My glacier cave discoveries - Eddy Cartaya
我的發現:冰之洞穴 - 艾迪卡特亞 (Eddy Cartaya)
127,673 views ・ 2013-12-11
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譯者: Elanor Chang
審譯者: Chingwen Kao
00:12
So how many of you
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在你們之中,
00:13
have ever been in a cave before?
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有誰曾經去過洞穴呢?
00:15
Okay, a few of you.
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嗯,有一些人去過。
00:16
When you think of a cave,
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談及洞穴,
00:17
most of you think of a tunnel
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大部分的人想到的是
00:19
going through solid rock.
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一個穿過實心岩層的通道。
00:20
In fact, that's how most caves are.
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事實上,大部分的洞穴都是那樣的。
00:22
Around this half of the country,
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在這個國家
00:24
most of your caves are made of limestone.
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絕大部分的洞穴都是石灰岩層;
00:26
Back where I'm from,
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00:26
most of our caves are made from lava rock
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而在我的家鄉
大部分的洞穴則是穿過火山岩的,
00:28
because we have a lot of volcanoes out there.
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因為在那裏有很多火山。
00:31
But the caves I want to share with you today
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但是今天我要和你們分享的洞穴
00:32
are made completely of ice,
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是由冰塊構成的,
00:34
specifically glacier ice
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尤其是位於
00:35
as formed in the side of the tallest mountain
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奧勒岡州最高的山脈Mount Hood
00:37
in the state of Oregon
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的冰河地區
00:39
called Mount Hood.
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所形成的冰穴。
00:40
Now, Mount Hood's only one hour's drive
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波特蘭是奧勒岡州最大的城市,
00:43
from Portland,
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有兩百多萬人居住在那裏。
00:44
the largest city in Oregon
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而從波特蘭開車到Mount Hood
00:45
where over two million people live.
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只需要一個小時。
00:47
Now, the most exciting thing
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對一個洞穴探勘者來說,
00:49
for a cave explorer
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最令人興奮的事情就是
00:50
is to find a new cave
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發現一個新的洞穴,
00:51
and be the first human to ever go into it.
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並且成為第一個進去的人類。
00:54
The second most exciting thing
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而對洞穴探勘者來說,
00:55
for a cave explorer
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第二令人興奮的事情則是
00:56
is to be the first one to make a map of a cave.
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成為第一個為洞穴製作地圖的人。
00:58
Now, these days,
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現在啊
00:59
with so many people hiking around,
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有好多人四處健行
01:00
it's pretty hard to find a new cave,
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所以很難再發現新的洞穴
01:02
so you can imagine how excited
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所以你可以想像
01:03
we were to find three new caves
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當我們在奧勒岡州最大的城市附近
01:05
within sight of Oregon's largest city
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找到三個洞穴,
01:08
and realize that they have never been explored
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並且發現沒有人
曾進去探勘或繪製地圖時,
01:10
or mapped before.
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我們有多麼的興奮了!
01:11
It was kind of like being an astronaut
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這有點像是太空人在做的事,
01:12
because we were getting to see things
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因為我們就是要去
01:14
and go places
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看各種人所未見的東西,
01:15
that no one had ever seen or gone before.
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去各種人所未至的地方。
01:18
So, what is a glacier?
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嗯,所以甚麼是冰川呢?
01:20
Well, those of you that have ever seen
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如果你曾經
01:21
or touched snow,
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看過或者摸過雪,
01:22
you know that it's really light
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你就知道雪花非常的輕
01:23
because it's just a bunch of tiny ice crystals
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因為它就只是一些微小的冰晶
01:24
clumped together
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聚在一起
01:25
and it's mostly air.
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而且其中絕大部分都是空氣。
01:27
If you squish a handful of snow
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如果你把一坨雪聚在一起
01:28
to make a snowball,
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揉成一個雪球,
01:29
it gets really small, hard, and dense.
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它就會變得又小又硬,而且很扎實。
01:31
Well, in a mountain like Hood
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在一座像是Mount Hood的山裡
01:33
where it snows over twenty feet a year,
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每年都會有超過6公尺深的積雪,
01:35
it crushes the air out of it
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在積雪時,空氣會被擠出來,
01:37
and gradually forms it into hard, blue ice.
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然後漸漸形成一個硬梆梆的藍色冰塊。
01:40
Now, each year more and more ice
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逐年累積下來,
01:42
stacks up on top of it
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積雪越堆越高,
01:43
and eventually gets so heavy
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最後實在太重了,
01:45
that it starts to slide down the mountain
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他自己本身的重量
01:47
under its own weight,
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會使它開始滑下山,
01:48
forming a slow-moving river of ice.
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構成一個緩慢移動的冰流。
01:50
When an ice pack like that starts to move,
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當像這樣的一堆冰塊開始移動時,
01:53
we call it a glacier
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我們就稱它為冰川,
01:54
and we give it a name.
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並且幫它命名。
01:55
The name of the glacier these caves were formed
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我們發現冰穴的冰川
01:57
is the Sandy Glacier.
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就叫山迪冰川。
01:58
Now, each year as new snow lands on the glacier,
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每年有新的雪飄落在冰川上,
02:02
it melts in the summer sun,
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然後在夏天融化,
02:03
and it forms little rivers of water
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變成沿著冰流動的
02:05
on the flow along the ice
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涓涓細流。
02:06
and they start to melt
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在它們開始融化,
02:07
and bore their way down through the glacier,
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然後一點一滴的鑿穿這些冰川
02:09
forming big networks of caves,
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建構出一個大的冰穴網時,
02:11
sometimes going all the way down
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有時候也會鑿到冰的底部
02:13
to the underlying bedrock.
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到達下方的岩層。
02:14
Now, the crazy thing about glacier caves
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關於這些冰穴最瘋狂的事情就是
02:17
is that each year new tunnels form,
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當每年新的通道被鑿出來時,
02:20
different waterfalls pop up
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就會有不同的瀑布出現,
02:21
or move around from place to place
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或者這些瀑布會在這些山洞裡
02:22
inside the cave.
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移來移去。
02:24
Warm water from the top of the ice
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從冰的頂端而來的溫暖的水
02:25
is boring its way down,
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會往下鑿;
02:27
and warm air from below the mountain
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而在山腳下的溫暖的空氣
02:29
actually rises up,
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則會上升,
02:30
gets into the cave,
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進入這些冰穴,
02:31
and melts the ceilings back taller and taller.
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然後使冰穴的頂部
一點一點的融化。
02:34
But the weirdest thing about glacier caves
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但最奇怪的事情是
02:36
is that the entire cave is moving
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這整個冰穴網會移動,
02:38
because it's formed inside a block of ice
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因為它形成於一冰塊之內,
02:40
the size of a small city
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這冰塊大如一座小城市,
02:42
that's slowly sliding down the mountain.
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正在慢慢的滑下山。
02:45
Now, this is Brent McGregor,
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這個人是Brent McGregor,
02:46
my cave exploration partner.
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他是我進行時洞穴探勘的夥伴。
02:48
He and I have both been exploring caves a long time
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我們都曾經花很長的時間探索過洞穴,
02:50
and we've been climbing mountains a long time,
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也都曾經花很長的時間爬山,
02:53
but neither of us have ever really explored
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但是,我們兩個之前都不曾
02:54
a glacier cave before.
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真的探索過冰穴。
02:56
Back in 2011, Brent saw a YouTube video
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2011年的時候,Brent在You Tube看到一段影片,
02:59
of a couple of hikers
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影片裡一些登山客
03:00
that stumbled across the entrance
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蹣跚地穿越
03:01
to one of these caves.
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其中一個冰穴的入口。
03:02
There were no GPS coordinates for it,
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當時並沒有GPS定位這個入口在哪,
03:04
and all we knew was that it was somewhere
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我們所知的僅有
03:06
out on the Sandy Glacier.
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它就在山迪冰川的某處。
03:08
So, in July of that year,
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在那年的七月
03:09
we went out on the glacier,
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我們便去了山迪冰川,
03:10
and we found a big crack in the ice.
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然後在冰塊中發現了一個大大的裂口。
03:12
We had to build snow and ice anchors,
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我們得建造一些冰錨,
03:14
so we could tie off ropes
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才能把繩子綁好
03:16
and repel down into the hole.
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然後進到這個洞穴。
03:18
This is me looking into the entrance crevasse.
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這是我往冰縫入口處看時的樣子。
03:20
At the end of this hole,
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在這個洞穴的底部,
03:21
we found a huge tunnel
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我們發現一個巨大的通道
03:23
going right up the mountain
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直直的進入這座山,
03:24
underneath thousands of tons of glacier ice.
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在數千噸重的冰川之下。
03:27
We followed this cave back
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我們沿著這個洞穴走了
03:28
for about a half mile until it came to an end.
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差不多800公尺,直到它的盡頭。
03:31
And then with the help of our survey tools,
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然後在調查工具的幫助下,
03:33
we made a three-dimensional map of the cave
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在回程時,我們為這個洞穴
03:35
on our way back out.
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製作了一個3D的地圖。
03:37
So, how do you map a cave?
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到底是要怎麼為洞穴繪製地圖呢?
03:39
Well, cave maps aren't like trail maps or road maps
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洞穴的地圖不像
山徑的地圖或者道路的地圖,
03:41
because they have pits and holes
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因為在洞穴裡有許多坑洞
03:43
going to overlapping levels.
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重重疊疊的。
03:45
To make a cave map,
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要製作一個洞穴的地圖,
03:46
you have to set up survey stations
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得在洞穴裡每隔幾十公分
03:47
every few feet inside the cave,
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就設置一個調查站,
03:49
and you use a laser to measure the distance
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然後使用雷射光測量
03:51
between those stations.
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兩個調查站間的距離。
03:52
And you use a compass and an inclinometer
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然後還要用到指南針和側斜儀
03:55
to measure the direction the cave is headed
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來測量這個洞穴延伸的方向
03:57
and measure the slope of the floor and the ceilings.
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還有洞穴上下傾斜的角度。
03:59
Now, those of you taking trigonometry,
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在這時候,你們之中有學過
04:01
that particular type of math
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三角函數的人
04:03
is very useful for making maps like this
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就派上用場了!
04:05
because it allows you to measure
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因為我們可以藉著三角函數
04:06
heights and distances
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計算高度和距離,
04:07
without actually having to go there.
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而不需要親身到那裏測量。
04:09
In fact, the more I mapped and studied caves,
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事實上,當我測量和研究越來越多洞穴時,
04:12
the more useful I found all that math
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我便愈發覺得數學真的很實用,
04:13
that I originally hated in school to be.
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雖然我以前上學時超討厭它的。
04:16
So, when you're done surveying,
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當完成調查後,
04:17
you take all this data,
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就帶著這些數據,
04:18
you punch it into the computer,
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輸到電腦裡,
04:20
and you find someone
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再找些
04:21
that can draw really well,
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真的很會畫畫的人,
04:22
and you have them draft up a map
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再叫他們擬出個地圖
04:24
that looks something like this.
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長的會像這樣。
04:26
And it will show you both
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它會呈現出
04:27
a bird's eye view of the passage
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洞穴的鳥瞰圖
04:29
as well as a profile view of the passage,
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及剖面圖,
04:31
kind of like an ant farm view.
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有點像是蟻穴。
04:33
We named this cave Snow Dragon Cave
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我們把它命名為雪龍洞穴,
04:35
because it was like a big dragon
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因為它真的很像一隻巨大的龍
04:36
sleeping under the snow.
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沉睡在雪下。
04:38
Now, later this summer
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之後,在那年夏天
04:39
as more snow melted off the glacier,
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當越來越多雪融,化做水離開冰川,
04:41
we found more caves,
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我們發現更多的冰穴,
04:42
and we realized they were all connected.
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然後發現到它們穴穴相連。
04:44
Not long after we mapped Snow Dragon,
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在我們繪製出雪龍洞穴的地圖不久之後,
04:46
Brent discovered this new cave
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Brent發現了這個新的洞穴,
04:48
not very far away.
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離雪龍洞穴並不遠。
04:49
The inside of it was coated with ice
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它的內部有一層冰,
04:52
so we had to wear big spikes
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所以我們得穿上釘鞋,
04:53
in our feet called crampons,
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也就是冰爪,
04:55
so we could walk around without slipping.
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我們才能好好走路而不至於滑倒。
04:57
This cave was amazing!
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這個新洞穴超棒的!
04:59
The ice in the ceiling was glowing blue and green
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頂端的冰塊閃耀著藍綠色的光芒,
05:01
because the sunlight from far above
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這是因為太陽光從很遠的地方照射過來
05:03
was shining through the ice
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穿過層層冰塊,
05:04
and lighting it all up.
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使得一切都亮了起來。
05:06
Now, we couldn't understand why this cave
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我們之前還想不透
05:07
was so much colder than Snow Dragon
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為什麼這個洞穴比雪龍冰洞冷上許多,
05:09
until we got to the end,
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直到我們走到它的盡頭
05:11
and we found out why.
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才發現原因。
05:12
There was a huge pit or shaft called a moulin
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那裏有個巨大的坑洞,我們稱為冰洞,
05:15
going a 130 feet straight up
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它往上穿過了40公尺的冰層
05:17
to the surface of the glacier.
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直達冰川的表面。
05:19
Cold air from the top of the mountain
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冷空氣從山頂
05:20
was flowing down this hole,
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進入這個冰洞,
05:22
blasting through the cave,
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然後在這洞穴裡肆虐
05:23
freezing everything inside of it.
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把裡面所有東西都結凍了。
05:26
And we were so excited about finding this new pit,
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我們真的很興奮可以找到這個冰洞,
05:28
we actually came back in January the following year
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事實上我們還在隔年一月回去這個洞穴
05:30
so we could be the first ones to explore it.
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好成為第一個探索它的人。
05:33
It was so cold outside,
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當時洞穴外面真的太冷了,
05:34
we actually had to sleep inside the cave.
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實際上我們得睡在洞穴裡面。
05:37
Here's our camp on the left side
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這就是我們的帳蓬,
05:38
of this entrance room.
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它位在洞穴入口的左側。
05:40
The next morning we climbed out of the cave
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隔天早上我們出了洞穴,
05:42
and hiked all the way
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然後一路健行
05:44
to the top of the glacier
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到冰川的最頂端。
05:45
where we finally rigged and repelled this pit
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在那裏我們終於第一次
05:47
for the very first time.
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垂降探索這個冰洞。
05:49
Brent named this cave Pure Imagination, I think,
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Brent把這個洞穴取名為純想像
05:51
because the beautiful sights we saw in there
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我猜是因為在那裏面的景色實在太壯麗了,
05:53
were beyond what we could have ever imagined.
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遠遠超越我們所能想像的。
05:55
So, besides really cool ice,
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嗯,除了那些超冰的冰塊,
05:57
what else is inside these caves?
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這些洞穴裡還有些什麼呢?
05:59
Well, not too much lives in them
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那裏並沒有太多生命跡象,
06:00
because they're so cold,
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因為實在是太冷了。
06:01
and the entrance is actually covered up with snow
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而且事實上一年中有八個月,
06:03
for about eight months of the year,
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入口是被冰雪所覆蓋的。
06:05
but there are some really cool things in there.
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但那裏也有一些真的很酷的東西。
06:07
There's weird bacteria living in the water
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有一些怪異的細菌住在那裏,
06:09
that actually eat and digest rocks
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這些細菌可以吃和消化岩石
06:11
to make their own food
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作為牠們的食物來源
06:13
to live under this ice.
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才能生存在這冰塊之下。
06:15
In fact, this past summer
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事實上,這個夏天,
06:16
scientists collected samples of water and ice
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科學家們收集了水和冰塊的樣本
06:18
specifically to see if things called extremophiles,
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就為了看看一種叫做嗜極菌的
06:21
tiny lifeforms that have evolved
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微小生命型態有沒有生存在這,
06:23
to live in a completely hostile conditions,
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因為嗜極菌通常生存在極度嚴苛的環境。
06:25
might be living under the ice,
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而這裡的環境
06:27
kind of like what they hope to find
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類似他們希望未來
可能找到嗜極菌的地方--
06:28
in the polar ice caps of Mars some day.
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火星的極地冰層。
06:31
Another really cool thing
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另一件很酷的事情是
06:32
is that as seeds and birds land
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當種子和鳥兒降落在
06:33
on the surface of the glacier and die,
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冰川的表面然後死去,
06:35
they get buried in the snow
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它們會被雪掩蓋,
06:37
and gradually become part of the glacier,
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然後漸漸成為冰川的一部份,
06:39
sinking deeper and deeper into the ice.
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往冰塊裡愈沉愈深。
06:41
As these caves form
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而當這些洞穴形成
06:42
and melt their way up into the ice,
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使它們四周的雪便會融化時,
06:44
they make these artifacts rain down from the ceiling
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它們就會從洞穴的頂端
06:46
and fall into the cave floor
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像下雨一樣的掉下來,
06:48
where we end up finding them.
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掉到洞穴的地上,被我們發現。
06:49
For example, this is a nodal first seed we found.
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舉例來說,這是個被我們發現的種子。
06:52
It's been frozen in ice for over a hundred years,
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它已經被冰雪塵封超過一百年了,
06:55
and it's just now starting to sprout.
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而它現在正開始發芽。
06:57
This mallard duck feather was found over 1800 feet
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這個綠頭鴨的羽毛則是在雪龍洞穴後面
07:01
in the back of Snow Dragon Cave.
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五百多公尺的地方發現的。
07:03
This duck died on the surface
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很久很久以前,
07:04
of the glacier long, long ago,
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這隻鴨子在冰川的表面死掉,
07:05
and its feathers have finally made it down
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然後牠的羽毛就這麼慢慢下沉,
07:07
through over a hundred feet of ice
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跨越超過30公尺的冰,
07:09
before falling inside the cave.
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到達洞穴裡的頂部。
07:11
And this beautiful quartz crystal
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而這個美麗的石英結晶
07:12
was also found in the back of Snow Dragon.
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也是在雪龍洞穴後方找到的。
07:15
Even now Brent and I find it hard to believe
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直到現在我跟Brent都還很難相信
07:17
that all these discoveries
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這些發現都是
07:18
were essentially in our own backyard,
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在離我們不遠的後花園找到的。
07:20
hidden away just waiting to be found.
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它們就藏在那兒,等著被我們發現。
07:23
Like I said earlier,
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就像我之前說過的,
07:24
the idea of discovery
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在現在這個繁忙的世界裡,
07:25
in this busy world we live in
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「發現」這件事情
07:26
kind of seems like something
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好像已經變成是一種
07:27
you can only do with space travel now,
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你只能在太空旅行才能經歷到的事情了。
07:30
but that's not true.
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但這絕非真相!
07:31
Every year new caves get discovered
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每年都有新的洞穴被發現,
07:33
that no one has ever been in before.
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它們都是之前未曾有人探訪過的。
07:35
So, it's actually not too late
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所以,讓你自己成為一個發現者
07:36
for one of you to become a discoverer yourself.
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永遠不嫌太晚。
07:39
You just have to be willing to look
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你只要願意去看、去探訪
07:41
and go where people don't often go
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那些人們不常去的地方,
07:43
and focus your eyes and your mind
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並且讓你的眼和你的心保持專注,
07:46
to recognize the discovery when you see it
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這樣當某個新發現出現時,你可以馬上認出它來,
07:48
because it might be in your own backyard.
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因為它可能離你並不遠。
07:50
Thank you very much.
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謝謝你們的聆聽。
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