The beneficial bacteria that make delicious food - Erez Garty

1,819,984 views ・ 2016-01-19

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Joowon Lee κ²€ν† : Kyunghee Jung
00:06
Where does bread get its fluffiness?
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빡은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν‘Ήμ‹ ν•΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
00:09
Swiss cheese its holes?
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μŠ€μœ„μŠ€ μΉ˜μ¦ˆλŠ” μ™œ ꡬ멍이 μƒκΈΈκΉŒμš”?
00:11
And what makes vinegar so sour?
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μ‹μ΄ˆλŠ” μ™œ μ‹€κΉŒμš”?
00:13
These foods may taste completely different,
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이 μŒμ‹λ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ 맛이 λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ,
00:16
but all of these phenomena come from tiny organisms chowing down on sugar
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이 μŒμ‹λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘μ—” λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜
00:21
and belching up some culinary byproducts.
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μŒμ‹μ— λŒ€ν•œ μž‘μš©κ³Ό λ‹Ή λΆ„ν•΄ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:24
Let's start with yeast.
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μ΄μŠ€νŠΈλΆ€ν„° μ•Œμ•„λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:26
Yeast are single-celled fungi used to make bread, beer, and wine,
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μ΄μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” 단세포 곰팑이둜 λΉ΅, λ§₯μ£Ό, 와인을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° μ“°μ—¬μš”.
00:32
among other products.
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00:33
Yeast break down carbohydrates, like sugar,
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μ΄μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” 섀탕같은 νƒ„μˆ˜ν™”λ¬Όμ„ λΆ„ν•΄ν•΄μ„œ
00:36
to get energy and the molecules they need to function.
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μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ™€ κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ™€ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ–»κ²Œν•˜μ£ .
00:39
They have two different ways to do this:
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두가지 방식이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
00:41
the oxygen-dependent, or aerobic, pathway,
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μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²½λ‘œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
and the oxygen-independent, anaerobic pathway,
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μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것을 ν˜κΈ°μ„± 과정이라 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
00:48
which is also called fermentation.
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이것을 발효라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
When you bake bread, yeast can use both pathways,
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빡을 κ΅¬μšΈλ•Œ μ΄μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” 두 경둜λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
00:53
but they normally prefer to start with the anaerobic process of fermentation.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 보톡은 ν˜κΈ°μ„± 과정인 λ°œνš¨λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
In this process, ethanol is produced in addition to CO2.
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이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ, μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œμ™€ μ—νƒ„μ˜¬μ΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€μ£ .
01:03
No, bread isn't alcoholic.
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아뇨, λΉ΅μ—” μ•Œμ½œμ΄ μ—†μ–΄μš”.
01:05
Small amounts of alcohol that are secreted evaporate during baking.
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빡이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ μž‘μ€ μ–‘μ˜ μ•Œμ½œμ€ 증발되죠.
01:09
In the aerobic, or oxygen-dependent pathway,
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ν˜ΈκΈ°μ„± κ³Όμ •, 즉 μ‚°μ†Œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
01:12
the yeast consume some of the sugar
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μ΄μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” 섀탕을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ 
01:14
and produce carbon dioxide gas, or CO2, and water.
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CO2, μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
물도 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έμš”.
01:19
In both processes, the CO2 accumulates and creates tiny bubbles.
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두 경둜 λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ κ°€μŠ€λŠ” μž‘μ€ λ°©μšΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ”λ°,
01:24
These bubbles get trapped by gluten and create a sponge-like structure
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이 λ°©μšΈλ“€μ€ 글루텐에 κ°‡ν˜€ λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°€μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μŠ€νŽ€μ§€ 같은 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 남죠.
01:29
that gives the bread its soft texture.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 빡이 ν­μ‹ ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”.
01:32
Wine also relies on yeast.
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와인 λ˜ν•œ 이슀트둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έμš”.
01:34
But a wine-making set-up keeps the oxygen levels low
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그런데 와인을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„  μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•΄μš”.
01:37
so that yeast consume sugar using fermentation,
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이슀트의 ν˜κΈ°μ„± 섀탕 발효λ₯Ό 돕기 μœ„ν•¨μ΄μ£ .
01:40
the anaerobic pathway.
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01:42
The process often starts with wild yeasts already hanging out on the grapes.
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μ΄μŠ€νŠΈκ°€ ν¬λ„μ•Œμ— λΆ™μœΌλ©΄μ„œ κ·Έ μž‘μš©μ€ μ‹œμž‘ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
But to get consistent results,
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항상 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
01:49
most winemakers also add carefully selected strains of yeast
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ™€μΈμ œμ‘°μ—…μžλ“€μ€ 높은 μ•Œμ½œλŸ‰μ„ κ²¬λ”œ 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:54
that can tolerate high levels of alcohol.
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이슀트λ₯Ό μ‹ μ€‘ν•˜κ²Œ 골라 μ²¨κ°€μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
The yeast consume the sugar in the grape juice,
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μ΄μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” ν¬λ„μ£ΌμŠ€μ—μ„œ 섀탕을 μ†Œλͺ¨ν•˜μ£ .
01:59
and as the sugar level drops,
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μ„€νƒ•λŸ‰μ΄ 쀄어듦에 따라
02:01
the alcohol level rises.
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μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬μ΄ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:03
This doesn't necessarily mean that sweeter wines have less alcohol.
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더 단 와인이 μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬μ΄ μ λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λœ»ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Different types of grapes start with different amounts of sugar,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ ν¬λ„λŠ” 각기 λ‹€λ₯Έμ–‘μ˜ 섀탕을 κ°€μ§€κ³  있고,
02:10
and sugar can also be added.
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섀탕이 첨가 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
What happens to the carbon dioxide?
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œμ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μƒκΈΈκΉŒμš”?
02:14
It just bubbles away through a vent.
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곡기ꡬ멍으둜 사라지고 λ§μ•„μš”.
02:16
In carbonated alcoholic beverages, like champagne and beer,
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μƒ΄νŽ˜μΈκ³Ό λ§₯주같이 탄산이 λ“  μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬ μŒλ£Œμ—μ„œ
02:19
sealed containers are used in primary or secondary fermentation
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μš©κΈ°λŠ” 일차 ν˜Ήμ€ 이차 λ°œνš¨μ— μ‚¬μš©λ˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μž κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
to keep the carbon dioxide in the bottle.
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병에 μžˆλŠ” μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ λΉ μ Έλ‚˜κ°€λŠ” κ±Έ 막기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ§€μš”.
02:27
Wine also introduces us to our second type of food-producing microorganism:
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와인을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ 미생물이 μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
bacteria.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ£ .
02:33
A special strain of bacteria
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ”
02:34
turns a tart compound in grape juice into softer tasting ones
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ν¬λ„μ£ΌμŠ€μ˜ μ‹œνΌν•œ 성뢄을 λΆ€λ“œλŸ½κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
02:39
that are responsible for some of the flavors in red wines and chardonnays.
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적포도주와 μƒ€λ„λ„€μ˜ ν–₯을 λ‚΄κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:44
Another type of bacteria, called acetic acid bacteria,
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μ΄ˆμ‚°κ· κ°™μ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ”
02:47
isn't so desirable in wine,
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μ™€μΈμ—κ²Œ μ’‹μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
02:49
but they have their function, too.
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ μ“Έ λ§Œν•œ μ΄μœ κ°€ 있긴 ν•΄μš”.
02:51
If there's oxygen around,
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μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ,
02:53
these bacteria convert the ethanol in wine into, well, acetic acid.
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μ΄ˆμ‚°κ· μ΄ μ•Œμ½œμ„ μ΄ˆμ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ“ μš”.
02:58
Let this process continue and you'll eventually get vinegar.
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이 과정이 κ³„μ†λ˜λ©΄ μ‹μ΄ˆκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
Bacteria are the key for cheese, too.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 치즈 μ œμ‘°μ—λ„ ν•„μˆ˜μ£ .
03:06
To make cheese, milk is inoculated with bacteria.
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치즈λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μš°μœ μ— λ„£λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:09
The bacteria gobble up the lactose, a kind of sugar,
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ μ„€νƒ•μ˜ 일쒅인 λ½ν† μŠ€λ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ–΄μΉ˜μš°κ³ 
03:13
and produce lactic acid, along with many other chemicals.
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λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆκ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 락토산을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
As the milk gets more and more acidic,
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μš°μœ μ— 더 λ§Žμ€ 산이 μƒμ„±λ μˆ˜λ‘
03:19
its proteins start to aggregate and curdle.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ μ‘κ³ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
That's why spoiled milk is clumpy.
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μƒν•œ μš°μœ κ°€ 덩어리진 μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Cheesemakers usually add an enzyme called rennet,
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치즈 μ œμ‘°μ—…μ²΄λ“€μ€ λ ˆλ„·μ΄λΌλŠ” νš¨μ†Œλ₯Ό μ¨μš”.
03:29
naturally found inside of cows, goats, and some other mammals
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이 νš¨μ†ŒλŠ” μ –μ†Œλ‚˜ μ—Όμ†Œκ°™μ€ 포유λ₯˜μ—μ„œ μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:33
to help this process along.
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응고과정을 도와주죠.
03:35
Eventually, those little curdles turn into bigger curds,
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결과적으둜 μž‘κ²Œ 응어리가 점점 컀져
03:38
which are pressed to squeeze out the water,
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물을 짜 λ‚΄λ©΄
03:41
and create a firm cheese.
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λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ μΉ˜μ¦ˆκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Different strains of bacteria make different kinds of cheese.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 치즈λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
For example, a species of bacteria that emits carbon dioxide
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ”
03:51
is what gives swiss cheese its characteristic holes.
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ꡬ멍이 νŠΉμ§•μ μΈ μŠ€μœ„μŠ€ μΉ˜μ¦ˆκ°€ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
Some cheeses, brie and camembert, use another kind of microorganism, too:
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λΈŒλ¦¬μ™€ 까망베λ₯΄ 같은 μΉ˜μ¦ˆλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 미생물을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
mold.
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곰팑이 μ’…λ₯˜μ£ .
04:01
So your kitchen functions as a sort of biotechnology lab
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이처럼 λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 주방은 마치
λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ μš”λ¦¬λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν•˜λŠ” λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ
04:05
manned by microorganisms that culture your cuisine.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ 생λͺ… 곡학 연ꡬ싀 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Yogurt, soy sauce, sour cream, sauerkraut,
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μš”κ±°νŠΈ, κ°„μž₯, μ‚¬μ›Œν¬λ¦Ό, μ‚¬μš°μ–΄ν¬λž,
04:13
kefir, kimchi, kombucha, cheddar, challah, pita, and naan.
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캐피어, κΉ€μΉ˜, μ½€λΆ€μ°¨, 체닀, 할라, 피타, 그리고 λ‚œ 이 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€μš”.
04:19
But maybe not all at the same dinner.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό ν•œ μ‹νƒμ—μ„œ λ³Ό 순 μ—†κ² μ£ .
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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