Greg Lynn: How calculus is changing architecture

68,852 views ใƒป 2009-01-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
What I thought I would talk about today
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ
00:14
is the transition from one mode
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
00:17
of thinking about nature
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ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
00:19
to another that's tracked by architecture.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
00:21
What's interesting about architects is,
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื
00:24
we always have tried to justify beauty
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™
00:27
by looking to nature,
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:29
and arguably, beautiful architecture
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ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืคื”
00:32
has always been looking at a model of nature.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ.
00:34
So, for roughly 300 years,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-300 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:37
the hot debate in architecture
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ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
00:39
was whether the number five
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ื ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ,
00:41
or the number seven
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ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉื‘ืข,
00:43
was a better proportion to think about architecture,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื•ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”,
00:45
because the nose was one-fifth of your head,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ,
00:49
or because your head was one-seventh of your body.
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:52
And the reason that that was the model
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื‘ื—ืจื•
00:54
of beauty and of nature
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ื›ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืœื˜ื‘ืข
00:56
was because the decimal point had not been invented yet --
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช.
00:59
it wasn't the 16th century --
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืžืื” ื”-16
01:02
and everybody had to dimension a building
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:05
in terms of fractions,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ื,
01:07
so a room would be dimensioned
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
01:09
as one-fourth of a facade;
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืจื‘ืข ืžื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ;
01:11
the structural dais of that might be dimensioned as 10 units,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 10 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
01:15
and you would get down to the small elements
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ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื
01:18
by fractional subdivision:
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ืข"ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:20
finer and finer and finer.
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ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื.
01:22
In the 15th century, the decimal point was invented;
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-15, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช,
01:25
architects stopped using fractions,
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ื•ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
01:27
and they had a new model of nature.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:29
So, what's going on today
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ื
01:32
is that there's a model of natural form
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ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
01:35
which is calculus-based
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื“ื•"ื
01:37
and which is using digital tools,
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
01:39
and that has a lot of implications
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:41
to the way we think about beauty and form,
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ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื”,
01:43
and it has a lot of implications in the way we think about nature.
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ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:47
The best example of this would probably be the Gothic,
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื›ืš.
01:50
and the Gothic was invented after the invention of calculus,
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ื“ื•"ื.
01:54
although the Gothic architects
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื
01:56
weren't really using calculus to define their forms.
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ืœื ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ื•"ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
01:59
But what was important is,
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื”
02:01
the Gothic moment in architecture was the first time
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:03
that force and motion was thought of in terms of form.
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ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื”.
02:07
So, examples like Christopher Wren's King's Cross:
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ืจืื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืงื™ื ื’ืก ืงืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืจืŸ:
02:10
you can see that the structural forces of the vaulting
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืจื•ื ื™ื
02:14
get articulated as lines, so you're really actually seeing
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ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
02:17
the expression of structural force and form.
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ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื”.
02:20
Much later, Robert Maillart's bridges,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืืจ
02:23
which optimize structural form
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ื‘ื ื” ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช
02:26
with a calculus curvature almost like a parabola.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ื•"ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืจื‘ื•ืœื”.
02:29
The Hanging Chain models of Antonio Gaudi,
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ื“ื’ืžื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื’ืื•ื“ื™,
02:33
the Catalan architect.
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื”ืงื˜ืืœื ื™.
02:35
The end of the 19th century, beginning of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
02:40
and how that Hanging Chain model
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ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช
02:42
translates into archways
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžืจื™ื
02:44
and vaulting.
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ื•ืœื’ื’ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžืจื™ื.
02:46
So, in all of these examples,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:48
structure is the determining force.
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข.
02:52
Frei Otto was starting to use foam bubble diagrams
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ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ื˜ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื
02:55
and foam bubble models to generate his Mannheim Concert Hall.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื.
03:00
Interestingly, in the last 10 years
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ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:03
Norman Foster used a similar heat thermal transfer model
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ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืชืจืžื™ืช
03:07
to generate the roof of the National Gallery,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
03:11
with the structural engineer Chris Williams.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืก ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก.
03:13
In all these examples,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:15
there's one ideal form,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืื—ืช,
03:17
because these are thought in terms of structure.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื”.
03:20
And as an architect, I've always found these kinds of systems
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ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜, ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
03:23
very limiting, because I'm not interested in ideal forms
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
03:27
and I'm not interested in optimizing to some perfect moment.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื’ืข ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
03:32
So, what I thought I would bring up is
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
03:35
another component that needs to be thought of,
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•
03:37
whenever you think about nature,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:39
and that's basically the invention of
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ
03:41
generic form in genetic evolution.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื ืจื™ืช.
03:46
My hero is actually not Darwin;
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ;
03:48
it's a guy named William Bateson,
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ืืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ื˜ืกื•ืŸ,
03:50
father of Greg Bateson, who was here for a long time in Monterey.
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ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ ื‘ื˜ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืฉื”ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:55
And he was what you'd call a teratologist:
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ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื˜ืจื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”:
03:57
he looked at all of the monstrosities and mutations
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
04:02
to find rules and laws, rather than looking at the norms.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
04:05
So, instead of trying to find the ideal type
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™,
04:08
or the ideal average,
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™,
04:10
he'd always look for the exception. So, in this example,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื–ืืช,
04:13
which is an example of what's called Bateson's Rule,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื•ืŸ,
04:15
he has two kinds of mutations of a human thumb.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:19
When I first saw this image, 10 years ago,
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ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
04:21
I actually found it very strange and beautiful at the same time.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ืœื™ ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
04:25
Beautiful, because it has symmetry.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช.
04:27
So, what he found is that in all cases of thumb mutations,
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ื‘ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืœ,
04:31
instead of having a thumb,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื’ื•ื“ืœ
04:34
you would either get another opposable thumb,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ
04:36
or you would get four fingers.
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ืื• ืืจื‘ืข ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช.
04:38
So, the mutations reverted to symmetry.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
04:41
And Bateson invented
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ื‘ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื
04:43
the concept of symmetry breaking,
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ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
04:45
which is that
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ื”ืื•ืžืจ
04:47
wherever you lose information in a system,
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ืฉืื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื‘ื“ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
04:50
you revert back to symmetry.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื” ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
04:52
So, symmetry wasn't the sign of order and organization --
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ื•ื›ืš, ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื“ืจ
04:56
which is what I was always understanding, and as is an architect --
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-- ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ --
04:59
symmetry was the absence of information.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
05:02
So, whenever you lost information, you'd move to symmetry;
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”;
05:04
whenever you added information to a system, you would break symmetry.
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
05:08
So, this whole idea of natural form shifted at that moment
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื”
05:12
from looking for ideal shapes
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ืžื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
05:15
to looking for a combination of
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ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ
05:17
information and generic form.
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:21
You know, literally after seeing that image,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:24
and finding out what Bateson was working with,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืขืกืง,
05:27
we started to use these rules for symmetry breaking and branching
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื ืคื™ื
05:31
to start to think about architectural form.
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ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:33
To just talk for a minute about the
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ืื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืขืช
05:36
digital mediums that we're using now
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ืขืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
05:38
and how they integrate calculus:
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ื•"ื:
05:41
the fact that they're calculus-based
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ื•"ื ื”ื™ื
05:43
means that we don't have to think about dimension
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
05:46
in terms of ideal units
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
05:48
or discreet elements.
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ืื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื™ื.
05:51
So, in architecture we deal with
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ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื
05:53
big assemblies of components,
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ื‘ืืกืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
05:55
so there might be up to, say,
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:58
50,000 pieces of material
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ื™ืฉื ื ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ
06:00
in this room you're sitting in right now
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50,000 ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
06:02
that all need to get organized.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
06:05
Now, typically you'd think that they would all be the same:
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ื:
06:07
like, the chairs you're sitting in would all be the same dimension.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื.
06:09
You know, I haven't verified this, but it's the norm
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ืœื ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื
06:12
that every chair would be a slightly different dimension,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืกื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
06:15
because you'd want to space them all out for everybody's sight lines.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื•ื•ื— ืื•ืชื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ื” ืจืื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
06:19
The elements that make up the ceiling grid and the lighting,
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจื”
06:23
they're all losing their modular quality,
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ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
06:26
and moving more and more to these infinitesimal dimensions.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืคื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ืกื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช,
06:29
That's because we're all using calculus tools
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื
06:31
for manufacturing and for design.
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ื•"ื.
06:34
Calculus is also a mathematics of curves.
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ื—ื“ื•"ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช.
06:38
So, even a straight line, defined with calculus, is a curve.
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ื‘ื—ื“ื•"ื - ื’ื ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืขืงื•ืžื” -
06:42
It's just a curve without inflection.
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ืขืงื•ืžื” ืœืœื ืขื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื.
06:44
So, a new vocabulary of form
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื›ื ืก ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
06:47
is now pervading all design fields:
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ืืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘:
06:50
whether it's automobiles, architecture, products, etc.,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
06:54
it's really being affected by this digital medium of curvature.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:57
The intricacies of scale that come out of that --
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš --
07:00
you know, in the example of the nose to the face,
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืคื ื™ื
07:03
there's a fractional part-to-whole idea.
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ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ืœืฉืœื.
07:06
With calculus, the whole idea
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื“ื•"ื - ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืชืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”
07:09
of subdivision is more complex,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:11
because the whole and the parts are one continuous series.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืกื“ืจื” ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืื—ืช.
07:15
It's too early in the morning for a lecture on calculus,
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ื”ืฉืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ ื—ื“ื•"ื,
07:18
so I brought some images to just describe how that works.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื“ื•"ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
07:22
This is a Korean church that we did in Queens.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก.
07:25
And in this example, you can see
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื–ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:28
that the components of this stair are repetitive,
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ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
07:32
but they're repetitive without being modular.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
07:34
Each one of the elements in this structure
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”
07:36
is a unique distance and dimension,
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžืจื—ืง ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื•,
07:40
and all of the connections are unique angles.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
07:42
Now, the only way we could design that,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื”
07:44
or possibly construct it,
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื”
07:47
is by using a calculus-based definition
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื”
07:49
of the form.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื“ื•"ื.
07:51
It also is much more dynamic,
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ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช.
07:53
so that you can see that the same form opens and closes
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืคืชื—ืช ื•ื ืกื’ืจืช
07:56
in a very dynamic way as you move across it,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉื ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื”,
07:59
because it has this quality of vector in motion
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
08:02
built into it.
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ืฉืœ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
08:04
So the same space that appears to be a kind of closed volume,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืœ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื—ืœืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ,
08:07
when seen from the other side becomes a kind of open vista.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื•ืฃ ืคืชื•ื— ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:11
And you also get a sense of
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื’ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
08:13
visual movement in the space,
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ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘,
08:15
because every one of the elements is changing in a pattern,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื•ื ื”,
08:19
so that pattern leads your eye towards the altar.
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ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”.
08:23
I think that's one of the main changes,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
08:26
also, in architecture:
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื
08:28
that we're starting to look now not for some ideal form,
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ืฉื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช,
08:31
like a Latin cross for a church,
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ื›ืžื• ืฆืœื‘ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช,
08:34
but actually all the traits of a church:
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื”:
08:36
so, light that comes from behind from an invisible source,
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ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”,
08:40
directionality that focuses you towards an altar.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืงื“ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—.
08:44
It turns out it's not rocket science
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื
08:46
to design a sacred space.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ.
08:48
You just need to incorporate a certain number of traits
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
08:51
in a very kind of genetic way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
08:54
So, these are the different perspectives of that interior,
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”
08:56
which has a very complex
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ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
08:58
set of orientations all in a simple form.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
09:02
In terms of construction and manufacturing,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
09:05
this is a kilometer-long housing block
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืœื•ืง ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
09:08
that was built in the '70s in Amsterdam.
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.
09:11
And here we've broken the 500 apartments
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ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืืช 500 ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
09:13
up into small neighborhoods,
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ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
09:16
and differentiated those neighborhoods.
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ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
09:18
I won't go into too much description of any of these projects,
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ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:21
but what you can see is that
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
09:23
the escalators and elevators
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ืฉื”ื“ืจื’ื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช
09:26
that circulate people along the face of the building
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ื”ืžืฉื ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ
09:29
are all held up by
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ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
09:31
122 structural trusses.
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122 ืžืกื‘ื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื.
09:35
Because we're using escalators
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื ื•ืขื™ื
09:37
to move people,
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:39
all of these trusses are picking up diagonal loads.
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ื”ืžืกื‘ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื.
09:44
So, every one of them is a little bit different-shaped
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืงืฆืช
09:47
as you move down the length of the building.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:49
So, working with
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื
09:51
Bentley and MicroStation,
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ื‘ื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ืฉืŸ,
09:54
we've written a custom piece of software
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ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
09:56
that networks all of the components together
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
09:59
into these chunks of information,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
10:02
so that if we change any element
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
10:04
along the length of the building,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
10:06
not only does that change distribute
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืคืฅ
10:09
through each one of the trusses,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืกื‘ื›ื™ื,
10:11
but each one of the trusses then distributes that information
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžืกื‘ืš ืžืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
10:14
down the length of the entire facade of the building.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
10:17
So it's a single calculation
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“
10:19
for every single component of the building
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
10:22
that we're adding onto.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื.
10:24
So, it's tens of millions of calculations
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ื•ื›ืš ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
10:28
just to design one connection between a piece of structural steel
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืคืœื“ื”
10:31
and another piece of structural steel.
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ืœืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืคืœื“ื” ืื—ืจ.
10:33
But what it gives us is a harmonic
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ืืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
10:35
and synthesized
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ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
10:39
relationship of all these components, one to another.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
10:43
This idea has, kind of, brought me into doing
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™
10:46
some product design,
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ืœืขืกื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
10:48
and it's because design firms
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
10:51
that have connections to architects,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื.
10:53
like, I'm working with Vitra, which is a furniture company,
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ืื ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื” - ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื,
10:56
and Alessi, which is a houseware company.
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ื•ืขื ืืœืกื™ - ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช.
10:59
They saw this actually solving a problem:
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืงื ื” ืœื”ืŸ
11:01
this ability to differentiate components
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”
11:03
but keep them synthetic.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
11:06
So, not to pick on BMW,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ BMW,
11:08
or to celebrate them,
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ืื• ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
11:10
but take BMW as an example.
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ืืš ื ื™ืงื— ืืช BMW ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
11:12
They have to, in 2005,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005
11:15
have a distinct identity
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
11:17
for all their models of cars.
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ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื’ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
11:19
So, the 300 series, or whatever their newest car is,
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ื•ื›ืš ืกื“ืจืช ื”-300, ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:22
the 100 series that's coming out,
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ืกื“ืจืช ื”-100 ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืฆืืช,
11:24
has to look like the 700 series,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืจืช ื”-700,
11:27
at the other end of their product line,
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,,
11:30
so they need a distinct, coherent identity,
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ืื– ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
11:32
which is BMW.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช BMW,
11:34
At the same time, there's a person paying 30,000 dollars
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ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื 30 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ
11:37
for a 300-series car,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกื“ืจื” 300,
11:39
and a person paying 70,000 dollars
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื 70 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ
11:41
for a 700 series,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกื“ืจืช ื”-700,
11:43
and that person paying more than double
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคืœื™ื™ื
11:45
doesn't want their car to look too much like
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ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื“ื™
11:47
the bottom-of-the-market car.
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื.
11:49
So they have to also discriminate between these products.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
11:52
So, as manufacturing
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
11:54
starts to allow more
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•
11:57
design options,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
11:59
this problem gets exacerbated,
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื
12:01
of the whole and the parts.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžื—ืจื™ืคื”.
12:03
Now, as an architect, part-to-whole relationships
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ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ืœืฉืœื
12:05
is all I think about,
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ื”ื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื™.
12:07
but in terms of product design
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื
12:09
it's becoming more and more of an issue for companies.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
12:12
So, the first kind of test product we did
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
12:14
was with Alessi,
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ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœืกื™ -
12:16
which was for a coffee and tea set.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืงืคื” ื•ืœืชื”.
12:18
It's an incredibly expensive coffee and tea set;
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ื–ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ืงืจื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
12:21
we knew that at the beginning. So, I actually went to some people I knew
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™
12:24
down south in San Diego,
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ื‘ืกืŸ ื“ื™ืื’ื•
12:27
and we used an exploded
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
12:29
titanium forming method
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ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ
12:31
that's used in the aerospace industry.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
12:34
Basically what we can do,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
12:36
is just cut a graphite mold,
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ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื’ืจืคื™ื˜,
12:38
put it in an oven, heat it to 1,000 degrees,
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ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœืฃ ืžืขืœื•ืช,
12:42
gently inflate titanium that's soft,
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ืžื ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื ืจืš
12:44
and then explode it at the last minute into this form.
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
12:47
But what's great about it is,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื
12:49
the forms are only a few hundred dollars.
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
12:51
The titanium's several thousand dollars, but the forms are very cheap.
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ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
12:54
So, we designed a system here
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ืชื›ื ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ 8 ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช
12:57
of eight curves that could be swapped,
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ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคื”,
13:00
very similar to that housing project I showed you,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•.
13:03
and we could recombine those together,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
13:05
so that we always had ergonomic shapes
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
13:08
that always had the same volume
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืคื— ื–ื”ื”
13:11
and could always be produced in the same way.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”ื”.
13:13
That way, each one of these tools we could pay for with
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ื›ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื•
13:15
a few hundred dollars,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
13:17
and get incredible variation in the components.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
13:20
And this is one of those examples of the sets.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ืืช.
13:23
So, for me, what was important is that
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
13:25
this coffee set --
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ---
13:27
which is just a coffee pot, a teapot,
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ืืœื• ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืงืคื” ื•ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืชื”
13:29
and those are the pots sitting on a tray --
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืฉ --
13:31
that they would have a coherence --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื
13:33
so, they would be Greg Lynn Alessi coffee pots --
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ื›ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ ืœื™ืŸ ืืœืกื™,
13:36
but that everyone who bought one
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ - ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช
13:38
would have a one-of-a-kind object that was unique in some way.
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ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
13:43
To go back to architecture,
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ื•ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”,
13:45
what's organic about architecture as a field,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื›ืชื—ื•ื,
13:48
unlike product design,
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ,
13:50
is this whole issue of holism
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ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื–ื
13:52
and of monumentality is really our realm.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื.
13:56
Like, we have to design things which are coherent as a single object,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
14:00
but also break down into small rooms
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ;
14:03
and have an identity of both the big scale
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:05
and the small scale.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
14:07
Architects tend to work with signature,
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ื—ืชื™ืžื”
14:11
so that an architect needs a signature
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ื•ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื
14:13
and that signature has to work across the scale of houses
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ืœื›ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” - ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ืชื™ื
14:16
up to, say, skyscrapers,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื.
14:19
and that problem of signatures is a thing we're very good at maintaining
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช
14:22
and working with; and intricacy,
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ื•ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช -
14:24
which is the relationship of, say,
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:26
the shape of a building, its structure, its windows,
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื•,
14:29
its color, its pattern. These are real architectural problems.
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ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื•. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืกืงืช.
14:34
So, my kind of hero for this in the natural world
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ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
14:37
are these tropical frogs.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
14:39
I got interested in them because they're the most
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ
14:41
extreme example
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:43
of a surface where
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื•
14:46
the texture and the -- let's call it the decoration --
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ื”ืžืจืงื ื•ื”"ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื" --
14:50
I know the frog doesn't think of it as decoration, but that's how it works --
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื›ืš ื›ืืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” --
14:53
are all intricately connected to one another.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
14:56
So a change in the form
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
14:58
indicates a change in the color pattern.
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ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืฆื‘ืข.
15:00
So, the pattern and the form aren't the same thing,
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ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
15:03
but they really work together and are fused
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
15:05
in some way.
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ื•ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
15:07
So, when doing a center
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ืฉืชื›ื ื ื• ืžืจื›ื–
15:10
for the national parks in Costa Rica,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”,
15:13
we tried to use that idea of a gradient color
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืžื“ื•ืจื’
15:15
and a change in texture
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืจืงื
15:18
as the structure moves across the surface of the building.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
15:22
We also used a continuity of change
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืฆื™ืฃ
15:25
from a main exhibition hall to a natural history museum,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืœื ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
15:29
so it's all one continuous change
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืฆื™ืฃ
15:31
in the massing,
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
15:33
but within that massing are very different kinds of spaces and forms.
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
15:37
In a housing project in Valencia, Spain, we're doing,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืœื ืกื™ื”, ืกืคืจื“,
15:40
the different towers of housing fused together
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื
15:44
in shared curves so you get a single mass,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืกื” ืื—ืช,
15:47
like a kind of monolith,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜.
15:49
but it breaks down into individual elements.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžืกื” ื–ื• ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
15:54
And you can see that that change in massing
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
15:57
also gives all 48 of the apartments
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืž-48 ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
16:00
a unique shape and size,
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
16:02
but always within a, kind of, controlled limit,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขื˜ืคืช
16:05
an envelope of change.
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ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
16:09
I work with a group of other architects.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื
16:11
We have a company called United Architects.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ืก.
16:13
We were one of the finalists for the World Trade Center site design.
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
16:17
And I think this just shows how
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื™ื“
16:20
we were approaching
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•
16:22
the problem of incredibly large-scale construction.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ืง.
16:25
We wanted to make a kind of Gothic cathedral
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ื’ื•ืชื™ืช
16:28
around the footprints of the World Trade Center site.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืชืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
16:32
And to do that, we tried to connect up
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ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ
16:35
the five towers into a single system.
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ืืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช.
16:39
And we looked at, from the 1950s on,
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ื‘ื—ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1950.
16:43
there were numerous examples of other architects
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื
16:45
trying to do the same thing.
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ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”.
16:47
We really approached it at the level
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ื ื™ื’ืฉื ื• ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืจืžืช
16:49
of the typology of the building,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
16:51
where we could build these five separate towers,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื
16:53
but they would all join at the 60th floor
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ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื
16:56
and make a kind of single monolithic mass.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกื” ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช.
17:00
With United Architects, also,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื’ืฉื ื• ืขื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ืก
17:02
we made a proposal for the European Central Bank headquarters
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ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™
17:05
that used the same system,
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ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช,
17:07
but this time in a much more monolithic mass,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืžืกื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช,
17:09
like a sphere.
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ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ.
17:11
But again, you can see this, kind of,
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ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
17:13
organic fusion
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ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช
17:15
of multiple building elements
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ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื
17:17
to make a thing which is whole, but breaks down into smaller parts,
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:21
but in an incredibly organic way.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื”.
17:24
Finally, I'd like to just show you
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
17:26
some of the effects of using digital fabrication.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
17:30
About six years ago, I bought one of these CNC mills,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื™ืจืกื•ื ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘
17:33
to just replace, kind of,
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช
17:35
young people cutting their fingers off all the time building models.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื.
17:39
And I also bought a laser cutter
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ืงื ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
17:41
and started to fabricate within my own shop,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™
17:44
kind of, large-scale building elements and models,
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
17:47
where we could go directly to the tooling.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
17:50
What I found out is that the tooling,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื
17:53
if you intervened in the software,
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
17:55
actually produced decorative effects.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
17:57
So, for these interiors, like this shop in Stockholm, Sweden,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงืœื”ื•ืœื, ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”,
18:01
or this installation wall in the Netherlands
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ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
18:04
at the Netherlands Architecture Institute,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“,
18:07
we could use the texture that the tool would leave
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจืงื ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ื™ืฆืจื•
18:10
to produce a lot of the spatial effects,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื,
18:13
and we could integrate the texture of the wall
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ
18:15
with the form of the wall with the material.
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ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื•ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
18:18
So, in vacuum-formed plastic, in fiberglass,
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื•ืืงื•ื, ื‘ืคื™ื‘ืจื’ืœืืก,
18:22
and then even at the level of structural steel,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ ืคืœื“ื”,
18:24
which you think of as being linear and modular.
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ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
18:26
The steel industry is so far
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
18:28
ahead of the design industry
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ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
18:30
that if you take advantage of it
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ื•ืื ื ื ืฆืœ ื–ืืช
18:32
you can even start to think of beams and columns
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื
18:35
all rolled together into a single system
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ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช
18:38
which is highly efficient,
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ื ื™ื™ืขืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
18:40
but also produces decorative effects
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื™ื
18:42
and formal effects
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื
18:44
that are very beautiful and organic.
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ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
18:46
Thanks very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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