How the Mongols used horses to create an empire - William T. Taylor

521,240 views ・ 2023-03-09

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: μ†Œμ—° κΉ€ κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
People have been captivated by horses for a long time.
0
6753
3920
말은 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 인λ₯˜μ—κ²Œ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
They appear more than any other animal in cave paintings
1
10840
3670
μ‚Όλ§Œ λ…„ μ „ 기둝된 동꡴ λ²½ν™”μ—μ„œ
00:14
dating back 30,000 years.
2
14510
2545
κ°€μž₯ 많이 λ“±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 동물이죠.
00:17
But how did horses make the journey from wild animals
3
17263
3921
κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 말은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 야생 λ™λ¬Όμ—μ„œ
00:21
to ones humans could hitch themselves to and even ride,
4
21184
4004
μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ κΈΈλ“€μ—¬μ Έ μŠΉμš©κΉŒμ§€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:25
determining the fate of civilizations and dramatically altering history?
5
25188
4754
κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ¬Έλͺ…μ˜ 운λͺ…을 κ²°μ •ν•˜κ³  역사λ₯Ό 크게 λ°”κΏ” λ†“μ•˜μ£ .
00:30
Equids originally evolved in North America.
6
30860
3253
말과 동물은 μ›λž˜ λΆλ―Έμ—μ„œ μΆœν˜„ν•΄ μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
Sometime after 4 million years ago,
7
34530
3087
μ•½ 4백만 λ…„ 전에
00:37
ancient equid species began trotting across the Bering land bridge.
8
37658
4672
μ›μ‹œ 말과 동물이 배링 ν•΄ν˜‘μ„ κ±΄λ„ˆκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
Eventually, they spread through Eurasia and into Africa,
9
42497
3837
μœ λΌμ‹œμ•„μ™€ 아프리카 λŒ€λ₯™ 곳곳에 νΌμ§€λ©΄μ„œ
00:46
diversifying into the lineages that would lead to modern-day horses,
10
46501
4379
μ—¬λŸ¬ ν›„μ†μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„ν™”λ˜μ–΄
ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 말과 λ‹Ήλ‚˜κ·€, μ–Όλ£©λ§λ‘œ 갈라쑌죠.
00:50
donkeys, and zebras.
11
50880
1835
00:53
Early humans, including generations of the first people to live in the Americas,
12
53341
4921
아메리카 원주민을 포함해 초기 인λ₯˜λŠ”
00:58
hunted wild horses, sometimes fashioning their bones into tools.
13
58262
4630
야생 말을 사λƒ₯ν•˜κ³  말 뼈λ₯Ό κΉŽμ•„ 도ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
Then, between 15,000 and 5,000 years ago,
14
63392
3921
만였천 λ…„μ—μ„œ 였천 λ…„ μ „ 사이
01:07
likely because of a changing climate, hunting by humans,
15
67313
3629
κΈ°ν›„ 변화와 μΈκ°„μ˜ κ³Όλ„ν•œ 사λƒ₯,
01:10
and competition with bison,
16
70942
2043
λ“€μ†Œμ™€μ˜ 경쟁으둜
01:13
horses disappeared from the American archaeological record.
17
73194
3670
말은 μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ˜ κ³ κ³ ν•™ κΈ°λ‘μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
But they’d be back eventually.
18
77115
1960
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ²°κ΅­μ—” λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„μ™”μ£ .
01:19
In the meantime, on the other side of the world around 2,000 BCE,
19
79617
4796
ν•œνŽΈ 기원전 이천 λ…„, 지ꡬ λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ—μ„œλŠ”
01:24
something very consequential happened:
20
84413
2294
μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
people on the western Eurasian steppe domesticated horses.
21
87041
4171
μ„œλΆ€ μœ λΌμ‹œμ•„ μ΄ˆμ› μ§€λŒ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 말을 길듀인 것이죠.
01:31
By then, people in western Asia had already domesticated many animals
22
91462
4463
λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ„œμ•„μ‹œμ•„μΈλ“€μ€ 이미 λ§Žμ€ 동물을 κ°€μΆ•ν™”ν•΄μ„œ
01:35
and begun using some of them to pull carts.
23
95925
2920
일뢀λ₯Ό 수레λ₯Ό λ„λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
But, because horses were generally faster and more difficult to control,
24
99053
4630
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 일반적으둜 말은 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ³  닀루기 μ–΄λ €μ› κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:43
steppe people developed a bridle-and-bit system
25
103766
3504
μ΄ˆμ› μ§€λŒ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ΅΄λ ˆμ™€ μž¬κ°ˆμ„ 발λͺ…ν•˜κ³ 
01:47
and chariots with lighter, spoked wheels.
26
107395
3170
κ°€λ²Όμš΄ 바큇살을 μž₯μ°©ν•œ μ „μ°¨λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
01:51
Horses were soon integrated into many ancient cultures.
27
111190
3671
말은 곧 κ³ λŒ€ λ¬Έλͺ… μ „λ°˜μ— λ…Ήμ•„λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
In contrast with horse-drawn charioteering,
28
115027
2878
말이 λ„λŠ” μ „μ°¨μ™€λŠ” λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ
01:57
horseback riding appears to have been less common at first.
29
117905
4255
μ΄ˆκΈ°μ—λŠ” μŠΉλ§ˆκ°€ μΌλ°˜μ μ΄μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Archaeological evidence suggests that people who did mount horses
30
123161
3795
κ³ κ³ ν•™ μžλ£Œμ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— 말을 νƒ”λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
02:06
during this early stage
31
126956
1793
02:08
did so without structured saddles or stirrups.
32
128749
3295
μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 μ•ˆμž₯κ³Ό λ“±μžλ₯Ό 갖좔지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
This sometimes altered or damaged the skeletons of riders and horses alike.
33
132420
5505
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ λ‚™λ§ˆμžλ‚˜ 말의 유골이 λ³€ν˜•λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ†μƒλ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
02:18
People continued breeding for less aggressive horses
34
138801
3295
κ·Έλž˜λ„ 인λ₯˜λŠ” κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ›”λ“±ν•œ 지ꡬλ ₯κ³Ό μˆ˜μ†‘ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ”
02:22
with greater endurance and weight-bearing abilities.
35
142096
3170
비ꡐ적 μ˜¨μˆœν•œ 말을 μ‚¬μœ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
And they developed techniques and tools for improved control and comfort.
36
145349
4839
승마 기술과 마ꡬλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•΄ ν†΅μ œλ ₯κ³Ό μ•ˆμ •κ°μ„ ν‚€μ› μ£ .
02:30
After around 1000 BCE,
37
150646
2670
기원전 천 λ…„λΆ€ν„°
02:33
cavalry appeared in combat across much of Asia.
38
153316
3795
μ•„μ‹œμ•„ κ³³κ³³μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ μ „νˆ¬μ— κΈ°λ§ˆλ³‘μ΄ μΆœν˜„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
Riders of steppe and desert cultures became renowned
39
157862
3503
μ΄ˆμ› μ§€λŒ€μ™€ μ‚¬λ§‰μ˜ κΈ°μˆ˜λ“€μ€ 말을 타고 μ’…νš‘λ¬΄μ§„ν•˜λ©°
02:41
for their prowess on horseback.
40
161365
2002
λͺ…성을 λ–¨μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
Ceremonial horse sacrifice also made its way into the funerary traditions
41
164160
4671
말을 순μž₯ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ€ 일뢀 λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ—μ„œ
μž₯λ‘€ ν’μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ μžλ¦¬μž‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
of some cultures.
42
168831
1377
02:50
One royal Scythian burial site from around the 9th century BCE
43
170249
4755
기원전 9μ„ΈκΈ° 경으둜 μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” ν•œ μŠ€ν‚€νƒ€μ΄ μ™•μ‘± λ¬΄λ€μ—μ„œλŠ”
02:55
contained the remains of approximately 200 horses fitted with riding gear.
44
175087
5422
λ§ˆκ΅¬κ°€ μ”Œμ›Œμ§„ 말 200μ—¬ 마리의 μœ ν•΄κ°€ μΆœν† λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
Officials in ancient China recognized how advantageous horses were
45
181093
4130
κ³ λŒ€ 쀑ꡭ 지배측듀은
이웃 ꡭ가듀에 말이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œμ•˜μœΌλ©°
03:05
for their neighbors
46
185223
1084
03:06
and some coveted larger numbers of them for their own empire.
47
186307
3629
μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ œκ΅­μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ 말을 μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Around 100 BCE, the Chinese emperor reportedly ordered a 30,000-man army west
48
190061
6631
기원전 100λ…„, 쀑ꡭ ν™©μ œλŠ” ꡰ사 3만 λͺ…을 μ„œμ—­μœΌλ‘œ 보내
03:16
that laid siege to a city and had its king killedβ€”
49
196692
3879
λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό ν¬μœ„ν•˜κ³  왕을 죽인 ν›„
03:20
all for 3,000 of the so-called β€œheavenly horses” of Ferghana.
50
200571
4922
페λ₯΄κ°€λ‚˜ μ§€μ—­μ˜ β€˜ν•œν˜ˆλ§ˆβ€™λΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 말 3천 필을 μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Between the 4th and 8th centuries CE,
51
206327
2878
4μ„ΈκΈ°μ—μ„œ 8μ„ΈκΈ° 사이
03:29
steppe horsemen spread riding technologies like stirrups across cultures.
52
209205
4713
μ΄ˆμ› μ§€λŒ€μ˜ 기병듀은 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ— λ“±μž 같은 승마 κΈ°μˆ μ„ νΌλœ¨λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
And nomadic groups eventually coalesced into unstoppable forces on horseback.
53
214502
5756
μ°¨μΈ° μ—¬λŸ¬ 유λͺ© 민쑱듀은 μ²œν•˜λ¬΄μ μ˜ 기병 λΆ€λŒ€λ‘œ ν†΅ν•©λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:40
The Mongol Empire rose to power in the 13th century,
54
220967
3878
13μ„ΈκΈ°, λͺ½κ³¨ 제ꡭ이 μœ„μ„Έλ₯Ό λ–¨μΉ˜λ©°
03:45
and raided, traded, and toppled empires over previously unthinkable distances.
55
225012
5714
κ³Όκ±°μ—λŠ” 생각할 수 없을 만큼 멀리 있던 μ œκ΅­λ“€κΉŒμ§€
μΉ¨λž΅ν•΄μ„œ λ©Έλ§μ‹œν‚€κ³  λ¬΄μ—­λ‘œλ₯Ό λ„“ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
They developed a horse-backed postal relay system
56
231227
3587
이듀은 말을 ν™œμš©ν•œ 연계 우편 μ œλ„λ₯Ό λ„μž…ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:54
that stretched more than 60,000 kilometers.
57
234814
3128
6만 ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„° 이상 떨어진 곳과도 연락할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Their imperial successes relied on the well-being of their horsesβ€”
58
237984
4170
말이 λ²ˆμ„±ν•΄μ•Ό λͺ½κ³¨ μ œκ΅­λ„ λ²ˆμ˜ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
04:02
and leaders knew it.
59
242154
1460
μ§€λ„μžλ“€λ„ 이λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
04:03
In 1252, before launching his next military campaigns,
60
243906
4630
1252λ…„, ꡰ사 μž‘μ „μ„ 펼치기 전에
04:08
MΓΆngke Khan sent officials ahead to prohibit cattle grazing
61
248536
4963
λͺ½μΌ€ 칸은 κ΄€λ£Œλ“€μ„ 보내 μ†Œ λ°©λͺ©μ„ κΈˆμ§€μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
04:13
so there’d be plentiful pastureland for their steeds.
62
253666
3128
말이 λͺ©μ΄ˆμ§€λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Horses continued to spread,
63
257753
1961
말은 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ ν™•μ‚°λ˜μ–΄
04:19
eventually spurring equestrian empires reaching a south of the Sahara.
64
259714
4588
λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ μ‚¬ν•˜λΌ λ‚¨λΆ€μ˜ ν•œ ꡭ가도 기마 ꡰ단을 λ„μž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
By the mid-14th century, the Mali Empire was said to have had
65
264593
3963
14μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜, 말리 μ œκ΅­μ€
κΈ°λ§ˆλ³‘ 1만 λͺ… 이상을 λ³΄μœ ν–ˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  전해지며
04:28
a cavalry of more than 10,000
66
268556
2711
04:31
that controlled some 1 million square kilometers of West Africa.
67
271392
4379
μ„œμ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄ μΌλŒ€μ—μ„œ 백만 μ œκ³±ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°λ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
And by 1500, horses were finally reintroduced to the Americas.
68
276439
5088
1500년에 이λ₯΄λŸ¬μ„œ λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 말이 아메리카 λŒ€λ₯™μœΌλ‘œ κ·€ν™˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
They appear to have escaped Spanish control rapidly
69
282111
3420
말은 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμΈλ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œ 이λ₯Έ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 퍼져 λ‚˜μ˜¨ 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
as Indigenous people from the Pampas to the Great Plains
70
285531
3253
νŒœνŒŒμŠ€μ™€ λŒ€ν‰μ›μ˜ 원주민듀이
04:48
exchanged them via expansive trade networks.
71
288784
3379
κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 무역망을 톡해 말을 κ΅ν™˜ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:53
Colonization and trade spread horses even further around the globe.
72
293497
4672
식민지화와 ꡐ역 덕뢄에 말은 세계 곳곳으둜 λ»—μ–΄ λ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
And well into the 20th century they were a widespread and essential means
73
298419
4546
20세기에 μ ‘μ–΄λ“€λ©° 널리 νΌμ Έμ„œ
말은 μ—¬ν–‰κ³Ό κ΅ν†΅μ—μ„œ 핡심 μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
of travel and transport.
74
302965
1752
05:04
This didn’t come without problems:
75
304967
1877
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ¬Έμ œλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
issues of hygiene and animal welfare emerged,
76
306844
3128
μœ„μƒκ³Ό 동물 볡지 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λŒ€λ‘ν–ˆκ³  특히 λ„μ‹œμ—μ„œ μ‹¬κ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
especially in cities.
77
309972
1543
05:11
And many human hubs transformed with the introduction
78
311640
3462
μžλ™μ°¨μ™€ 같은 무생물 μˆ˜μ†‘ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ˜ λ„μž…μœΌλ‘œ
05:15
of non-living modes of transport, like the automobile.
79
315102
3712
인λ₯˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 거점이 λ³€ν™”ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
05:19
Nevertheless, people have maintained their multifaceted relationships with horsesβ€”
80
319315
4963
κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 말과 닀면적인 관계λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
riding, herding, racing, or admiring themβ€”
81
324278
2961
말을 타고 κΈ°λ₯΄κ³  κ²½μ£Όν•˜κ³  μ°¬λ―Έν•˜λ©΄μ„œμš”.
05:27
from the steppes of Mongolia to the prairies of Montana,
82
327239
3337
λͺ½κ³¨μ˜ μ΄ˆμ› μ§€λŒ€λΆ€ν„° λͺ¬νƒœλ‚˜ λŒ€ν‰μ›κΉŒμ§€ 그랬고
05:30
ever since.
83
330576
1126
μ§€κΈˆλ„ κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7