Why we need to end the era of orphanages | Tara Winkler

128,699 views ・ 2017-09-12

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These are some photos of me volunteering in a Cambodian orphanage
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in 2006.
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When these photos were taken,
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I thought I was doing a really good thing
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and that I was really helping those kids.
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I had a lot to learn.
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It all started for me when I was 19 years old
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and went backpacking through Southeast Asia.
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When I reached Cambodia,
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I felt uncomfortable being on holiday surrounded by so much poverty
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and wanted to do something to give back.
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So I visited some orphanages and donated some clothes and books
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and some money
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to help the kids that I met.
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But one of the orphanages I visited was desperately poor.
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I had never encountered poverty like that before in my life.
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They didn't have funds for enough food,
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clean water
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or medical treatment,
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and the sad little faces on those kids
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were heartbreaking.
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So I was compelled to do something more to help.
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I fund-raised in Australia and returned to Cambodia the following year
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to volunteer at the orphanage for a few months.
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I taught English and bought water filters and food
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and took all of the kids to the dentist for the first time in their lives.
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But over the course of the next year,
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I came to discover that this orphanage that I had been supporting
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was terribly corrupt.
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The director had been embezzling every cent donated to the orphanage,
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and in my absence, the children were suffering such gross neglect
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that they were forced to catch mice to feed themselves.
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I also found out later
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that the director had been physically and sexually abusing the kids.
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I couldn't bring myself to turn my back on children
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who I had come to know and care about
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and return to my life in Australia.
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So I worked with a local team and the local authorities
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to set up a new orphanage and rescue the kids
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to give them a safe new home.
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But this is where my story takes another unexpected turn.
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As I adjusted to my new life running an orphanage in Cambodia,
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(Khmer) I learned to speak Khmer fluently,
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which means that I learned to speak the Khmer language fluently.
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And when I could communicate properly with the kids,
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I began to uncover some strange things.
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Most of the children we had removed from the orphanage
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were not, in fact, orphans at all.
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They had parents,
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and the few that were orphaned had other living relatives,
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like grandparents and aunties and uncles
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and other siblings.
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So why were these children living in an orphanage
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when they weren't orphans?
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Since 2005, the number of orphanages in Cambodia
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has risen by 75 percent,
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and the number of children living in Cambodian orphanages
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has nearly doubled,
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despite the fact
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that the vast majority of children living in these orphanages
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are not orphans in the traditional sense.
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They're children from poor families.
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So if the vast majority of children living in orphanages
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are not orphans,
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then the term "orphanage"
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is really just a euphemistic name for a residential care institution.
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These institutions go by other names as well,
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like "shelters," "safe houses," "children's homes," "children's villages,"
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even "boarding schools."
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And this problem is not just confined to Cambodia.
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This map shows some of the countries that have seen a dramatic increase
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in the numbers of residential care institutions
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and the numbers of children being institutionalized.
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In Uganda, for example,
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the number of children living in institutions
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has increased by more than 1,600 percent since 1992.
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And the problems posed by putting kids into institutions
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don't just pertain to the corrupt and abusive institutions
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like the one that I rescued the kids from.
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The problems are with all forms of residential care.
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Over 60 years of international research has shown us
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that children who grow up in institutions,
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even the very best institutions,
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are at serious risk of developing mental illnesses,
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attachment disorders,
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growth and speech delays,
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and many will struggle with an inability to reintegrate
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back into society later in life
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and form healthy relationships as adults.
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These kids grow up without any model of family
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or of what good parenting looks like,
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so they then can struggle to parent their own children.
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So if you institutionalize large numbers of children,
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it will affect not only this generation,
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but also the generations to come.
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We've learned these lessons before in Australia.
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It's what happened to our "Stolen Generations,"
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the indigenous children who were removed from their families
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with the belief that we could do a better job
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of raising their children.
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Just imagine for a moment
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what residential care would be like for a child.
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Firstly, you have a constant rotation of caregivers,
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with somebody new coming on to the shift every eight hours.
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And then on top of that you have a steady stream of visitors
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and volunteers coming in,
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showering you in the love and affection you're craving
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and then leaving again,
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evoking all of those feelings of abandonment,
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and proving again and again
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that you are not worthy of being loved.
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We don't have orphanages in Australia, the USA, the UK anymore,
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and for a very good reason:
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one study has shown that young adults raised in institutions
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are 10 times more likely to fall into sex work than their peers,
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40 times more likely to have a criminal record,
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and 500 times more likely
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to take their own lives.
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There are an estimated eight million children around the world
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living in institutions like orphanages,
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despite the fact that around 80 percent of them are not orphans.
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Most have families who could be caring for them
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if they had the right support.
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But for me,
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the most shocking thing of all to realize
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is what's contributing to this boom
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in the unnecessary institutionalization of so many children:
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it's us --
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the tourists, the volunteers
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and the donors.
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It's the well-meaning support from people like me back in 2006,
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who visit these children and volunteer and donate,
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who are unwittingly fueling an industry that exploits children
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and tears families apart.
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It's really no coincidence that these institutions are largely set up
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in areas where tourists can most easily be lured in
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to visit and volunteer in exchange for donations.
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Of the 600 so-called orphanages in Nepal,
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over 90 percent of them are located in the most popular tourist hotspots.
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The cold, hard truth is,
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the more money that floods in in support of these institutions,
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the more institutions open
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and the more children are removed from their families
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to fill their beds.
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It's just the laws of supply and demand.
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I had to learn all of these lessons the hard way,
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after I had already set up an orphanage in Cambodia.
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I had to eat a big piece of humble pie to admit
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that I had made a mistake
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and inadvertently become a part of the problem.
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I had been an orphanage tourist,
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a voluntourist.
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I then set up my own orphanage and facilitated orphanage tourism
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in order to generate funds for my orphanage,
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before I knew better.
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What I came to learn
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is that no matter how good my orphanage was,
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it was never going to give those kids what they really needed:
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their families.
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I know that it can feel incredibly depressing
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to learn that helping vulnerable children and overcoming poverty
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is not as simple as we've all been led to believe it should be.
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But thankfully, there is a solution.
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These problems are reversible and preventable,
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and when we know better,
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we can do better.
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The organization that I run today,
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the Cambodian Children's Trust,
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is no longer an orphanage.
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In 2012, we changed the model in favor of family-based care.
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I now lead an amazing team of Cambodian social workers,
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nurses and teachers.
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Together, we work within communities
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to untangle a complex web of social issues
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and help Cambodian families escape poverty.
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Our primary focus is on preventing some of the most vulnerable families
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in our community
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from being separated in the first place.
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But in cases where it's not possible
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for a child to live with its biological family,
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we support them in foster care.
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Family-based care is always better
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than placing a child in an institution.
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Do you remember that first photo that I showed you before?
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See that girl who is just about to catch the ball?
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Her name is Torn
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She's a strong, brave and fiercely intelligent girl.
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But in 2006, when I first met her
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living in that corrupt and abusive orphanage,
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she had never been to school.
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She was suffering terrible neglect,
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and she yearned desperately
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for the warmth and love of her mother.
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But this is a photo of Torn today with her family.
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Her mother now has a secure job,
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her siblings are doing well in high school
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and she is just about to finish her nursing degree at university.
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For Torn's family --
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(Applause)
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for Torn's family,
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the cycle of poverty has been broken.
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The family-based care model that we have developed at CCT
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has been so successful,
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that it's now being put forward by UNICEF Cambodia
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and the Cambodian government
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as a national solution to keep children in families.
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And one of the best --
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(Applause)
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And one of the best ways that you can help to solve this problem
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is by giving these eight million children a voice
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and become an advocate for family-based care.
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If we work together to raise awareness,
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we can make sure the world knows
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that we need to put an end to the unnecessary institutionalization
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of vulnerable children.
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How do we achieve that?
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By redirecting our support and our donations
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away from orphanages and residential care institutions
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towards organizations that are committed to keeping children in families.
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I believe we can make this happen in our lifetime,
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and as a result, we will see developing communities thrive
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and ensure that vulnerable children everywhere
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have what all children need and deserve:
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a family.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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