How do we create a better economy?

Translator: Dilnoza Nishanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

What does it mean for a country to have a healthy economy?

Davlat uchun sog’lom iqtisodga ega bo’lish nimani anglatadi?

What does a healthy economy even look like?

Sog’lom iqtisod o’zi qanday bo’ladi?

Does it look like this?

Uning ko’rinishi shundaymi?

What about like this?

Yoki shundaymi?

Economist Kate Raworth shared a pretty interesting answer to this question

TED suhbat podkastida iqtisodchi Kate Raworth

on the TED Interview podcast.

bu savolga qiziq javob berdi.

And it challenges an idea that most economists take for granted.

Bu iqtisodchilar to’g’ri deb bilgan g’oyani so’roq ostiga qo’yadi.

We live— particularly in the West, particularly in the last 150 years—

Biz - xususan G’arbda, xususan oxirgi 150 yillikda -

in a society that has a very strong belief that growth

o’sish progressni anglatishi haqidagi kuchli ishonch bilan yashaydigan

is the sign of progress.

jamiyatda yashaymiz.

And to a certain extent, it’s true.

Va qandaydir darajada, bu to’g’ri. Bolalarimiz

We love to see our kids grow.

o’sishini ko’rishni yaxshi ko’ramiz.

We love to see nature growing in spring.

Tabiat bahorda o’sishini ko’rishni yaxshi ko’ramiz.

Growth is a wonderful, healthy phase of life.

O’sish ajoyib, hayotning sog’lom bosqichi.

But in our economies, it’s like we’ve turned to Peter Pan economics—

Bizning iqtisodda, biz go’yo Peter Pen iqtisodiga aylanib qolgandekmiz,

the economy that never wanted to grow up.

hech qachon o’sishni istamaydigan iqtisod.

It wanted to grow and grow and grow forever.

U doimo o’sish va o’sishni istaydi.

And it becomes this permanent phase.

Va bu doimiy fazaga aylanadi.

But we already know, in our own bodies, in our own lives,

Lekin biz allaqachon bilamizki, tanamiz, hayotimizda,

that there’s another side to this metaphor of growth that we love so much.

biz sevadigan o’sish metaforining boshqa tarafi ham bor.

If I told you, my friend had gone to the doctor,

Agarda sizga, do’stim shifokorga bordi,

and the doctor told her she had a growth,

va shifokor unda o’sish bo’lganini aytishi

that already feels completely different.

juda ham boshqacha ta’sir qiladi.

Because in the space of our own bodies,

Chunki bizning tanamizda,

we know that when something tries to grow endlessly

bilamizki, nimadir tinimsiz o’sishga harakat qilsa,

within this healthy, dynamic living whole,

bu butun sog’lom, dinamik yashash,

it is a threat to the health of the whole,

sog’lom uchun umuman olganda tahdid,

and we do everything we can to stop it.

buni to’xtatish uchun hamma narsa qilamiz.

But when we step into our economies, for some reason,

Iqtisodga kelganda, ba’zi sabablarga ko’ra

we think that endless growth is progress.

tinimsiz o’sishni progress deb ko’ramiz.

And we are now running into severe problems

Biz tinimsiz o’sishga bog’lanib qolganimiz uchun

because we are addicted to endless growth.

jiddiy muammolarga duch kelyapmiz.

Simon Kuznets, he was asked in the 1930s by US Congress to come up,

AQSH Kongressi 1930-yil Simon Kuznetsdan, birinchi marta,

for the first time, with a single number to measure the output of the economy.

iqtisodni o’lchaydigan yagona son topishni so’rashgan.

America could say we produced so many tons of steel and so many bags of grain—

Amerika qanchadir tonna temir va qop don ishlab chiqardik deyolardi -

but can we add it all together?

buni qanday qo’shsa bo’lar edi?

So they commissioned him to do this and he said,

Unga shuni qilishni buyruq berishdi va u aytdi:

“Yes, I can. I can add it all together in one number.”

“Ha, qilolaman. Hammasini bir raqamga qo’sha olaman”.

National income, what we now know as GDP— but he gave it with a caveat.

Davlat daromadi, biz biladigan YIMni u tanbeh bilan berdi.

He said the welfare of a nation can scarcely be known from this number,

U xalqning farovonligini bu sondan zo’rga ko’rish mumkin,

don’t mix it up with welfare, right?

farovonlik bilan adashtirmang, hop?

Because it tells us nothing about the unpaid caring work of parents,

Chunki bu ota-onalarning to’lanmagan mehnati haqida hech narsa aytmaydi,

tells us nothing about the value that’s created in communities,

jamiyatda yaratilgan boylik haqida hech narsa aytmaydi,

because that’s not priced,

chunki ular baholanmagan,

and it’s a measure of the flow of economic value.

va bu iqtisod qiymatini o’lchaydi.

It tells us nothing about the living world, the forests, the mines

Bu o’sha qiymatni yaratish uchun ketgan yashab turayotgan hayot,

that get run down in order to create this value.

o’rmonlar, konlar haqida hech narsa aytmaydi.

But the convenience, the temptation, of this single number was so great

Lekin bu yagona sonning qulayligi, vasvasasi shunday yaxshi ediki,

that politicians sort of tucked it in their armpit and carried right on.

siyosatchilar uni qoltig’iga tiqib, o’sha ondayoq ko’tarib ketishdi.

And we ended up in a horse race of pursuing GDP growth.

Va biz YIM o’sishi musobaqasiga qo’shildik.

The dream is that GDP can keep on increasing,

Orzu shundan iborat ediki, YIM o’sib boraverardi,

we can have increasing financial returns,

bizning ham moliyaviy qaytimimiz o’sib boradi,

but that we can decouple from using Earth’s resources.

lekin buni Yer resurslari foydalanishdan ajratishimiz mumkin edi.

We can use less carbon and less metals, and minerals and plastics,

Biz kamroq karbonat angidrid, metal, mineral va plastik ishlata olamiz,

and we can use less of the Earth’s land surface,

va kamroq Yer resurlaridan foydalanib, bu ikkisini ajrata olamiz:

and separate these two: ever rising GDP and falling resource use.

doimiy o’sadigan YIM va foydalanish kamayadigan resurslar.

It’s a fabulous dream; would that it would be true.

Bu afsonaviy orzu; u ro’yobga chiqarmikan.

We are at a time of climate emergency, of ecosystem collapse.

Biz iqlim favqulotda holati, ekosistema qulashi paytidamiz.

We need to radically reduce our use of Earth’s resources,

Biz tubdan Yer resurslaridan foydalanishni kamaytirishimiz zarur va biz

and we're nowhere close to that.

hozir bunga yaqin ham emasmiz.

So I offer it as a compass for 21st century prosperity.

Buni XXI asr rivojlanishi uchun kompass deb taklif qilaman.

And this compass, silly though it sounds,

Bu compass, g’alati eshitilsa-da,

it looks like a doughnut with the hole in the middle.

o’rtada teshigi bo’lgan ponchikka o’xshaydi.

So imagine from the center of it, humanity’s use of Earth’s resources

Tassavur qiling, o’rtasidan, odamzodning Yer resurslaridan foydalanuvi

radiating out from the middle of that picture.

rasm markazidan kattalashib bormoqda.

So in the hole, in the middle of the doughnut,

Chuqurlikda, ponchik o’rtasida,

that is the place where people don’t have enough resources

hayotning kerakli narsalarini ololmaydigan, kerakli resurslari

to meet the essentials of life.

yo’q odamlar yotadi.

It’s where people don’t have enough food or health care,

U yerda odamlarda yetarli oziq yo sog’liq ta’minlovchi, yo ta’lim yo uy

or education or housing or gender equality or political voice or access to energy.

yo gender tenglik yo siyosiy ovoz yo energiya yo’q. Chuqurlikda..

And we want to leave nobody in that hole.

... hech kimni qoldirishni istamaymiz.

We want to get everybody over a social foundation of well-being,

Biz hammaning ijtimoiy asos - farovonlik- dan o’tishini xohlaymiz,

so all people on this planet can lead lives of dignity

shunda hamma insonlar farovonlik,

and opportunity and community.

omad va jamiyatda yashaydilar.

And in low income countries, it absolutely makes sense,

Kam daromadli davlatlarda, bu qandaydir ma’noga ega,

yes, let’s see the economy grow in ways that invest in health and education

ha, iqtisod o’sishini sog’liq va ta’lim va transportga investitsiya

and transport for all.

kiritgandagisini ko’raylik.

That was a very 20th century project.

Bu XXga asrga xos loyiha.

We're in the 21st century.

Biz XXI asrdamiz.

We have Earth system scientists who started looking at the impact

Bizda iqlimga bo’lgan ta’sirimizni, tuproqlorning yo’qotilish va kislotali

we were having on the climate, and the loss of soils and acid rain,

yomg’ir, ozon qatlamidagi teshiklarni va turlarning yo’qolib borishini

and the hole in the ozone layer, and the collapse of species.

o’rganayotgan Yer sistemasi olimlari bor.

And they said, hang on.

Ular aytdi, sabr qiling.

We’ve been ignoring our planet.

Biz sayyorani mensimayotgan edik.

In the growing to meet human needs, we have ignored the fact

Insonga kerakli narsalarni qondirishni o’ylab, nozik

that we are deeply dependent on this delicately balanced living planet.

muvozonatli sayyoraga bog’lanib qolgani- mizni unitib qo’ydik.

It’s the only one we know of out there.

U biz bilgan yagonadir.

And when we use Earth’s resources in such a way

Biz Yer resurslarini sayyoraning yashash standartlaridan

that we begin to push ourselves beyond the living capacities of this planet,

oshib ketadigan darajada ishlatyapmiz,

we are literally undermining the life supporting systems on which we depend.

hayotimizdagi sistemalarni qo’llaydigan suyangan resurslarni buzmoqdamiz.

So, hang on, just as there’s an inner limit of resource use,

Shu sababli, sabr qiling, go’yo bu resurslarning ichki limiti

and we call out poverty and deprivation,

bordek, va biz qashshoqlikni chaqiramiz,

there’s an outer limit of humanity’s resource use.

odamzodning resurs foydalanuvi tashqi limiti bor.

That’s ecological degradation.

Bu ekologik degredatsiya.

And we are breaking down this planet on which we depend.

Va biz suyangan sayyorani buzib kelmoqdamiz.

So there you get the doughnut, you get the inside,

Demak siz ponchik olasiz, ichki qismini olasiz,

which is leave nobody behind in the hole.

hech kimni ortda qoldirmaydigan chuqurlikdir.

But don’t overshoot the outer ring either.

Tashqi uzukdan ham oshib ketmang.

And so the shape of progress is fundamentally changed.

Progressning shakli ichki qismdan o’zgardi.

It’s no longer this ever rising line exponential growth,

Bu boshqa har doim yangiliklarda eshitadigan eksponental doimiy

that we hear about in the financial news all the time.

o’sish emas.

It’s balance.

Bu muvozanat.

To me, a source of real hope is that we deeply understand this

Menga, haqiqiy umid bu tanamiz bilan buni

at the level of our body.

tubdan tushunishdir.

You go to the doctor, the doctor will say,

Siz shifokorga borasiz va yetarli ovqat

have enough food, but not too much, enough water, oxygen, exercise, sleep,

yeyishingizni aytadi, lekin ko’pmas, yetarli suv, kislorod, masshq, uyqu,

anything you like— have enough, but not too much.

nima bo’lsa-da yetarli oling, lekin ortiqcha emas.

Our health lies in balance.

Sog’lig’imiz muvozanatdan iborat.

And if we can take that metaphor from the human body to the planetary body,

Bu metaforni inson tanasidan sayyora tanasiga olsak,

we give ourselves a cracking chance of understanding

bu dunyoning ichki suyanchig’ini tushunishga

the deep interdependence of our world.

yaxshi sharoit yaratamiz.