These squids can fly... no, really - Robert Siddall

1,805,529 views ใƒป 2021-01-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
In the spring of 1947, six Scandinavian explorers noticed a strange phenomenon
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1947, ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
00:13
while crossing the Pacific Ocean.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
00:15
Somehow, small squid known to live deep beneath the waves
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ืœื™ื
00:20
kept appearing on the roof of their boat.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:23
The crew was mystifiedโ€”
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืชืข --
00:25
until they saw the squids soaring above the sea for roughly 50 meters.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:31
On land, people could barely believe the explorers.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื.
00:35
It seemed impossible that sea creatures without wings or bones could fly at all,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
00:40
let alone travel half the length of a football field.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
00:44
But over the next several decades, more reports began to surface.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
00:49
Sailors described airborne squid keeping pace with motor boats.
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ืžืœื—ื™ื ืชืืจื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืขื ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช.
00:53
Researchers reported captive squid escaping their tanks overnight.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื—ื• ืžืžื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
00:58
And as cameras became widespread, seafarers finally began capturing proof
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื™ืžืื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืฆืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
01:04
of these high-flying cephalopods.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:07
But how and why do these marine creatures take to the sky?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืคื™ื?
01:12
While only a few squid species have been recorded taking flight,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื›ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื,
01:17
most squid are alike in the way they traverse the ocean.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
01:21
The outside of a squidโ€™s body is a massive tube of muscle called the mantle.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืขื˜ืคืช.
01:26
Water enters that tube through small openings around the squidโ€™s head.
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ืžื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืคืชื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ.
01:31
Then, muscles clamp these openings shut,
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ืื–, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:34
and the squid forcefully pumps the water through the base of their body.
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:39
In practice, this makes the mantle a miniature jetpack,
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ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจ,
01:43
propelling squid through the water at 10 kilometers per hour.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘-10 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉืขื”.
01:47
This process is also how squid breathe.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื.
01:51
Squid gills rest inside the mantle,
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ื–ื™ืžื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช,
01:54
and siphon oxygen from the water being pushed past them.
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ื•ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื”ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
01:58
With gills full of air and a mantle full of water,
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ืขื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื™ื,
02:01
squid can outpace predators and pursue their prey.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ.
02:05
Or, in the case of some species, they can smash through the oceanโ€™s surface,
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ืื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:10
and attempt an epic flight.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืืคื™ืช.
02:13
Without the resistance of water,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื,
02:15
a squidโ€™s acceleration is the same as a car going
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ื”ืชืื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
02:19
from zero to 100 kilometers per hour in just over a second.
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ืฉืžืื™ืฆื” ืžืืคืก ืœ-100 ืงืžโ€œืฉ ืชื•ืš ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ื”.
02:24
At speeds of 40 kilometers per hour, squid quickly generate aerodynamic lift.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 40 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉืขื”, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™.
02:29
But to stay in the air theyโ€™ll need something like wings.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
02:33
Fortunately, our soaring cephalopod has a plan.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
02:38
Squid tentacles are "muscular hydrostats," meaning the tissue can be held firm
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ โ€œื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ืโ€, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช
02:43
by muscle tension.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื— ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
02:45
Splaying its tentacles in a rigid formation,
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ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืงืฉื™ื—,
02:49
the squid transforms them into flexible wing-like structures
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื›ื ืฃ
02:53
that stabilise its flight.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:55
At the opposite end of its body, two fins typically used for gentle swimming
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉื ื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”
03:00
find new purpose as a second set of wings.
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืกื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
03:04
And by folding these fins down,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”,
03:06
a squid can streamline itself and dip back into the ocean.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื–ื•ืจื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
03:11
There have been too few observations
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
03:13
to establish what a squidโ€™s typical flight trajectory looks like.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื.
03:17
Based on their flying speed, a 10 centimeter squid
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 10 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ
03:20
could hypothetically launch itself six meters above the water.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
03:25
But from what scientists have seen, flying squid tend to glide low,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืื•, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš,
03:30
keeping close to the surface.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:32
This trajectory allows squid to cover the most horizontal distance possible
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ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง
03:37
over a typical several second flight.
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ื‘ืžืขื•ืฃ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:40
It also makes it easy to dive back into the water for more fuelโ€”
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ ื“ืœืง --
03:44
or to make a quick escape from predatory birds.
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ืื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช.
03:48
But why do squids fly at all?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
03:51
Leading theories suggest that flight is an escape behaviour,
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”,
03:55
as flying squid generally seem to be fleeing a nearby predator or ship.
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ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื• ืžืกืคื™ื ื”.
04:00
Other researchers think their flight
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื
04:02
may be an energy-saving migration strategy,
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ื”,
04:05
because it takes less energy to move quickly through the air
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ื›ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
04:08
than through water.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
04:10
However, itโ€™s also possible that learning to fly
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืฃ
04:13
may be a vital part of surviving adolescence.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.
04:17
Young, smaller squid can potentially fly faster and farther
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:22
than their larger relatives.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:25
And since adult squid tend to cannibalize juveniles,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
04:29
soaring above the surf can help ensure these young squid
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ื“ืื™ื™ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:33
will live to fly another day.
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ื™ื—ื™ื• ืœืขื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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