Can you solve the Alice in Wonderland riddle? - Alex Gendler

2,269,295 views ใƒป 2020-11-17

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alyssa Shin ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yujin Son
00:07
After many adventures in Wonderland,
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ›„
์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹ฌ์ˆ  ๊ถ‚์€ ํ•˜ํŠธ์˜ ์—ฌ์™•์˜
00:10
Alice has once again found herself in the court
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00:12
of the temperamental Queen of Hearts.
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๊ถ๊ถ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Sheโ€™s about to pass through the garden undetected,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ •์›์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‹ค
00:18
when she overhears the king and queen arguing.
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์—ฌ์™•๊ณผ ์™•์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฟ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
โ€œItโ€™s quite simple,โ€ says the queen. โ€œ64 is the same as 65, and thatโ€™s that.โ€
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โ€œ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ดโ€ ์—ฌ์™•์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€œ64์™€ 65๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„.โ€
00:27
Without thinking, Alice interjects. โ€œNonsense,โ€ she says.
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์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—†์ด ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋ผโ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
โ€œIf 64 were the same as 65, then it would be 65 and not 64 at all.โ€
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โ€œ๋งŒ์•ฝ 64๊ฐ€ 65์™€ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, 65๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ , 64๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ.โ€
00:38
โ€œWhat? How dare you!โ€ the queen huffs.
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โ€œ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ ? ๊ฐํžˆ!โ€ ์—ฌ์™•์ด ์„ฑ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
โ€œIโ€™ll prove it right now, and then itโ€™s off with your head!โ€
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โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์žฅ ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„ค ๋ชฉ๋„ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ!โ€
00:44
Before she can protest,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—
์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‘ ์ฒด์ŠคํŒ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž”๋””๋ฐญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Alice is dragged toward a field with two chessboard patternsโ€”
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00:50
an 8 by 8 square and a 5 by 13 rectangle.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 8 ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 8์˜ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 5 ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 13์˜ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•.
00:55
As the queen claps her hands, four odd-looking soldiers approach
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์—ฌ์™•์ด ์†๋ผ‰์„ ์น˜์ž ๋„ค ๋ช…์˜ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ˆ„์›Œ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฒด์ŠคํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
and lie down next to each other, covering the first chessboard.
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01:03
Alice sees that two of them are trapezoids with non-diagonal sides measuring 5x5x3,
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์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ๋‘˜์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฉด์ด 5x5x3 ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด์ด๊ณ ,
01:11
while the other two are long triangles with non-diagonal sides measuring 8x3.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‘˜์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฉด์ด 8x3 ์ธ ๊ธด ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
โ€œSee, this is 64.โ€
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โ€œ๋ดค์ง€, ์ด๊ฒŒ 64์•ผ.โ€
01:20
The queen claps her hands again.
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์—ฌ์™•์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์†๋ผ‰์„ ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
The card soldiers get up, rearrange themselves,
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์นด๋“œ ๋ณ‘์ •๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด์„œ, ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•œ ๋’ค
01:25
and lie down atop the second chessboard.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฒด์ŠคํŒ์— ๋ˆ„์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
โ€œAnd that is 65."
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โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ 65์•ผ.โ€
01:31
Alice gasps. Sheโ€™s certain the soldiers didnโ€™t change size or shape
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์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์„ ๋“ค์ด์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ค‘
01:36
moving from one board to the other.
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๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋‚˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
But itโ€™s a mathematical certainty that the queen must be cheating somehow.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์™•์ด ๋ฐ˜์น™์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
01:42
Can Alice wrap her head around whatโ€™s wrongโ€” before she loses it?
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์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑด์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:46
Pause the video to figure it out yourself. Answer in 3.
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์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ต์€ 3์ดˆ ๋’ค์— ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
Answer in 2
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2์ดˆ,
01:51
Answer in 1
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1์ดˆ.
01:54
Just as things arenโ€™t looking too good for Alice, she remembers her geometry,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜›๋‚ ์— ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
and looks again at the trapezoid and triangle soldier
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด๊ณผ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
lying next to each other.
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02:04
They look like they cover exactly half of the rectangle,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์„ ๋”ฑ ๋ฐ˜์ ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
their edges forming one long line running from corner to corner.
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์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋ฉด์ด ํ•œ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธด ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
If thatโ€™s true, then the slopes of their diagonal sides
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„  ๋ฉด์€ ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
should be the same.
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02:17
But when she calculates these slopes
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„  ๋ฉด์„
02:19
using the tried and true formula "rise over run,"
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜์ˆ˜ํ‰๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ถ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง๋ณ€ํ™”โ€™ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์ž
02:23
a most curious thing happens.
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
The trapezoid soldierโ€™s diagonal side goes up 2 and over 5,
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์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„  ๋ฉด์ด 2๋งŒํผ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  5๋งŒํผ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์„œ
02:30
giving it a slope of two fifths, or 0.4.
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๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 2/5, ์ฆ‰ 0.4๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
The triangle soldierโ€™s diagonal, however, goes up 3 and over 8,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„  ๋ฉด์€ 3๋งŒํผ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  8๋งŒํผ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์„œ
02:40
making its slope three eights, or 0.375.
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๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 3/8, ์ฆ‰ 0.375๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Theyโ€™re not the same at all!
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Before the queenโ€™s guards can stop her,
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์—ฌ์™•์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์ „์—
02:49
Alice drinks a bit of her shrinking potion to go in for a closer look.
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์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชธ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Sure enough, thereโ€™s a miniscule gap between the triangles and trapezoids,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊นŒ, ๊ทธ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ํ‹ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
forming a parallelogram that stretches the entire length of the board
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ํŒ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‰ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
and accounts for the missing square.
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์ด๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:06
Thereโ€™s something even more curious about these numbers:
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์ด ์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
theyโ€™re all part of the Fibonacci series,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ”ผ๋ณด๋‚˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜์—ด์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Fibonacci numbers have two properties that factor in here:
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ํ”ผ๋ณด๋‚˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
first, squaring a Fibonacci number gives you a value
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์ฒซ์งธ, ํ”ผ๋ณด๋‚˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ์€
์–‘์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ณด๋‚˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ณฑ๋ณด๋‹ค
03:25
thatโ€™s one more or one less
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03:27
than the product of the Fibonacci numbers on either side of it.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
In other words, 8 squared is one less than 5 times 13,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, 8์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ์€ 5 ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 13์˜ ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ž‘๊ณ 
03:35
while 5 squared is one more than 3 times 8.
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5์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ์€ 3 ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 8์˜ ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
And second, the ratio between successive Fibonacci numbers is quite similar.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ณด๋‚˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋Š” ๊ฝค ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
So similar, in fact, that it eventually converges on the golden ratio.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋น„์— ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•  ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
Thatโ€™s what allows devious royals to construct slopes
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ๊ตํ™œํ•œ ์—ฌ์™•์ด
๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์†์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
that look deceptively similar.
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03:57
In fact, the Queen of Hearts could cobble together an analogous conundrum
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ํ•˜ํŠธ์˜ ์—ฌ์™•์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ์ด๊ณ 
04:02
out of any four consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
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๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ณด๋‚˜์น˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฝ‘์•„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
The higher they go, the more it seems like the impossible is true.
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‚œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
But in the words of Lewis Carrollโ€” author of Alice in Wonderland
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด์ž
04:14
and an accomplished mathematician who studied this very puzzleโ€”
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์ด ํผ์ฆ์„ ๊ถ๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‚ธ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์ธ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์บ๋Ÿด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด,
04:19
one canโ€™t believe impossible things.
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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