These squids can fly... no, really - Robert Siddall

1,805,529 views ・ 2021-01-11

TED-Ed


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: jack white 校对人员: Helen Chang
00:06
In the spring of 1947, six Scandinavian explorers noticed a strange phenomenon
0
6881
6500
1947年春,六名斯堪的纳维亚探险家
在穿越太平洋时 注意到了一个奇怪的现象
00:13
while crossing the Pacific Ocean.
1
13381
2280
00:15
Somehow, small squid known to live deep beneath the waves
2
15661
4479
不知道为什么 生活在海洋深处的小乌贼
00:20
kept appearing on the roof of their boat.
3
20140
3000
不断出现在他们的船顶上
00:23
The crew was mystified—
4
23140
2110
船员们很困惑——
00:25
until they saw the squids soaring above the sea for roughly 50 meters.
5
25250
6171
直到他们看到乌贼在海面上 飞行了大约 50 米
00:31
On land, people could barely believe the explorers.
6
31421
4000
在陆地上,几乎没有人相信探险家们
00:35
It seemed impossible that sea creatures without wings or bones could fly at all,
7
35421
5060
没有翅膀和骨头的海洋生物 根本不可能飞行
00:40
let alone travel half the length of a football field.
8
40481
3600
更不用说飞跃半个足球场了
00:44
But over the next several decades, more reports began to surface.
9
44081
5136
但在接下来的几十年里 出现了更多的报道
00:49
Sailors described airborne squid keeping pace with motor boats.
10
49217
4710
水手们描述,空中的乌贼 与摩托艇齐头并进
00:53
Researchers reported captive squid escaping their tanks overnight.
11
53927
4904
研究人员报告,捕获的鱿鱼 一夜之间逃离了他们的鱼缸
00:58
And as cameras became widespread, seafarers finally began capturing proof
12
58831
5420
随着照相机的普及 海员们终于开始抓拍
这些头足类动物飞行的证据
01:04
of these high-flying cephalopods.
13
64251
3367
01:07
But how and why do these marine creatures take to the sky?
14
67618
5157
但是这些海洋生物是如何做到 以及为什么要飞行呢?
01:12
While only a few squid species have been recorded taking flight,
15
72775
4435
虽然只有少数品种的乌贼被记录到飞行
01:17
most squid are alike in the way they traverse the ocean.
16
77210
4000
但大多数乌贼穿越海洋的方式是相似的
01:21
The outside of a squid’s body is a massive tube of muscle called the mantle.
17
81210
5758
乌贼身体的外面是一根 巨大的肌肉管,称为“地幔”
01:26
Water enters that tube through small openings around the squid’s head.
18
86968
4561
水通过乌贼头部周围的小开口 进入肌肉管
01:31
Then, muscles clamp these openings shut,
19
91529
3180
然后,肌肉将这些开口夹住
01:34
and the squid forcefully pumps the water through the base of their body.
20
94709
4546
乌贼用力将水泵入身体底部
01:39
In practice, this makes the mantle a miniature jetpack,
21
99255
4000
实际上,这使得“地幔” 成为一个微型喷气背包
01:43
propelling squid through the water at 10 kilometers per hour.
22
103255
4440
以 10km/h 的速度在水中推动乌贼前进
01:47
This process is also how squid breathe.
23
107695
3560
这也是乌贼的呼吸方式
01:51
Squid gills rest inside the mantle,
24
111255
2810
乌贼的鳃位于“地幔”内
01:54
and siphon oxygen from the water being pushed past them.
25
114065
4000
从流经它们的水中吸取氧气
01:58
With gills full of air and a mantle full of water,
26
118065
3360
凭借充满空气的鳃和充满水的地幔
02:01
squid can outpace predators and pursue their prey.
27
121425
4420
乌贼可以甩开捕食者以及追捕猎物
02:05
Or, in the case of some species, they can smash through the ocean’s surface,
28
125845
4925
某些品种可以冲破海洋表面
02:10
and attempt an epic flight.
29
130770
2990
并尝试进行史诗般的飞行
02:13
Without the resistance of water,
30
133760
1930
没有水的阻力
02:15
a squid’s acceleration is the same as a car going
31
135690
3521
乌贼的加速度就像汽车一样
02:19
from zero to 100 kilometers per hour in just over a second.
32
139211
4930
从 0 到 100km/h 只需要一秒多一点
02:24
At speeds of 40 kilometers per hour, squid quickly generate aerodynamic lift.
33
144141
5633
乌贼以 40km/h 的速度 迅速产生空气动力升力
02:29
But to stay in the air they’ll need something like wings.
34
149774
4170
但是为了留在空中 它们需要像翅膀这样的东西
02:33
Fortunately, our soaring cephalopod has a plan.
35
153944
4230
幸运的是,我们会飞的 头足类动物已经有了计划
02:38
Squid tentacles are "muscular hydrostats," meaning the tissue can be held firm
36
158174
5644
乌贼的触手是“肌肉凝水器”
这意味着组织能通过肌肉张力保持牢固
02:43
by muscle tension.
37
163818
2100
02:45
Splaying its tentacles in a rigid formation,
38
165918
3160
乌贼以僵硬的形式张开触手
02:49
the squid transforms them into flexible wing-like structures
39
169078
4237
将它们变成灵活的翅膀状结构
02:53
that stabilise its flight.
40
173315
2470
稳定它的飞行
02:55
At the opposite end of its body, two fins typically used for gentle swimming
41
175785
4741
在它身体的另一端 通常用于轻微摆动的两个鳍
03:00
find new purpose as a second set of wings.
42
180526
3780
找到了新的用途——作为第二对翅膀
03:04
And by folding these fins down,
43
184306
1950
通过将这些鳍向下折叠
03:06
a squid can streamline itself and dip back into the ocean.
44
186256
4848
乌贼可以使自己呈流线型潜回大海
03:11
There have been too few observations
45
191104
2180
由于观测资料太少
03:13
to establish what a squid’s typical flight trajectory looks like.
46
193284
4000
无法确定乌贼的典型飞行轨迹的模样
03:17
Based on their flying speed, a 10 centimeter squid
47
197284
3640
根据它们的飞行速度 一条 10厘米长的乌贼
03:20
could hypothetically launch itself six meters above the water.
48
200924
4114
大概可以在离水面 6 米的地方飞行
03:25
But from what scientists have seen, flying squid tend to glide low,
49
205038
5005
但从科学家们的观察来看
乌贼往往会在靠近水面处滑翔
03:30
keeping close to the surface.
50
210043
2220
03:32
This trajectory allows squid to cover the most horizontal distance possible
51
212263
4970
该轨迹能让乌贼在几秒的飞行中
03:37
over a typical several second flight.
52
217233
3130
越过尽可能多的水平距离
03:40
It also makes it easy to dive back into the water for more fuel—
53
220363
4000
它还可以轻松地潜回水中 获取更多能量——
03:44
or to make a quick escape from predatory birds.
54
224363
4213
或者快速躲避掠食性鸟类
03:48
But why do squids fly at all?
55
228576
2930
但是乌贼为什么要飞呢?
03:51
Leading theories suggest that flight is an escape behaviour,
56
231506
3690
主流理论认为飞行是一种逃避行为
03:55
as flying squid generally seem to be fleeing a nearby predator or ship.
57
235196
5302
乌贼似乎经常是在逃离 附近的捕食者或船只时飞行
04:00
Other researchers think their flight
58
240498
1780
其他研究人员认为它们的飞行
04:02
may be an energy-saving migration strategy,
59
242278
3220
可能是一种节能迁移策略
04:05
because it takes less energy to move quickly through the air
60
245498
3160
因为在空气中快速移动比在水中
04:08
than through water.
61
248658
1830
需要更少的能量
04:10
However, it’s also possible that learning to fly
62
250488
3140
然而,学习飞行也可能是
04:13
may be a vital part of surviving adolescence.
63
253628
4088
度过成长期的重要组成部分
04:17
Young, smaller squid can potentially fly faster and farther
64
257716
4413
年轻的、较小的乌贼 可能比它们较大的亲戚
04:22
than their larger relatives.
65
262129
2930
飞得更快、更远
04:25
And since adult squid tend to cannibalize juveniles,
66
265059
4000
而且由于成年乌贼 往往会蚕食未成年乌贼
04:29
soaring above the surf can help ensure these young squid
67
269059
4000
因此在海上飞行
可以帮助这些年轻的乌贼 活到可以自由飞翔的那一天
04:33
will live to fly another day.
68
273059
2510
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7