How centuries of sci-fi sparked spaceflight | Alex MacDonald

51,189 views ใƒป 2019-04-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nurit Noy
00:12
I want to tell you a story about stories.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
00:17
And I want to tell you this story because I think we need to remember
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
00:21
that sometimes the stories we tell each other
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
00:23
are more than just tales or entertainment or narratives.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:28
They're also vehicles
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ื”ื ื’ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”
00:30
for sowing inspiration and ideas across our societies
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ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:34
and across time.
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ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:36
The story I'm about to tell you
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:38
is about how one of the most advanced technological achievements
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
00:41
of the modern era
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00:42
has its roots in stories,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
00:44
and how some of the most important transformations yet to come might also.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
00:50
The story begins over 300 years ago,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž - 300 ืฉื ื”,
00:53
when Galileo Galilei first learned of the recent Dutch invention
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ื›ืฉื’ืœื™ืœื™ืื• ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™ ืœืžื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
00:57
that took two pieces of shaped glass and put them in a long tube
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ืฉืœืงื—ื” ืฉืชื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื”
01:02
and thereby extended human sight farther than ever before.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
01:06
When Galileo turned his new telescope to the heavens
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ื›ืฉื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืžื™ื
01:09
and to the Moon in particular,
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ื•ืœื™ืจื— ื‘ืคืจื˜,
01:12
he discovered something incredible.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
01:15
These are pages from Galileo's book "Sidereus Nuncius," published in 1610.
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ืืœื” ื“ืคื™ื ืžืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื• "ืกื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืก ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืก," ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ 1610.
01:20
And in them, he revealed to the world what he had discovered.
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ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื”.
01:23
And what he discovered was that the Moon was not just a celestial object
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™
01:27
wandering across the night sky,
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ืฉื ื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
01:29
but rather, it was a world,
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื,
01:32
a world with high, sunlit mountains
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ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ
01:35
and dark "mare," the Latin word for seas.
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ื• "ื“ืืจืง ืžืจื”" ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ"ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื"
01:40
And once this new world and the Moon had been discovered,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ืจื—, ื”ืชื’ืœื•,
01:42
people immediately began to think about how to travel there.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
01:47
And just as importantly,
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ื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:49
they began to write stories
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
01:51
about how that might happen
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ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
01:53
and what those voyages might be like.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:55
One of the first people to do so was actually the Bishop of Hereford,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจื“,
01:59
a man named Francis Godwin.
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ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
02:00
Godwin wrote a story about a Spanish explorer,
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ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ืœื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™,
02:03
Domingo Gonsales,
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ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื• ื’ื•ื ืกืืœืก,
02:04
who ended up marooned on the island of St. Helena
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ื˜ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืกื ื˜ ื”ืœื ื”
02:07
in the middle of the Atlantic,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
02:09
and there, in an effort to get home,
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ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
02:12
developed a machine, an invention,
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ืคื™ืชื— ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืžืฆืื”,
02:14
to harness the power of the local wild geese
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ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:17
to allow him to fly --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื˜ื•ืก --
02:18
and eventually to embark on a voyage to the Moon.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืข ืœื™ืจื—.
02:22
Godwin's book, "The Man in the Moone, or a Discourse of a Voyage Thither,"
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ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, "ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืจื— ืื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกืข ืœืฉื,"
02:26
was only published posthumously and anonymously in 1638,
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ืคื•ืจืกื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1638,
02:30
likely on account of the number of controversial ideas that it contained,
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ,
02:34
including an endorsement of the Copernican view of the universe
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ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงืื™ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
02:37
that put the Sun at the center of the Solar System,
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ืฉืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:39
as well as a pre-Newtonian concept of gravity
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™
02:42
that had the idea that the weight of an object
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ืฉื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
02:45
would decrease with increasing distance from Earth.
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ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:48
And that's to say nothing of his idea of a goose machine
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื•
02:51
that could go to the Moon.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื—.
02:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:54
And while this idea of a voyage to the Moon by goose machine
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืœื™ืจื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื
02:57
might not seem particularly insightful or technically creative to us today,
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช
03:01
what's important is that Godwin described getting to the Moon not by a dream
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืืจ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื—, ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืœื•ื
03:06
or by magic, as Johannes Kepler had written about,
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ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืกื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืงื•ืคืœืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
03:09
but rather, through human invention.
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ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:12
And it was this idea that we could build machines
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
03:15
that could travel into the heavens,
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉืžื™ื,
03:17
that would plant its seed in minds across the generations.
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ืฉื™ื–ืจืข ืืช ื–ืจืขื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:22
The idea was next taken up by his contemporary, John Wilkins,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืœืงื— ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืงื™ื ืก,
03:25
then just a young student at Oxford,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืจืง ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“,
03:26
but later, one of the founders of the Royal Society.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ "ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช."
03:29
John Wilkins took the idea of space travel in Godwin's text seriously
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืงื™ื ืก ืœืงื— ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
03:34
and wrote not just another story
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
03:36
but a nonfiction philosophical treatise,
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ืืœื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
03:39
entitled, "Discovery of the New World in the Moon,
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ื‘ืฉื "ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื—,
03:41
or, a Discourse Tending to Prove
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ืื•, ืฉื™ื— ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
03:44
that 'tis Probable There May Be Another Habitable World in that Planet."
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”".
03:48
And note, by the way, that word "habitable."
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืื’ื‘, ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื".
03:51
That idea in itself would have been a powerful incentive
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื”
03:54
for people thinking about how to build machines that could go there.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
03:57
In his books, Wilkins seriously considered a number of technical methods
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•, ื•ื™ืœืงื™ื ืก ืฉืงืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
04:01
for spaceflight,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:02
and it remains to this day the earliest known nonfiction account
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื-ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:06
of how we might travel to the Moon.
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ืฉืžืชืืจ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื™ืจื—.
04:08
Other stories would soon follow, most notably by Cyrano de Bergerac,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืจืื ื• ื“ื” ื‘ืจื–'ืจืืง,
04:11
with his "Lunar Tales."
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ืขื "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื—" ืฉืœื•.
04:12
By the mid-17th century, the idea of people building machines
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” -17, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
04:15
that could travel to the heavens
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื
04:18
was growing in complexity and technical nuance.
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ื’ื“ืœ ืขื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื.
04:22
And yet, in the late 17th century,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -17,
04:25
this intellectual progress effectively ceased.
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื—ื“ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื”.
04:28
People still told stories about getting to the Moon,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื™ืจื—,
04:30
but they relied on the old ideas
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื
04:32
or, once again, on dreams or on magic.
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ืื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขื, ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืงืกื.
04:36
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
04:37
Well, because the discovery of the laws of gravity by Newton
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
04:41
and the invention of the vacuum pump by Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle
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ื•ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ื•ืืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ืง ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืœ
04:46
meant that people now understood
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
04:47
that a condition of vacuum existed between the planets,
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ืืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช,
04:50
and consequentially between the Earth and the Moon.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืจื—.
04:53
And they had no way of overcoming this,
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
04:55
no way of thinking about overcoming this.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:58
And so, for well over a century,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
05:00
the idea of a voyage to the Moon made very little intellectual progress
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืœื™ืจื— ื”ืชืงื“ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
05:04
until the rise of the Industrial Revolution
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ืขื“ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
05:07
and the development of steam engines and boilers
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ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื
05:09
and most importantly, pressure vessels.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืœื—ืฅ.
05:13
And these gave people the tools to think about how they could build a capsule
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ื•ืืœื” ื ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืคืกื•ืœื”
05:17
that could resist the vacuum of space.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื•ื•ืืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
05:20
So it was in this context, in 1835,
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1835,
05:23
that the next great story of spaceflight was written,
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
05:26
by Edgar Allan Poe.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื’ืจ ืืœืŸ ืคื•.
05:28
Now, today we think of Poe in terms of gothic poems
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
05:31
and telltale hearts and ravens.
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ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ "ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืžืกื’ื™ืจ" ื•ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
05:34
But he considered himself a technical thinker.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช.
05:36
He grew up in Baltimore,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ,
05:38
the first American city with gas street lighting,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืชืื•ืจืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื–,
05:40
and he was fascinated by the technological revolution
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืกื ืžื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
05:43
that he saw going on all around him.
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05:45
He considered his own greatest work not to be one of his gothic tales
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
05:48
but rather his epic prose poem "Eureka,"
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ืืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืืคื™ ืฉืœื• "ืืื•ืจืงื”"
05:51
in which he expounded his own personal view
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช
05:53
of the cosmographical nature of the universe.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
05:57
In his stories, he would describe in fantastical technical detail
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื™ื
06:00
machines and contraptions,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื,
06:02
and nowhere was he more influential in this than in his short story,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืงืฆืจ:
06:06
"The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall."
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"ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืก ืคืคืืœ"
06:10
It's a story of an unemployed bellows maker in Rotterdam,
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื,
06:13
who, depressed and tired of life -- this is Poe, after all --
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื›ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืฃ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื -- ื–ื”ื• ืคื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืœ --
06:16
and deeply in debt,
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ื•ืฉืงื•ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
06:18
he decides to build a hermetically enclosed balloon-borne carriage
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื›ืจื” ื”ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืจื—.
06:22
that is launched into the air by dynamite
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื’ืจืช ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜
06:25
and from there, floats through the vacuum of space
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ื•ืžืฉื, ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ื•ืืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
06:27
all the way to the lunar surface.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—.
06:30
And importantly, he did not develop this story alone,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“,
06:33
for in the appendix to his tale,
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ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืกืคื— ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื•,
06:35
he explicitly acknowledged Godwin's "A Man in the Moone"
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื•ืงื™ืจ ืืช "ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—" ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ
06:38
from over 200 years earlier
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ืž- 200 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
06:41
as an influence,
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ื›ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
06:43
calling it "a singular and somewhat ingenious little book."
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ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื• "ืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืœืžื“ื™."
06:47
And although this idea of a balloon-borne voyage to the Moon may seem
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ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืœื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื- ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
06:51
not much more technically sophisticated than the goose machine,
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื,
06:55
in fact, Poe was sufficiently detailed
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืคื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืกืคื™ืง
06:58
in the description of the construction of the device
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงืŸ
07:02
and in terms of the orbital dynamics of the voyage
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืข
07:05
that it could be diagrammed in the very first spaceflight encyclopedia
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืชืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ
07:09
as a mission in the 1920s.
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ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
07:13
And it was this attention to detail, or to "verisimilitude," as he called it,
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ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืื• ืœ"ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื–ืืช,
07:18
that would influence the next great story:
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ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื:
07:20
Jules Verne's "From the Earth to the Moon," written in 1865.
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"ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืจื—", ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1865.
07:24
And it's a story that has a remarkable legacy
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
07:27
and a remarkable similarity to the real voyages to the Moon
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื™ืจื—
07:30
that would take place over a hundred years later.
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ืฉื™ืงืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:32
Because in the story, the first voyage to the Moon takes place from Florida,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื— ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
07:37
with three people on board,
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ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ,
07:40
in a trip that takes three days --
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ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื --
07:42
exactly the parameters that would prevail during the Apollo program itself.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื• ืขืฆืžื”.
07:47
And in an explicit tribute to Poe's influence on him,
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ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื• ืขืœื™ื•,
07:50
Verne situated the group responsible for this feat in the book in Baltimore,
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ื•ื•ืจืŸ ืžื™ืงื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ,
07:54
at the Baltimore Gun Club,
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ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ,
07:56
with its members shouting, "Cheers for Edgar Poe!"
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืฆื•ืขืงื™ื,"ื”ื™ื“ื“ ืœืื“ื’ืจ ืคื•!"
07:58
as they began to lay out their plans for their conquest of the Moon.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืจื—.
08:02
And just as Verne was influenced by Poe,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืคื•,
08:04
so, too, would Verne's own story go on to influence and inspire
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ื›ืš ื’ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”
08:08
the first generation of rocket scientists.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
08:10
The two great pioneers of liquid fuel rocketry in Russia and in Germany,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
08:13
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Hermann Oberth,
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ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืœืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืจืžืŸ ืื•ื‘ืจืช',
08:16
both traced their own commitment to the field of spaceflight
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ
08:19
to their reading "From the Earth to the Moon" as teenagers,
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืงืจืื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ, ืืช "ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืจื—",
08:22
and then subsequently committing themselves
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ื•ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื
08:24
to trying to make that story a reality.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
08:27
And Verne's story was not the only one in the 19th century
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื” -19
08:30
with a long arm of influence.
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ืขื ื–ืจื•ืข ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
08:32
On the other side of the Atlantic,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
08:34
H.G. Wells's "War of the Worlds" directly inspired
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"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื”.ื’. ื•ื•ืœืก ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”
08:36
a young man in Massachusetts, Robert Goddard.
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ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื’ื•ื“ืืจื“.
08:40
And it was after reading "War of the Worlds"
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืืช "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช"
08:42
that Goddard wrote in his diary,
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืืจื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื•,
08:44
one day in the late 1890s,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ 1890,
08:46
of resting while trimming a cherry tree on his family's farm
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ื‘ืขืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื’ื–ื ืขืฅ ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•
08:49
and having a vision of a spacecraft taking off from the valley below
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืžืžืจื™ืื” ืžื”ืขืžืง ืฉืžืชื—ืช
08:55
and ascending into the heavens.
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ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื.
08:56
And he decided then and there that he would commit the rest of his life
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื– ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
09:00
to the development of the spacecraft that he saw in his mind's eye.
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ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•.
09:05
And he did exactly that.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
09:07
Throughout his career, he would celebrate that day
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื
09:09
as his anniversary day, his cherry tree day,
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ื›ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืฅ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
09:12
and he would regularly read and reread the works of Verne and of Wells
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœืก
09:15
in order to renew his inspiration and his commitment
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
09:19
over the decades of labor and effort that would be required
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื•
09:23
to realize the first part of his dream:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื•:
09:25
the flight of a liquid fuel rocket,
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืจืงื˜ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
09:27
which he finally achieved in 1926.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1926.
09:30
So it was while reading "From the Earth to the Moon" and "The War of the Worlds"
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช "ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืจื— "ื•"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช"
09:34
that the first pioneers of astronautics were inspired to dedicate their lives
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
09:38
to solving the problems of spaceflight.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
09:40
And it was their treatises and their works in turn
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืืœื”,ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื
09:43
that inspired the first technical communities
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ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:45
and the first projects of spaceflight,
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
09:47
thus creating a direct chain of influence
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”
09:50
that goes from Godwin to Poe to Verne
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืคื•, ื•ื•ื•ืจืŸ.
09:52
to the Apollo program
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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื•
09:54
and to the present-day communities of spaceflight.
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ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื•.
09:57
So why I have told you all this?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
10:00
Is it just because I think it's cool,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘,
10:03
or because I'm just weirdly fascinated by stories
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ืื• ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืงืกื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
10:07
of 17th- and 19th-century science fiction?
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื•ืช ื” -17 ื•ื” -19?
10:10
It is, admittedly, partly that.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• .
10:14
But I also think that these stories remind us
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื•
10:16
of the cultural processes driving spaceflight
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ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ืช
10:19
and even technological innovation more broadly.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:22
As an economist working at NASA,
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ื›ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื ืืก"ื,
10:24
I spend time thinking about the economic origins
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื
10:26
of our movement out into the cosmos.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
10:29
And when you look before the investments of billionaire tech entrepreneurs
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจื™ื
10:34
and before the Cold War Space Race,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”,
10:36
and even before the military investments in liquid fuel rocketry,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
10:39
the economic origins of spaceflight are found in stories and in ideas.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
10:46
It was in these stories that the first concepts for spaceflight were articulated.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ืžืฆืื•.
10:50
And it was through these stories
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:51
that the narrative of a future for humanity in space
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ืฉื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
10:56
began to propagate from mind to mind,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:58
eventually creating an intergenerational intellectual community
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื™ืช
11:02
that would iterate on the ideas for spacecraft
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ืฉืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืชืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ,
11:05
until such a time as they could finally be built.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช.
11:09
This process has now been going on for over 300 years,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž - 300 ืฉื ื”,
11:13
and the result is a culture of spaceflight.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืœื—ืœืœ.
11:17
It's a culture that involves thousands of people
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:19
over hundreds of years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
11:21
Because for hundreds of years, some of us have looked at the stars
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
ื•ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
11:25
and longed to go.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
11:26
And because for hundreds of years,
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11:28
some of us have dedicated our labors
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื
11:29
to the development of the concepts and systems
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ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
11:32
required to make those voyages possible.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
11:35
I also wanted to tell you about Godwin, Poe and Verne
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืคื•, ื•ืขืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ
11:38
because I think their stories also tell us of the importance
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
11:42
of the stories that we tell each other about the future more generally.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:45
Because these stories don't just transmit information or ideas.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืกืชื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
11:49
They can also nurture passions,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช,
11:52
passions that can lead us to dedicate our lives
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ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
11:54
to the realization of important projects.
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ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
11:56
Which means that these stories can and do
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื
11:59
influence social and technological forces
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
12:02
centuries into the future.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
12:05
I think we need to realize this and remember it when we tell our stories.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:09
We need to work hard to write stories
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
12:11
that don't just show us the possible dystopian paths we may take
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
12:14
for a fear that the more dystopian stories we tell each other,
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ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
12:17
the more we plant seeds for possible dystopian futures.
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ื›ืš ื ืฉืชื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
12:21
Instead we need to tell stories that plant the seeds,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื,
12:23
if not necessarily for utopias,
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ืื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
12:25
then at least for great new projects of technological, societal
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ืื– ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
12:29
and institutional transformation.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืžืžืกื“ื™.
12:31
And if we think of this idea that the stories we tell each other
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ื•ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
12:34
can transform the future
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
12:36
is fanciful or impossible,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™,
12:38
then I think we need to remember the example of this,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช,
12:41
our voyage to the Moon,
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืจื—,
12:42
an idea from the 17th century
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” -17
12:45
that propagated culturally for over 300 years
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ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-300 ืฉื ื™ื
12:49
until it could finally be realized.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ.
12:51
So, we need to write new stories,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:55
stories that, 300 years in the future,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 300 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
12:57
people will be able to look back upon and remark
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ
13:00
how they inspired us to new heights and to new shores,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
13:03
how they showed us new paths and new possibilities,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืœื ื• ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
13:07
and how they shaped our world for the better.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:09
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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