6 space technologies we can use to improve life on Earth | Danielle Wood

133,911 views

2018-02-24 ・ TED


New videos

6 space technologies we can use to improve life on Earth | Danielle Wood

133,911 views ・ 2018-02-24

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivana Varga Recezent: Sanda L
00:12
I was 17 when I chose my career.
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Bilo mi je 17 godina kad sam se odlučila za buduću karijeru.
00:17
I was standing outside
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Stajala sam vani
00:20
on a hot summer night in Florida
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tijekom vruće ljetne noći na Floridi,
00:23
and just a few miles from the ocean.
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samo nekoliko kilometara od oceana.
00:26
I was waiting for a miracle to happen.
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Čekala sam da se čudo dogodi.
00:31
That summer, I was privileged to work as an intern
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To ljeto imala sam povlasticu raditi kao pripravnik
00:35
at NASA's Kennedy Space Center,
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u NASA-inom Svemirskom centru Kennedy,
00:37
and the miracle I was waiting for
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a čudo koje sam čekala
00:40
was the launch of the Columbia Space Shuttle
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bilo je lansiranje svemirske letjelice Columbia,
00:43
carrying the Chandra X-Ray Observatory,
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koja je nosila Chandra opservatorij rengenskih zraka,
00:47
a telescope that would allow scientists to peer into the edge of black holes.
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teleskop koji bi omogućio znanstvenicima da zavire u granice crnih rupa.
00:54
The entire sky filled with light.
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Svo nebo ispunilo se svjetlošću.
00:58
And it was as if it was daytime in the middle of the night.
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Bilo je poput dana usred noći.
01:03
Soon, we could feel the rumble of the engines vibrating in our chests.
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Uskoro smo mogli osjetiti tutnjavu motora kako vibriraju u našim prsima.
01:08
And it wasn't a miracle;
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I to nije bilo čudo,
01:10
it was the combined effort of a team of thousands of people
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to je bio udruženi trud tima od tisuću ljudi
01:14
who worked together
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koji su radili zajedno
01:15
to make was seemed impossible a reality.
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kako bi učinili nemoguće stvarnim.
01:19
And I wanted to join that team.
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Ja sam se htjela pridružiti tom timu.
01:24
So I decided to apply to a university where I could study aerospace engineering.
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Stoga sam se prijavila na sveučilište gdje bih mogla studirati svemirski inženjering.
01:29
And the following year,
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Sljedeće godine
01:31
I started at MIT in my engineering training
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započela sam na MIT-u svoju obuku u inženjerstvu
01:33
and joined a student project building space robots.
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i pridružila se studentskom projektu izgradnje svemirskih robota.
01:37
And everything was going as I planned,
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Sve je išlo kao što sam i planirala,
01:39
except I was confused about something important.
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jedino što sam bila zbunjena oko nečeg važnog.
01:45
Now, my confusion arose in my summer breaks.
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Dakle, moja zbunjenost se pojavila tijekom mojih ljetnih praznika.
01:49
I traveled to a school in Kenya,
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Putovala sam u školu u Keniji,
01:52
and there I volunteered with girls ages five to 17,
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gdje sam volontirala radeći s djevojčicama dobi od 5 do 17 godina,
01:57
giving them lessons in English and math and science.
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davala im instrukcije iz engleskog, matematike i prirode.
02:03
And they taught me songs in Swahili.
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One su me učile pjesmama na svahiliju.
02:07
And mostly, I just spent time getting to know the girls,
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Uglavnom sam vrijeme provodila upoznavajući se s djevojčicama,
02:10
enjoying their presence.
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uživajući u njihovom društvu.
02:12
And I saw that these girls and the leaders in their community,
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Vidjela sam da su te cure i vođe u njihovoj zajednici
02:16
they were overcoming important barriers
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nadilazili vrlo važne prepreke
02:19
to allow these girls to have the best possible chances in life.
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kako bi omogućili ovim djevojčicama da imaju najbolje šanse u životu.
02:24
And I wanted to join that team.
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Htjela sam se pridružiti tom timu.
02:28
I wanted to be part of a team that would help break down barriers
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Htjela sam biti dijelom tima koji će pomoći razbiti te prepreke
02:32
and improve the lives of girls around the world.
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i poboljšati živote djevojčica diljem svijeta.
02:34
But I was worried that studying aerospace engineering
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No, bojala sam se da studiranje svemirskog inženjeringa
02:37
wasn't the most useful.
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nije baš najkorisnije.
02:39
I was worried this team in Kenya couldn't use the technology
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Bojala sam se da ovaj tim u Keniji ne može koristiti tehnologiju
02:42
I was learning about space.
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o kojoj sam ja učila o svemiru.
02:45
But thankfully, I still learned that I was wrong.
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Srećom, saznala sam da sam u krivu.
02:49
I came back and interned at NASA again,
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Vratila sam se i opet radila kao pripravnik u NASA-i
02:51
and this time,
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i ovaj put
02:53
a mentor taught me
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mentor me naučio
02:54
that countries like Kenya had been using space technology for decades
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da se zemlje poput Kenije koriste svemirskom tehnologijom već desetljećima
03:01
to improve the lives in their own countries.
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kako bi poboljšale život u svojim državama.
03:03
And then I knew that I could have a career in space
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Tada sam znala da bih mogla imati karijeru u svemiru
03:07
and in development.
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i u razvoju.
03:09
This idea is not new.
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Ova ideja nije nova.
03:11
In fact, in 1967, the nations of the world came together
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Naime, 1967. udružile su se nacije svijeta
03:16
to write the Outer Space Treaty.
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kako bi potpisale Ugovor o svemiru.
03:19
This treaty made a bold statement,
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Ovaj Ugovor dao je odvažnu izjavu
03:22
saying, "The exploration and use of outer space
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govoreći: "istraživanje i korištenje svemira
03:26
should be carried on for the benefit of all peoples,
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trebalo bi se odvijati u korist svih ljudi,
03:30
irrespective of their level of economic or scientific development."
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bez obzira na njihovu razinu ekonomskog i znanstvenog razvoja".
03:37
We have not truly lived up to this ideal,
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Nismo uistinu održali ovaj ideal,
03:39
although people have worked for decades to make this a reality.
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iako su ljudi radili desetljećima kako bi to učinili stvarnim.
03:43
Forces such as colonialism and racism
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Sile poput kolonijalizma, rasizma
03:47
and gender inequality
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i nejednakosti spolova
03:50
have actually excluded many people from the benefits of space
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zapravo su isključile mnoge ljude od pogodnosti svemira
03:54
and caused us to believe that space is for the few
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i uvjerile nas da je svemir za pojedince
03:58
or the rich or elite.
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ili za bogataše ili elitu.
04:01
But we cannot afford this attitude,
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No, ne možemo si priuštiti ovaj stav,
04:04
because the world is engaged in a vital mission
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jer je svijet uključen u ključnu misiju
04:07
to improve life for everyone.
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poboljšanja života za sve.
04:10
Our road map for this mission comes from the 17 Sustainable Development Goals
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Naš nacrt za ovu misiju proizlazi iz 17 Ciljeva o održivom razvoju
04:16
of the United Nations.
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Ujedinjenih Naroda.
04:17
All the member states of the United Nations have agreed
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Sve države članice UN-a su se složile
04:20
that these are priorities between now and 2030.
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da su to prioriteti od sada do 2030.
04:24
These goals give us our key moments and opportunities of our time --
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Ovi ciljevi daju nam ključne trenutke i prilike našeg vremena.
04:30
opportunities to end extreme poverty,
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Prilike za okončavanje ekstremnog siromaštva;
04:33
to insure that everyone has access to food and clean water.
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da osiguramo da svi imaju pristup hrani i čistoj vodi.
04:39
We must pursue these goals as a global community.
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Moramo težiti ovim ciljevima kao globalna zajednica.
04:43
And technology from space supports sustainable development.
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A svemirska tehnologija podupire održivi razvoj.
04:48
In fact, there are six space services
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Zapravo, postoji šest svemirskih usluga
04:51
that can help us pursue the Sustainable Development Goals.
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koje nam mogu pomoći u ostvarivanju Ciljeva o održivom razvoju.
04:56
Over the next few minutes, let's explore these six services,
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Tijekom sljedećih nekoliko minuta, istražimo ovih šest usluga
04:59
and see examples of just a few of the goals they help support.
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i pogledajmo primjere kako one podupiru bar neke od ciljeva.
05:03
You ready?
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Jeste li spremni?
05:05
OK.
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U redu.
05:06
Communication satellites provide access to phone and internet service
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Komunikacijski sateliti daju pristup telefonu i internetskim uslugama
05:10
to almost any location on Earth.
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gotovo bilo kojem mjestu na Zemlji.
05:12
This is particularly important during times of disaster recovery.
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Ovo je od iznimne važnosti tijekom oporavka od prirodnih katastrofa.
05:16
When Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines,
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Kada je tajfun Haiyan pogodio FIlipine,
05:20
the local communication networks needed to be repaired,
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morale su se popraviti lokalne komunikacijske mreže
05:22
and teams brought in inflatable communication antennas
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i timovi su donosili antenske nizove na napuhavanje
05:26
that could link to satellites.
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koji su se mogli priključiti na satelite.
05:28
This was useful during the time of repair and recovery.
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Ovo je bilo korisno tijekom vremena popravka i oporavka.
05:31
Positioning satellites tell us where we are
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Sateliti za pozicioniranje govore nam gdje smo mi
05:34
by telling us where they are.
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tako što nam kažu gdje su oni.
05:37
Scientists can use this technology to track endangered wildlife.
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Znanstvenici koriste ovu tehnologiju u praćenju ugroženih životinja u divljini.
05:42
This turtle has been fitted with a system
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Ova kornjača opremljena je sustavom
05:45
that allows it to receive location information from positioning satellites,
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koji može primiti podatke o lokaciji od satelita za pozicioniranje,
05:49
and they send the location information to scientists
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a oni šalju podatke o lokaciji znanstvenicima
05:52
via communication satellites.
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putem komunikacijskih satelita.
Znanstvenici mogu koristiti ovo znanje kako bi donosili bolje smjernice
05:55
Scientists can use this knowledge to then make better policies
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05:58
and help determine how to keep these animals alive.
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i pomogli odrediti kako održati te životinje živima.
06:02
Earth observation satellites.
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Sateliti za promatranje Zemlje.
06:04
They tell us what's going on in our environment.
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Oni nam govore što se događa u našoj okolini.
06:07
Right now, there are about 150 satellites
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Trenutačno postoji oko 150 satelita
06:11
operated by over 60 government agencies,
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kojima upravlja preko 60 vladinih agencija,
06:13
and these are just those observing the Earth.
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a to su samo one koje promatraju Zemlju.
06:16
And meanwhile, companies are adding to this list.
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U međuvremenu, tvrtke nadopunjuju ovaj popis.
06:19
Most of the governments provide the data from the satellites for free online.
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Većina vlada pruža podatke od satelita besplatno na internetu.
06:23
Some of these satellites provide images like this,
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Neki od tih satelita pružaju slike poput ove,
06:26
that show what you would see from a camera.
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koja vam pokazuje što biste vidjeli kroz kameru.
06:28
This is an image showing agricultural land in Kansas.
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Ova slika pokazuje poljoprivredno zemljište u Kansasu.
06:32
However, the majority of the Earth observation satellites
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Međutim, većina Zemljinih opservacijskih satelita
06:35
don't take pictures at all.
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uopće ne slika.
06:37
They take measurements.
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Oni uzimaju mjere,
06:39
And they combine these measurements with complex computer models
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zatim kombiniraju te mjere s kompleksnim računalnim modelima
06:42
and make beautiful, global visualizations such as this one,
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i stvaraju prekrasne, globalne vizualizacije poput ove,
06:45
showing the ocean currents
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pokazujući oceanske struje
06:47
and the temperature of the ocean, globally.
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i temperaturu oceana diljem svijeta.
06:51
Or we can look at the salt and smoke and dust in the atmosphere,
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Ili možemo pogledati na sol, dim i prašinu u atmosferi;
06:59
or the rainfall and snowfall, globally,
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na globalni pad oborina poput kiše i snijega;
07:05
as well as the annual cycle of vegetation on land and in the ocean.
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na godišnji ciklus vegetacije na zemlji i u oceanu.
07:12
Now, scientists can take this information about the rainfall and the vegetation
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Dakle, znanstvenici mogu iskoristiti ove podatke o padu oborina i vegetaciji
07:16
and use it to understand
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u svrhu razumijevanja
07:17
what areas on Earth are in danger of a famine or a drought
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koja područja na Zemlji su u opasnosti od gladi ili suše
07:21
and provide that information to aid organizations
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i pružati te podatke kako bi pomogli organizacijama
07:24
so they can be prepared with food aid before the hunger becomes severe.
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u pripremi zaliha hrane prije nego što glad postane ozbiljan problem.
07:28
In space, we have an orbiting laboratory on the International Space Station.
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U svemiru imamo laboratorij u orbiti na Međunarodnoj svemirskoj postaji.
07:34
The vehicle and everything inside are in a form of free fall
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Vozilo i unutrašnjost su u stanju slobodnog pada
07:37
around the Earth,
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oko Zemlje
07:38
and they don't experience the effect of gravity.
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te na njih nema utjecaja gravitacije.
07:42
And because of this, we call it "microgravity."
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Zbog toga to nazivamo mikrogravitacijom.
07:45
When astronauts are in the microgravity environment,
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Kad se astronauti nađu u mikrogravitacijskoj okolini,
07:47
their bodies react as if they're aging rapidly.
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njihova tijela reagiraju kao da ubrzano stare.
07:51
Their bones and muscles weaken,
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Kosti i mišići oslabe,
07:54
and their cardiovascular system and their immune system change.
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njihov krvožilni i imunološki sustav se promijene.
Budući da znanstvenici proučavaju kako održati astronaute zdravima u svemiru,
07:59
As scientists study how to keep astronauts healthy in space,
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08:02
we can take the exercises and techniques we use for astronauts
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možemo preuzeti vježbe i tehnike koje astronauti koriste
08:05
and transfer them to people on Earth
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i prenijeti ih ljudima na Zemlji
08:07
to improve our health here.
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kako bismo ovdje poboljšali zdravlje.
08:09
Often, as we develop technology for astronauts and exploration
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Često se dogodi da kad razvijamo tehnologiju za astronaute i istraživanje,
08:12
or for spacecraft,
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ili za svemirske letjelice,
08:14
we can also transfer those inventions to improve life on Earth.
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možemo prenijeti te izume za poboljšanje života na Zemlji.
08:17
Here's one of my favorites.
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Evo jedan od mojih omiljenih.
08:19
It's a water filtration system,
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Ovo je sustav za filtriranje vode,
08:20
and a key component of it is based on the technology
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njegova ključna sastavnica je temeljena na tehnologiji
08:24
to filter wastewater on the space station.
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za filtraciju otpadne vode na svemirskoj postaji.
08:26
It's now being used around the world.
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Trenutno se koristi diljem svijeta.
08:28
Space is also an infinite source of inspiration,
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Svemir je također beskonačan izvor inspiracije,
08:32
through education,
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putem učenja,
08:33
through research and astronomy
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putem istraživanja i astronomije
08:35
and that age-old experience of stargazing.
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i onog prastarog iskustva zurenja u zvijezde.
08:38
Now, countries around the world are engaging in advancing
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Sada se zemlje diljem svijeta uključuju u poboljšanje
08:42
their own development
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vlastitog razvoja
08:43
by increasing their local knowledge of engineering and science and space.
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tako što povećavaju vlastito znanje iz inženjerstva, znanosti i svemira.
08:47
Let's meet some of the world's newest satellite engineers.
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Upoznajmo neke od najnovijih svjetskih satelitskih inženjera.
08:52
This is Elyka Abello, from Venezuela.
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Ovo je Elyka Abello iz Venezuele.
08:56
Elyka is training as a satellite engineer
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Elyka se obučava za satelitskog inženjera
08:59
as part of her national satellite program in Venezuela.
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kao dio njezinog državnog satelitskog programa u Venezueli.
09:02
She has designed a software tool
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Ona je dizajnirala softverski alat
09:04
that allows her team to better design the power systems for engineering.
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koji dopušta njezinom timu bolji dizajn pogonskog sustava za inženjerstvo.
09:10
This is Adel Castillo-Duran,
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Ovo je Adel Castillo-Duran
09:12
from the Philippines.
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s Filipina.
09:14
Adel is both a meteorologist and a satellite engineer,
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Adel je i meteorologinja i satelitska inženjerka
09:17
and she uses data from satellites in her weather forecasting.
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koja koristi podatke satelita u svojoj vremenskoj prognozi.
09:22
And finally, meet Hala.
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I konačno, upoznajte Halu.
09:24
Hala is from the Sudan,
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Hala je iz Sudana.
09:26
and as she was studying electrical engineering as an undergraduate
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Dok je studirala elektrotehniku na preddiplomskom studiju
09:29
in Khartoum,
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u Khartoumu,
09:30
she and several students decided to build their own satellite.
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ona i nekoliko studenata odlučili su izraditi vlastiti satelit.
09:33
And later, Hala earned a scholarship to study satellite engineering
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Poslije je Hala dobila stipendiju za studiranje satelitskog inženjerstva
09:38
at the graduate level.
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na diplomskom studiju.
09:41
These stories that I've shared with you
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Ove priče koje sam s vama podijelila
09:43
all illustrate that space truly is useful for sustainable development
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sve pokazuju da je svemir uistinu koristan za održivi razvoj
09:47
for the benefit of all peoples.
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i za dobrobit svih ljudi.
09:50
But we have more work to do,
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No, imamo još posla,
09:52
because there are still barriers that exclude people from space
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jer još postoje prepreke koje isključuju ljude od svemira
09:56
and limit the impact of this technology.
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i ograničavaju učinak ove tehnologije.
09:59
For many people, Earth observation data is complex.
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Za mnoge ljude, podaci o promatranju Zemlje su složeni.
10:03
And satellite communication services are too expensive.
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Usluge komunikacijskih satelita previše su skupe.
10:06
And microgravity research just appears to be inaccessible.
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Istraživanje mikrogravitacije se doima jednostavno nepristupačnim.
10:11
This is what motivates my work as a professor at MIT's Media Lab.
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To je ono što me motivira kao profesora u MIT-evom Medijskom laboratoriju.
10:16
I've recently founded a new research group called Space Enabled.
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Nedavno sam osnovala novu istraživačku grupu nazvanu "Svemir omogućen".
10:22
We are working to tear down these barriers that limit the benefits of space.
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Radimo na razbijanju barijera koje ograničavaju pogodnosti svemira.
10:27
And we're also going to develop the future applications
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Također ćemo razviti buduće primjene
10:30
that will continue to contribute to sustainable development.
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koje će nastaviti doprinositi održivom razvoju.
10:34
We'll keep on this work
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Radit ćemo na tome
10:36
until we can truly say that space is for the benefit of all peoples,
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dok uistinu ne budemo mogli reći da je svemir za dobrobit svih ljudi
10:40
and we are all space enabled.
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i da nam je svemir svima omogućen.
10:44
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
10:45
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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