What is Juneteenth, and why is it important? - Karlos K. Hill and Soraya Field Fiorio

380,999 views ・ 2023-02-02

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Gia Hwang 校对人员: Yan Li Xiao
00:08
One day, while hiding in the kitchen,
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一天,夏洛特·布鲁克斯躲在厨房里,
00:11
Charlotte Brooks overheard a life-changing secret.
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无意中听到了改变她一生的秘密。
00:14
At the age of 17, she’d been separated from her family
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17 岁时,她被带离家人,
00:18
and taken to William Neyland’s Texas Plantation.
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来到威廉·尼兰的德克萨斯种植园。
00:21
There, she was made to do housework at the violent whims of her enslavers.
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在那里,奴役她的人 颐气指使,强迫她做家务。
00:26
On that fateful day, she learned that slavery had recently been abolished,
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就在决定命运的那一天, 她得知奴隶制最近被废除了,
00:31
but Neyland conspired to keep this a secret from those he enslaved.
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但尼兰密谋对那些 被他奴役的人保守这个秘密。
00:35
Hearing this, Brooks stepped out of her hiding spot, proclaimed her freedom,
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听到这里,布鲁克斯从藏身之处 走出来,宣布自己自由了,
00:40
spread the news throughout the plantation, and ran.
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并将消息传播整个种植园后,跑了。
00:44
That night, she returned for her daughter, Tempie.
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当天晚上,她回来接自己的女儿泰佩,
00:47
And before Neyland’s spiteful bullets could find them, they were gone for good.
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在尼兰恶毒的子弹击中他们前, 他们永远地消失了。
00:53
For more than two centuries,
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在长达两个多世纪里,
00:55
slavery defined what would become the United States—
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奴隶制决定了后来的美国——
00:58
from its past as the 13 British colonies to its growth as an independent country.
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从过去的 13 个英国殖民洲 逐渐壮大成为独立国家。
01:04
Slavery fueled its cotton industry and made it a leading economic power.
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奴隶制推动了它的棉花工业, 使它成为主要的经济强国。
01:09
10 of the first 12 presidents enslaved people.
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前 12 位总统中, 有 10 位奴役人民。
01:13
And when US chattel slavery finally ended,
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当美国的奴隶制最终结束时,
01:15
it was a long and uneven process.
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经历了一个漫长而曲折的过程。
01:19
Enslaved people resisted from the beginning—
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被奴役的人们从一开始就通过逃跑、
01:21
by escaping, breaking tools, staging rebellions, and more.
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破坏工具、叛乱等方式进行抵抗。
01:26
During the American Revolution, Vermont and Massachusetts abolished slavery
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在美国独立战争期间,佛蒙特州 和马萨诸塞州废除了奴隶制,
01:31
while several states took steps towards gradual abolition.
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而其他几个州也采取了 逐步废除奴隶制的措施。
01:35
In 1808, federal law banned the import of enslaved African people,
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1808 年,联邦法律 禁止从非洲进口奴隶,
01:39
but it allowed the slave trade to continue domestically.
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但允许国内继续买卖奴隶。
01:43
Approximately 4 million people were enslaved in the US
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1860 年亚伯拉罕·林肯 当选总统时,
01:46
when Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860.
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美国约有 400 万人被奴役。
01:49
Lincoln opposed slavery, and though he had no plans to outlaw it,
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林肯反对奴隶制,尽管他没有 宣布奴隶制非法的计划,
01:53
his election caused panic in Southern states,
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但他的当选在南方各州引起了恐慌,
01:56
which began withdrawing from the Union.
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这些州开始退出联邦。
01:58
they vowed to uphold slavery and formed the Confederacy,
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他们发誓要维护奴隶制, 并成立了邦联,
02:02
triggering the start of the American Civil War.
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美国内战由此爆发。
02:05
A year into the conflict, Lincoln abolished slavery in Washington, D.C.,
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内战一年后,林肯废除了 华盛顿特区的奴隶制,
02:10
legally freeing more than 3,000 people.
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合法解放了 3 千多人。
02:13
And five months later, he announced the Emancipation Proclamation.
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五个月后,他宣布了 《解放奴隶宣言》,
02:18
It promised freedom to the 3.5 million people enslaved in Confederate states.
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承诺给联盟州 350 万 被奴役的人以自由。
02:23
But it would only be fulfilled if the rebelling states didn’t rejoin the Union
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1863 年 1 月 1 日开始生效时, 南方蓄奴州并不归联邦政府管辖,
02:27
by January 1st, 1863.
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02:30
And it bore no mention of the roughly 500,000 people in bondage
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它也没有提及特拉华州、 马里兰州、肯塔基州和密苏里州,
02:35
in the border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri
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这些尚未脱离联邦的边境州,
02:40
that hadn’t seceded.
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那里大约有 50 万奴隶。
02:42
When the Confederacy refused to surrender,
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当南方邦联拒绝投降时,
02:45
Union soldiers began announcing emancipation.
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联邦士兵开始宣布解放奴隶,
02:48
But many Southern areas remained under Confederate control,
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但是许多南方地区 仍在南方联盟的控制之下,
02:51
making it impossible to actually implement abolition throughout the South.
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这使得在整个南方 不可能真正地废除奴隶制。
02:56
The war raged on for two more years, and on January 31st, 1865,
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战争又持续了两年,
1865 年 1 月 31 日, 国会通过了第十三条修正案,
03:02
Congress passed the 13th Amendment.
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03:05
It promised to end slavery throughout the US—
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承诺在美国各地结束奴隶制——
03:07
except as punishment for a crime.
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对于依法判罪的人惩罚除外。
03:10
But to go into effect, 27 states would have to ratify it first.
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但要使其生效,必须 先得到 27 个州的批准。
03:15
Meanwhile, the Civil War virtually ended with the surrender
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与此同时,1865 年 4 月 9 日,
03:18
of Confederate General Robert E. Lee on April 9th, 1865.
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南方邦联将军罗伯特·E·李投降, 美国内战也随之结束。
03:23
But although slavery was technically illegal in all Southern states,
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但是,尽管奴隶制在所有 南方州严格来说都是非法的,
03:27
it still persisted in the last bastions of the Confederacy.
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但仍然存在于 南部联盟的最后堡垒中。
03:32
There, enslavers like Neyland continued to evade abolition until forced.
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在那里,像尼兰这样的奴隶主继续 逃避废除奴隶制,直到被迫废除。
03:37
This was also the case when Union General Gordon Granger marched his troops
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6 月 19 日,联邦军将军戈登·格兰杰
03:41
into Galveston, Texas, on June 19th
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率领军队进入德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿,
03:44
and announced that all enslaved people there were officially free—
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宣布那里所有被奴役的人 正式获得自由——
03:47
and had been for more than two years.
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类似情况已存在两年多。
03:50
Still, at this point, people remained legally enslaved in the border states.
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尽管如此,在这一点上, 边境各州奴隶仍然合法,
03:56
It wasn’t until more than five months later, on December 6th, 1865,
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直到五个多月后, 1865 年 12 月 6 日,
04:02
that the 13th Amendment was finally ratified.
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第十三条修正案才最终获得批准,
04:05
This formally ended chattel slavery in the US.
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才正式结束了美国的奴隶制度。
04:10
Because official emancipation was a staggered process,
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因为正式的解放是一个交错过程,
04:13
people in different places commemorated it on different dates.
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不同地方的人纪念日期也不一样。
04:17
Those in Galveston, Texas, began celebrating “Juneteenth”—
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德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿的人们 开始庆祝“六月节“——
04:20
a combination of “June” and “nineteenth”—
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是“六月”(June)和“第十九” (Nineteenth)的合成词——
04:23
on the very first anniversary of General Granger’s announcement.
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在格兰杰将军宣布 这一消息的一周年纪念日。
04:27
Over time, smaller Juneteenth gatherings gave way to large parades.
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随着时间的推移,规模较小的 六月借集会被大型游行取代,
04:32
And the tradition eventually became
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而这一传统
最终成为最广泛的解放庆典。
04:34
the most widespread of emancipation celebrations.
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04:37
But, while chattel slavery had officially ended,
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但是,虽然奴隶制 已正式退出历史舞台,
04:40
racial inequality, oppression, and terror had not.
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但种族不平等、 压迫和恐怖并未结束,
04:44
Celebrating emancipation was itself an act of continued resistance.
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庆祝解放本身就是持续的反抗行为。
04:49
And it wasn't until 2021 that Juneteenth became a federal holiday.
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而且,直到 2021 年, 六月节才成为联邦假日。
04:54
Today, Juneteenth holds profound significance as a celebration
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今天,六月节有着深远的意义,
它庆祝奴隶制的终结, 正义追求所有人的真正自由,
04:59
of the demise of slavery, the righteous pursuit of true freedom for all,
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05:03
and a continued pledge to remember the past and dream the future.
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并继续承诺铭记过去,展望未来。
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