What is Juneteenth, and why is it important? - Karlos K. Hill and Soraya Field Fiorio

380,840 views ・ 2023-02-02

TED-Ed


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譯者: Camila Lin 審譯者: Zoe Walmsley
00:08
One day, while hiding in the kitchen,
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那天,當她躲在廚房的時候,
00:11
Charlotte Brooks overheard a life-changing secret.
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夏洛特‧布魯克斯聽到 一個改變她人生的秘密。
00:14
At the age of 17, she’d been separated from her family
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她 17 歲就與家人分離,
00:18
and taken to William Neyland’s Texas Plantation.
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被帶到威廉‧尼蘭德位於德州的農莊。
00:21
There, she was made to do housework at the violent whims of her enslavers.
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在那裏,她得作所有家務, 忍耐主人的暴躁無理。
00:26
On that fateful day, she learned that slavery had recently been abolished,
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在改變她命運的那天, 她聽到奴隸制度剛被廢除,
00:31
but Neyland conspired to keep this a secret from those he enslaved.
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但尼蘭德卻打算瞞著他的奴隸。
00:35
Hearing this, Brooks stepped out of her hiding spot, proclaimed her freedom,
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聽到這裡,夏洛特從藏身之處出來, 宣告她已是自由之身,
00:40
spread the news throughout the plantation, and ran.
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在把消息傳給整個農莊後,逃離現場。
00:44
That night, she returned for her daughter, Tempie.
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那天晚上,她回來帶走女兒壇貝,
00:47
And before Neyland’s spiteful bullets could find them, they were gone for good.
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在尼蘭德充滿懷恨開槍前, 她們早已逃之夭夭。
00:53
For more than two centuries,
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長達兩百多年的奴隸制度 深深影響了美國──
00:55
slavery defined what would become the United States—
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00:58
from its past as the 13 British colonies to its growth as an independent country.
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從英屬殖民地的北美十三州 變成一個獨立國家,
01:04
Slavery fueled its cotton industry and made it a leading economic power.
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奴隸制度讓美國棉業開花結果, 成為經濟實力的領頭羊,
01:09
10 of the first 12 presidents enslaved people.
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美國最早的十二任總統中 就有十個蓄奴;
01:13
And when US chattel slavery finally ended,
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在美國終結奴隸動產制前,
01:15
it was a long and uneven process.
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仍經歷了一段又長又坎坷的路。
01:19
Enslaved people resisted from the beginning—
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被奴役的人一開始就抗拒──
01:21
by escaping, breaking tools, staging rebellions, and more.
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逃跑、破壞工具、組織叛亂 等等的許多辦法。
01:26
During the American Revolution, Vermont and Massachusetts abolished slavery
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美國獨立戰爭期間,佛蒙特州 和麻薩諸塞州廢止奴隸制度,
01:31
while several states took steps towards gradual abolition.
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而其他數州也逐步廢止。
01:35
In 1808, federal law banned the import of enslaved African people,
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1808 年,聯邦法規 禁止輸入非洲黑奴,
01:39
but it allowed the slave trade to continue domestically.
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但仍允許美國境內的奴隸販賣。
01:43
Approximately 4 million people were enslaved in the US
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1860 年,林肯當選總統時, 全美仍有大約四百萬名奴隸。
01:46
when Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860.
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01:49
Lincoln opposed slavery, and though he had no plans to outlaw it,
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雖然林肯反對奴隸制度, 也沒有將之取締的計畫,
01:53
his election caused panic in Southern states,
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他的當選還是讓南方各州驚慌失措,
01:56
which began withdrawing from the Union.
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開始脫離美國聯邦,
01:58
they vowed to uphold slavery and formed the Confederacy,
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堅誓維持奴隸制度,並成立南方邦聯,
02:02
triggering the start of the American Civil War.
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揭開美國內戰的序幕。
02:05
A year into the conflict, Lincoln abolished slavery in Washington, D.C.,
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內戰一年後,林肯廢止 華盛頓特區的奴隸制度,
02:10
legally freeing more than 3,000 people.
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依法解放三千多名奴隸。
02:13
And five months later, he announced the Emancipation Proclamation.
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五個月後,林肯公布解放奴隸宣言,
02:18
It promised freedom to the 3.5 million people enslaved in Confederate states.
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承諾將給予南方邦聯 治下的 350 萬名奴隸自由,
02:23
But it would only be fulfilled if the rebelling states didn’t rejoin the Union
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但這些州必須在 1863 年 一月一日前脫離南方邦聯才有效。
02:27
by January 1st, 1863.
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02:30
And it bore no mention of the roughly 500,000 people in bondage
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宣言漏提了南北分界各州內 大約五十萬名的奴隸──
02:35
in the border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri
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包括特拉華州、馬里蘭州、 肯塔基州、密蘇里州,
02:40
that hadn’t seceded.
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這幾州並沒有加入南方邦聯。
02:42
When the Confederacy refused to surrender,
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當南方邦聯還在拒絕投降時,
02:45
Union soldiers began announcing emancipation.
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聯邦軍隊就開始宣告解放奴隸,
02:48
But many Southern areas remained under Confederate control,
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許多南方地區仍在南方邦聯的控制下,
02:51
making it impossible to actually implement abolition throughout the South.
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因此幾乎不可能在 南方徹底廢止奴隸制度。
02:56
The war raged on for two more years, and on January 31st, 1865,
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南北戰爭又持續了兩年多, 直到 1865 年一月 31 日,
03:02
Congress passed the 13th Amendment.
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國會通過憲法第十三條修正案,
03:05
It promised to end slavery throughout the US—
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承諾廢止美國全境的奴隸制度,
03:07
except as punishment for a crime.
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除非是當作犯罪刑罰,
03:10
But to go into effect, 27 states would have to ratify it first.
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但修正案要生效, 27 個州得先簽屬通過。
03:15
Meanwhile, the Civil War virtually ended with the surrender
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在此期間,南方邦聯的李將軍投降了,
03:18
of Confederate General Robert E. Lee on April 9th, 1865.
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1865 年四月九日, 美國內戰正式結束。
03:23
But although slavery was technically illegal in all Southern states,
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嚴格說來,即使奴隸制度 在南方各州已是非法,
03:27
it still persisted in the last bastions of the Confederacy.
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卻仍持續到南方邦聯 完整陷落的那一刻,
03:32
There, enslavers like Neyland continued to evade abolition until forced.
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跟尼蘭德一樣,許多人 持續蓄奴到被迫就範。
03:37
This was also the case when Union General Gordon Granger marched his troops
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當時另外有個事件──
聯邦將軍戈登‧格蘭傑率軍 在六月十九號進入德州的加爾維斯敦,
03:41
into Galveston, Texas, on June 19th
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03:44
and announced that all enslaved people there were officially free—
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宣告當地所有奴隸 依法已是自由之身,
03:47
and had been for more than two years.
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而這距離立法也已過了兩年多。
03:50
Still, at this point, people remained legally enslaved in the border states.
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直到當時,蓄奴在南北分界的 一些州境內仍是合法的,
03:56
It wasn’t until more than five months later, on December 6th, 1865,
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一直要到五個多月後的 1865 年十二月六日,
04:02
that the 13th Amendment was finally ratified.
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第十三條修正案終於正式生效,
04:05
This formally ended chattel slavery in the US.
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正式終結美國的奴隸動產制度。
04:10
Because official emancipation was a staggered process,
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由於奴隸解放的過程漫長坎坷,
04:13
people in different places commemorated it on different dates.
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不同地方的人選在不同的日期紀念。
04:17
Those in Galveston, Texas, began celebrating “Juneteenth”—
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德州的加爾維斯敦最先開始慶祝 Juneteenth「六月節」──
04:20
a combination of “June” and “nineteenth”—
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名稱結合了「六月」和「十九日」──
04:23
on the very first anniversary of General Granger’s announcement.
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就從格蘭傑將軍宣言 滿一周年那天開始。
04:27
Over time, smaller Juneteenth gatherings gave way to large parades.
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漸漸的,小型的六月節慶祝 演變成盛大的遊行,
04:32
And the tradition eventually became
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最終,這項傳統成為了
04:34
the most widespread of emancipation celebrations.
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奴隸解放最普遍的慶祝方式。
04:37
But, while chattel slavery had officially ended,
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然而,即便奴隸動產制度正式結束,
04:40
racial inequality, oppression, and terror had not.
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種族的不平等、排擠 和仇恨問題卻沒有終結。
04:44
Celebrating emancipation was itself an act of continued resistance.
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慶祝奴隸解放的本身 正是持續抵抗的證明。
04:49
And it wasn't until 2021 that Juneteenth became a federal holiday.
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六月節一直到 2021 年 才成為聯邦國定假日。
04:54
Today, Juneteenth holds profound significance as a celebration
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如今,六月節這個假日 有著深厚的意義──
04:59
of the demise of slavery, the righteous pursuit of true freedom for all,
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慶祝奴隸制度的廢止、 人皆自由的公義願景、
05:03
and a continued pledge to remember the past and dream the future.
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以及緬懷過去、築夢未來的永恆承諾。
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