'm taking my gloves, 8 to 8 1/2, all right? I'll be right in.
285
881516
3301
ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช 5: ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื•ืช ืฉืœื™, 8-8.5 ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื ื™ ืžื™ื“ ื ื›ื ืก.
14:44
STM 6: Great! Thank you.
286
884841
2401
ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช 6: ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ! ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:48
Peter Weinstock: It's really amazing.
287
888156
1833
ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืง: ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
14:50
The second step to this, which is critical,
288
890013
2092
ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
14:52
is we take these teams out immediately and debrief them.
289
892129
3099
ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื™ื“ ื•ืžืชื—ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
14:55
We use the same technologies
290
895252
1464
ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
14:56
that are used in Lean and Six Sigma in the military,
291
896740
4688
ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘"ืœื™ืŸ" ื•"ืฉืฉ ืกื™ื’ืžื", ื‘ืฆื‘ื,
15:01
and we bring them out and talk about what went right,
292
901452
3085
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
15:04
but more importantly,
293
904561
1645
ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:06
we talk about what didn't go well,
294
906230
2467
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
15:08
and how we're going to fix it.
295
908721
1935
ื•ืื™ืš ื ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
15:10
Then we bring them right back in and do it again.
296
910680
2754
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
15:13
Deliberative batting practice in the moments when it matters most.
297
913458
5191
ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:20
Let's go back to this case now.
298
920258
2022
ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
15:22
Same child,
299
922903
1377
ืื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“,
15:24
but now let me describe how we care for this child
300
924304
2390
ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”
15:26
at Boston Children's Hospital.
301
926718
1463
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
15:28
This child was born at three o'clock in the morning.
302
928205
2486
ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
15:30
At two o'clock in the morning,
303
930715
2007
ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
15:32
we assembled the team,
304
932746
2126
ื›ื™ื ืกื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
15:34
and took the reproduced anatomy
305
934896
1801
ื•ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืชืงืช
15:36
that we would gain out of scans and images,
306
936721
3705
ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
15:40
and brought that team to the virtual bedside,
307
940450
2766
ื•ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
15:43
to a simulated bedside --
308
943240
1587
ืœืžื™ื˜ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” --
15:44
the same team that's going to operate on this child in the hours ahead --
309
944851
3541
ืื•ืชื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช -
15:48
and we have them do the procedure.
310
948416
2383
ื•ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš.
15:51
Let me show you a moment of this.
311
951411
1680
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
15:54
This is not a real incision.
312
954032
2160
ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืชืš ืืžื™ืชื™.
15:57
And the baby has not yet been born.
313
957271
2200
ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“.
16:00
Imagine this.
314
960933
1368
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
16:03
So now the conversations that I have with families
315
963953
3888
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
16:07
in the intensive care unit at Boston Children's Hospital
316
967865
2700
ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
16:10
are totally different.
317
970589
1388
ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
16:12
Imagine this conversation:
318
972582
1736
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•:
16:15
"Not only do we take care of this disorder frequently in our ICU,
319
975469
4851
"ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•,
16:20
and not only have we done surgeries
320
980344
2178
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
16:22
like the surgery we're going to do on your child,
321
982546
2435
ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื,
16:25
but we have done your child's surgery.
322
985005
3714
ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื.
16:29
And we did it two hours ago.
323
989776
2530
ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื.
16:32
And we did it 10 times.
324
992330
2732
ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• 10 ืคืขืžื™ื.
16:35
And now we're prepared to take them back to the operating room."
325
995086
3821
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—".
16:40
So a new technology in health care:
326
1000551
2330
ืื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช:
16:43
lifelike rehearsal.
327
1003987
2868
ื—ื–ืจื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
16:46
Practicing prior to game time.
328
1006879
3554
ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
16:51
Thank you.
329
1011452
1180
ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:52
(Applause)
330
1012656
4665
โ€{ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื}
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7