My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya

Moja istraživanja glečerskih pećina - Edi Kartaja (Eddy Cartaya)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

So how many of you

have ever been in a cave before?

Koliko vas je nekada bilo u nekoj pećini?

Okay, a few of you.

Znači nekoliko vas.

When you think of a cave,

Kada pomislite na pećinu,

most of you think of a tunnel

većina vas će zamisliti

going through solid rock.

tunel u kamenu,

In fact, that's how most caves are.

a takva i jeste većina pećina.

Around this half of the country,

U ovoj polovini zemlje

most of your caves are made of limestone.

većina pećina je krečnjačka.

Back where I'm from,

most of our caves are made from lava rock

Tamo odakle sam ja,

većina pećina je od skamenjene lave

because we have a lot of volcanoes out there.

jer imamo mnogo vulkana.

Pećine koje danas želim da vam pokažem

But the caves I want to share with you today

are made completely of ice,

su u potpunosti od leda,

specifically glacier ice

tačnije glečera

as formed in the side of the tallest mountain

koji se formiraju na padini najviše planine

in the state of Oregon

u američkoj državi Oregon,

called Mount Hood.

koja se zove Hud.

Now, Mount Hood's only one hour's drive

Ta planina je na samo sat vremena

from Portland,

vožnje od Portlanda,

the largest city in Oregon

najvećeg grada u Oregonu,

where over two million people live.

u kome živi dva miliona ljudi.

Now, the most exciting thing

Za svakog istraživača pećina najzanimljivije je

for a cave explorer

is to find a new cave

kada se otkrije nova pećina

and be the first human to ever go into it.

i kada ste prva osoba koja u nju kroči.

The second most exciting thing

Druga najuzbudljivija stvar

for a cave explorer

za istraživača pećina je

is to be the first one to make a map of a cave.

da prvi napravite mapu pećine.

Now, these days,

Danas,

with so many people hiking around,

s mnogo planinara na sve strane

it's pretty hard to find a new cave,

vrlo je teško pronaći novu pećinu

so you can imagine how excited

tako da možete zamisliti naše uzbuđenje

we were to find three new caves

kada smo našli tri nove pećine

within sight of Oregon's largest city

na videlu najvećeg grada u Oregonu

and realize that they have never been explored

i shvatili da do sada nisu istraživane

or mapped before.

niti mapirane.

It was kind of like being an astronaut

Osećali smo se kao astronauti

because we were getting to see things

jer smo mogli da vidimo

and go places

i posetimo mesta

that no one had ever seen or gone before.

na koja niko nikad nije kročio.

So, what is a glacier?

A šta je glečer?

Well, those of you that have ever seen

Ako ste ikad videli

or touched snow,

i osetili sneg

you know that it's really light

znate da je veoma lagan,

because it's just a bunch of tiny ice crystals

jer se sastoji od hrpe sitnih kristala

clumped together

and it's mostly air.

i većinom vazduha.

If you squish a handful of snow

Ako stisnete sneg

to make a snowball,

da napravite grudvu,

it gets really small, hard, and dense.

postaće manji, tvrđi i gušći.

Well, in a mountain like Hood

Na planini kao što je Hud,

where it snows over twenty feet a year,

gde sneg pada i preko pola metra godišnje,

it crushes the air out of it

sneg potiskuje vazduh

and gradually forms it into hard, blue ice.

i postepeno se formira tvrdi plavi led.

Now, each year more and more ice

Svake godine se sve više

stacks up on top of it

leda nagomilava

and eventually gets so heavy

dok na kraju ne oteža toliko

that it starts to slide down the mountain

da počne da klizi niz padinu

under its own weight,

od sopstvene težine.

forming a slow-moving river of ice.

praveći reku leda koja se sporo kreće.

When an ice pack like that starts to move,

Kada se pokrene tako zgrušan led,

we call it a glacier

zovemo ga glečerom

and we give it a name.

i damo mu ime.

The name of the glacier these caves were formed

Ime glečera u kome su te pećine

is the Sandy Glacier.

je glečer Sendi.

Now, each year as new snow lands on the glacier,

Svake godine, kad novi sneg padne na glečer,

it melts in the summer sun,

on se topi pod letnjim suncem

and it forms little rivers of water

i u svom toku, pored leda, stvara i rečice

on the flow along the ice

zajedno s glečerom,

and they start to melt

i oni se zajedno tope

and bore their way down through the glacier,

i buše svoj put kroz glečer,

forming big networks of caves,

stvarajući velike mreže pećina,

sometimes going all the way down

ponekad čak i do donjeg,

to the underlying bedrock.

kamenitog sloja tla.

Now, the crazy thing about glacier caves

Zanimljivo je to što se svake godine

is that each year new tunnels form,

u glečerskim pećinama stvore novi tuneli.

U pećini se pojave i različiti vodopadi

different waterfalls pop up

or move around from place to place

koji mogu da se pomeraju s jednog mesta na drugo.

inside the cave.

Warm water from the top of the ice

Topla voda s površine leda

is boring its way down,

probija put ka dole

and warm air from below the mountain

a topao vazduh ispod planine

actually rises up,

se penje gore,

gets into the cave,

ulazi u pećinu

and melts the ceilings back taller and taller.

i sve više topi tavanicu.

But the weirdest thing about glacier caves

Najčudnije je to

is that the entire cave is moving

što se glečerske pećine kreću

because it's formed inside a block of ice

zato što su unutar gromade leda,

the size of a small city

veličine omanjeg grada,

that's slowly sliding down the mountain.

koja polako klizi niz planinu.

Now, this is Brent McGregor,

Ovo je Brent Makgregor,

my cave exploration partner.

moj partner u istraživanju pećina.

He and I have both been exploring caves a long time

Obojica dugo istražujemo pećine

and we've been climbing mountains a long time,

i dugo se pentramo po planinama,

but neither of us have ever really explored

ali dosad nismo istraživali

a glacier cave before.

nijednu glečersku pećinu.

Back in 2011, Brent saw a YouTube video

2011. godine, Brent je video snimak na Jutjubu

u kome su dva pešaka naišla

of a couple of hikers

that stumbled across the entrance

na ulaz

to one of these caves.

u jednu od ovih pećina.

There were no GPS coordinates for it,

Nisu postojale GPS koordinate do nje

and all we knew was that it was somewhere

i znali smo samo da je negde

out on the Sandy Glacier.

na glečeru Sendi.

So, in July of that year,

Jula iste godine

we went out on the glacier,

otišli smo na taj glečer

and we found a big crack in the ice.

i našli smo veliku pukotinu u ledu.

We had to build snow and ice anchors,

Morali smo da postavimo kuke u sneg i led

so we could tie off ropes

kako bismo vezali konopce

and repel down into the hole.

i spustili se u rupu.

This is me looking into the entrance crevasse.

Ovde ja gledam ulaznu pukotinu.

At the end of this hole,

Na kraju te rupe

we found a huge tunnel

smo našli ogroman tunel

going right up the mountain

koji je vodio tačno u planinu,

underneath thousands of tons of glacier ice.

ispod hiljada tona glečerskog leda.

Išli smo kroz pećinu skoro 800 metara do samog njenog kraja,

We followed this cave back

for about a half mile until it came to an end.

And then with the help of our survey tools,

a onda smo uz pomoć istraživačkog alata

we made a three-dimensional map of the cave

napravili trodimenzionalnu mapu pećine

on our way back out.

dok smo se vraćali nazad.

So, how do you map a cave?

Kako se pećina mapira?

Well, cave maps aren't like trail maps or road maps

Mape pećina nisu kao pešačke staze ili putevi

because they have pits and holes

zato što ima raznih rupa

going to overlapping levels.

koje se preklapaju na različitim nivoima.

To make a cave map,

Za mapiranje pećine

you have to set up survey stations

u njoj treba da se postave

every few feet inside the cave,

merne stanice na svakih pola metra

and you use a laser to measure the distance

pa se laserom meri razdaljina

between those stations.

između svake.

And you use a compass and an inclinometer

Potom se koriste kompas i inklinometar

to measure the direction the cave is headed

da se izmeri pravac u kome se pećina prostire

and measure the slope of the floor and the ceilings.

i nagib poda i tavanice.

Now, those of you taking trigonometry,

Onima koji znaju trigonometriju

that particular type of math

ti podaci su vrlo korisni

is very useful for making maps like this

za pravljenje takvih mapa

because it allows you to measure

zato što mogu da se izmere

heights and distances

visine i razdaljine

without actually having to go there.

bez odlaženja na samo mesto.

In fact, the more I mapped and studied caves,

Zapravo, što sam više mapirao i proučavao pećine

the more useful I found all that math

to mi je korisnija bila trigonometrija

that I originally hated in school to be.

koju sam prvo mrzeo u školi.

So, when you're done surveying,

Kada se završi s istraživanjem,

you take all this data,

svi ti podaci se uzmu

you punch it into the computer,

i pohrane se u računaru

and you find someone

i uz pomoć nekoga

that can draw really well,

ko dobro crta

and you have them draft up a map

sastavite skicu

that looks something like this.

nalik na ovu,

And it will show you both

koja prikazuje prolaz

a bird's eye view of the passage

iz ptičje perspektive

as well as a profile view of the passage,

kao i bočni presek prolaza,

kind of like an ant farm view.

nalik na presek mravlje kolonije.

We named this cave Snow Dragon Cave

Ovu pećinu smo nazvali Snežni zmaj

because it was like a big dragon

jer je kao veliki zmaj

sleeping under the snow.

koji spava pod snegom.

Now, later this summer

Istog tog leta,

as more snow melted off the glacier,

kako se sneg na glečeru topio,

we found more caves,

našli smo još pećina

and we realized they were all connected.

i shvatili da su sve povezane.

Not long after we mapped Snow Dragon,

Nedugo nakon mapiranja Snežnog zmaja

Brent discovered this new cave

Brent je nedaleko od njega otkrio novu pećinu.

not very far away.

The inside of it was coated with ice

Unutrašnjost joj je bila obložena snegom,

so we had to wear big spikes

te smo morali da na obući

in our feet called crampons,

nosimo krampone

so we could walk around without slipping.

protiv proklizavanja.

This cave was amazing!

Pećina je bila neverovatna.

The ice in the ceiling was glowing blue and green

Sneg na tavanici se presijavao na plavo i zeleno

because the sunlight from far above

jer su sunčevi zraci odozgo

was shining through the ice

padali kroz led

and lighting it all up.

i osvetljavali celu pećinu.

Now, we couldn't understand why this cave

Nije nam bilo jasno zašto je ta pećina

was so much colder than Snow Dragon

bila hladnija od Snežnog zmaja

until we got to the end,

dok nismo stigli do kraja

and we found out why.

i otkrili zašto.

There was a huge pit or shaft called a moulin

Otkrili smo ogroman otvor koji se zove „mulin“,

going a 130 feet straight up

dugačak 40 metara i koji ide

to the surface of the glacier.

do površine glečera.

Cold air from the top of the mountain

Hladan vazduh s vrha planine

was flowing down this hole,

se spuštao kroz tu rupu

blasting through the cave,

i šibao je pećinom,

freezing everything inside of it.

ledeći sve unutra.

And we were so excited about finding this new pit,

Bili smo toliko uzbuđeni zbog tog otkrića

we actually came back in January the following year

da smo se narednog januara vratili

so we could be the first ones to explore it.

kako bismo je prvi istraživali.

It was so cold outside,

Napolju je bilo toliko hladno

we actually had to sleep inside the cave.

da smo morali da spavamo u pećini.

Here's our camp on the left side

S leve strane ulaza se vidi naš kamp.

of this entrance room.

The next morning we climbed out of the cave

Narednog jutra smo se popeli iz pećine

and hiked all the way

i otpešačili sve do vrha glečera,

to the top of the glacier

where we finally rigged and repelled this pit

gde smo se konačno, uz pomoć konopca, uspentrali

for the very first time.

prvi put kroz taj prolaz.

Brent named this cave Pure Imagination, I think,

Brent je tu pećinu nazvao Čista mašta,

because the beautiful sights we saw in there

jer stvari koje smo tamo videli

were beyond what we could have ever imagined.

nismo mogli ni da zamislimo.

So, besides really cool ice,

Pored sveg tog leda,

what else is inside these caves?

čega još ima u pećinama?

Well, not too much lives in them

Skoro ih ništa ne nastanjuje

because they're so cold,

jer su jako hladne

and the entrance is actually covered up with snow

a ulazi su prekriveni snegom

for about eight months of the year,

skoro osam meseci godišnje.

but there are some really cool things in there.

Ali ima vrlo zanimljivih stvari.

There's weird bacteria living in the water

U vodi živi neobična bakterija

that actually eat and digest rocks

koja se hrani kamenjem i vari ga

to make their own food

da bi sebi napravila hranu

to live under this ice.

i živela pod ledom.

Ovoga leta su naučnici sakupili

In fact, this past summer

scientists collected samples of water and ice

uzorke vode i leda

specifically to see if things called extremophiles,

da provere da li ekstremofili,

tiny lifeforms that have evolved

mali organizmi

to live in a completely hostile conditions,

koji su se prilagodili lošim uslovima,

might be living under the ice,

mogu da žive pod ledom,

kind of like what they hope to find

kao da se nadaju da će jednog dana na Marsu naći polarne kape.

in the polar ice caps of Mars some day.

Another really cool thing

Zanimljivo je i to što,

is that as seeds and birds land

kada se seme ili ptice spuste

on the surface of the glacier and die,

na površinu glečera pa uginu,

they get buried in the snow

oni porinu u sneg

and gradually become part of the glacier,

i na kraju postanu deo njega,

sinking deeper and deeper into the ice.

tonući sve dublje i dublje.

As these caves form

Kako se ove pećine formiraju,

and melt their way up into the ice,

i tope sve do leda,

they make these artifacts rain down from the ceiling

takvi artefakti se sliju kroz tavanicu

and fall into the cave floor

i padnu na pod,

where we end up finding them.

gde ih mi na kraju nađemo.

For example, this is a nodal first seed we found.

Pronašli smo npr. ovo seme plave jele.

It's been frozen in ice for over a hundred years,

Zaleđeno je preko 100 godina,

and it's just now starting to sprout.

i tek sada počinje da klija.

This mallard duck feather was found over 1800 feet

Ovo pero divlje patke pronađeno je na udaljenosti

in the back of Snow Dragon Cave.

od pola kilometra u Zmajevoj pećini.

This duck died on the surface

Patka je davno uginula na površini glečera

of the glacier long, long ago,

and its feathers have finally made it down

i njeno perje je prošlo

through over a hundred feet of ice

kroz 30m leda

before falling inside the cave.

dok nije upalo u pećinu.

And this beautiful quartz crystal

A ovaj divni kvarcni kristal

was also found in the back of Snow Dragon.

je pronađen na kraju Snežnog zmaja.

Even now Brent and I find it hard to believe

Brent i ja još ne možemo da verujemo

that all these discoveries

da smo sve te stvari otkrili

were essentially in our own backyard,

praktično na sopstvenom pragu,

hidden away just waiting to be found.

kao da su tako skrivene samo čekale da budu pronađene.

Like I said earlier,

Kao što sam već rekao,

the idea of discovery

ideja otkrivanja

in this busy world we live in

u užurbanom svetu u kome živimo

kind of seems like something

čini se da je

you can only do with space travel now,

poput putovanja svemirom,

but that's not true.

što nije istina.

Every year new caves get discovered

Svake godine se otkriju nove pećine

that no one has ever been in before.

koje niko do tad nije video.

So, it's actually not too late

Još nije kasno da i vi postanete istraživači.

for one of you to become a discoverer yourself.

You just have to be willing to look

Treba samo da budete voljni da zavirite

and go where people don't often go

i kročite na mesta gde ljudi obično ne idu

and focus your eyes and your mind

i da oči i um usredsredite

to recognize the discovery when you see it

na prepoznavanje pravog otkrića,

because it might be in your own backyard.

jer ona mogu ležati na vašem kućnom pragu.

Thank you very much.

Hvala.