How one scientist averted a national health crisis - Andrea Tone

1,933,503 views ・ 2018-06-07

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: yun Jiin κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:08
In the fall of 1960, Frances Oldham Kelsey
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1960λ…„ 가을에 ν”„λž€μ‹œμŠ€ 올덀 μΌˆμ‹œλŠ”
00:11
was one of the Food and Drug Administration’s newest recruits.
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FDA에 μ‹ μž…μ‚¬μ›μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
Before the year was out,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 같은 해에
00:16
she would begin a fight that would save thousands of lives,
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비둝 λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” 아무도 λͺ°λžμ§€λ§Œ
00:19
though no one knew it at the time.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ κ΅¬ν•œ 싸움을 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
00:21
Although she was new to the FDA, Kelsey was no novice as a scientist.
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μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” FDA μ‹ μž…μ‚¬μ›μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ κ²°μ½” ν’‹λ‚΄κΈ° κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
After graduating from high school at age 15,
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μ—΄λ‹€μ„― 살에 고등학ꡐλ₯Ό μ‘Έμ—…ν•˜κ³ 
00:28
she enrolled at McGill University in Montreal
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λͺ¬νŠΈλ¦¬μ˜¬μ— μžˆλŠ” λ§₯κΈΈ λŒ€ν•™μ— μž…ν•™ν•΄
00:31
and earned both undergraduate and master’s degrees in pharmacology.
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약리학 학사와 석사 ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ λ”°λ‚Έ μˆ˜μž¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
From there, she applied for a research post
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” μž¬ν•™ 쀑에
00:38
at the University of Chicago’s pharmacology department.
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μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  λŒ€ν•™ 약리학과 연ꡬ직에 μ§€μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Her acceptance letter was addressed to Mr. Oldham.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ˜¬λ“œν–„ 씨 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ ν•©κ²©ν†΅μ§€μ„œλ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜λŠ”λ°
00:44
Kelsey later joked that had her name been Elizabeth or Mary Jane,
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후에 μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” 만일 μžκΈ°κ°€ μ—˜λ¦¬μžλ² μŠ€λ‚˜ 메리 μ œμΈμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄
00:48
her career might have ended there.
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κ²½λ ₯이 λŠκ²Όμ„ 것이라며 농담을 ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
Fortunately, it didn’t.
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
She earned her doctorate in pharmacology
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 약리학 박사 ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό μ·¨λ“ν–ˆκ³ 
00:54
and accepted Chicago’s invitation to stay as faculty,
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μ‹œμΉ΄κ³  λŒ€ν•™μ˜ μ œμ•ˆμ— 따라 κ΅μˆ˜μ§„μœΌλ‘œ 남아
00:57
where she undertook pioneering research on drugs and fetal safety.
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μ˜μ•½ν’ˆ 및 신생아 μ•ˆμ „μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ„ μ§„ 연ꡬλ₯Ό λ‹΄λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
In 1950, she earned an MD, her fourth and final degree.
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1950λ…„μ—λŠ” λ„€ 번째이자 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ˜λ¬΄λ°•μ‚¬ ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
By the time she joined the FDA,
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FDA에 듀어갔을 무렡
01:07
Frances Kelsey was one of the most educated, experienced scientists around.
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μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” μ£Όλ³€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 쀑 κ°€μž₯ 학식 있고 μˆ™λ ¨λœ ν•™μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
Yet, as the newest member of the team,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νŒ€μ˜ λ§‰λ‚΄μ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:14
Kelsey was assigned what everyone thought would be an easy review:
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ‰¬μšΈ 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•œ λ‹¨μˆœ 심사 μž‘μ—…μ„ λ§‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
an application from the US drug company Merrell
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ œμ•½νšŒμ‚¬ 메렐이 λ‚Έ μ„œλ₯˜λ₯Ό κ²€ν† ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
01:21
to sell a drug called thalidomide.
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κ·Έ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” νƒˆλ¦¬λ„λ§ˆμ΄λ“œλΌλŠ” 약을 νŒλ§€ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
Thalidomide was a sedative developed in Germany
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νƒˆλ¦¬λ„λ§ˆμ΄λ“œλŠ” 독일이 λ§Œλ“  μ§„μ •μ œμ˜€κ³ 
01:26
that was already being widely used in dozens of countries
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뢈면증과 직무 슀트레슀 치료제둜
01:29
to treat insomnia and workplace stress.
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이미 μˆ˜μ‹­ κ°œκ΅­μ—μ„œ 널리 μ‚¬μš© μ€‘μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
Thalidomide’s anti-nausea properties
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이 약은 κ΅¬μ—­μ§ˆμ—λ„ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
01:35
also made it a popular remedy for pregnant women with morning sickness.
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μž…λ§μ΄ μžˆλŠ” μž„μ‚°λΆ€λ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œλ„ 인기가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Reviewing Merrell’s application,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” μ‹ μ²­μ„œλ₯˜λ₯Ό 보고
01:41
Kelsey found its data on thalidomide’s absorption and toxicity inadequate.
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μ•½μ˜ ν‘μˆ˜μž‘μš©κ³Ό μœ λ…μ„± μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ μŠΉμΈμ— μ ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
Today, the FDA classifies drugs based on their safety for a fetus.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  FDA μ˜μ•½ν’ˆ λΆ„λ₯˜ 기쀀은 신생아 μ•ˆμ „μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:50
But in 1960, many experts believed that the placental barrier
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1960λ…„λ§Œ 해도 λ§Žμ€ 전문가듀이 νƒœμ•„λŠ” νƒœλ°˜μž₯벽이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
01:53
shielded a fetus from harm.
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μœ ν•΄λ¬Όμ§ˆμ˜ 영ν–₯을 λ°›μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€ μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
Kelsey's earlier animal-based research
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜ˆμ „μ— κ·Έλ…€κ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ 동물 μ‹€ν—˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
01:57
demonstrated the opposite:
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μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
drugs could pass from mother to fetus through the placenta.
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약물은 였히렀 νƒœλ°˜μ„ 톡해 μ‚°λͺ¨μ—μ„œ νƒœμ•„λ‘œ 이동할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:02
Like other drug companies at this time,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ œμ•½νšŒμ‚¬λ“€κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ
02:04
Merrell had not tested its drug on pregnant animals.
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메렐 μ‚¬λŠ” μž„μ‹ ν•œ λ™λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ μ•½λ¬Ό μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Kelsey later said Merrell’s evidence for thalidomide’s safety seemed
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후에 μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” 약이 μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ‹€λ©° 메렐 사가 μ œμΆœν•œ 증거물은
02:11
β€œmore like testimonials than the results of well-designed studies.”
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'잘 μ„€κ³„λœ 연ꡬ 결과물이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μΆ”μ²œμž₯ κ°™μ•˜λ‹€'κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
Kelsey rejected Merrell’s application
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 승인 신청을 κ±°μ ˆν–ˆκ³ 
02:17
and asked them to submit a second backed by better evidence.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ μ„œλ₯˜λ₯Ό μ œμΆœν•˜λΌ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
Her FDA colleagues supported this decision.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ FDA μ†Œμ† λ™λ£Œ μ—­μ‹œ μΌˆμ‹œκ°€ λ‚΄λ¦° 결정을 μ§€μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
Merrell had expected a quick, affirmative reply
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메렐 μ‚¬λŠ” νœ΄κ°€μ² μ— 맞좰 μƒˆ 약을 κ°œμ‹œν•˜κ³ μž
02:27
so it could launch thalidomide for the holiday season,
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μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ³  긍정적인 닡변을 κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
when sedative sales soar.
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νœ΄κ°€μ² μ— 맀좜이 κΈ‰μ¦ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
Instead of supplying Kelsey with the data she requested
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μ²˜μŒμ— 그듀은 μš”μ²­λ°›μ€λŒ€λ‘œ 자료λ₯Ό λ³΄μΆ©ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
02:34
they first tried to convince her to approve the drug
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λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ „ν™”ν•˜κ³  λ°©λ¬Έν•΄ 약물을 μŠΉμΈν•΄ 달라며
02:36
over a series of calls and visits.
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μΌˆμ‹œλ₯Ό μ„€λ“ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
When these failed to sway her,
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이 방법이 λ¨Ήνžˆμ§€ μ•Šμž
02:41
Merrell executives complained
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메렐 사 κ²½μ˜μ§„μ€ 이 λͺ¨λ“  일이
02:43
that stubborn and nit-picking Kelsey was the problem,
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κ³ μ§‘ μ„Έκ³  κΉκΉν•œ κ·Έλ…€ μ±…μž„μ΄λΌλ©° λΆˆν‰μ„ λŠ˜μ–΄λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
not thalidomide.
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νƒˆλ¦¬λ„λ§ˆμ΄λ“œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ©΄μ„œμš”.
02:48
The FDA backed Kelsey,
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FDAλŠ” μΌˆμ‹œ νŽΈμ— μ„œμ„œ
02:49
forcing Merrell to file another application,
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메렐 사가 μ‹ μ²­μ„œλ₯Ό
02:52
and another,
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02:52
and another.
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λͺ‡ 번이고
또 λͺ‡ 번이고 μ“°κ²Œλ” ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
As Kelsey reviewed and rejected each new application,
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μΌˆμ‹œκ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹ μ²­μ„œλ₯Ό μ‹¬μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  κ±°μ ˆν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
02:57
news of thalidomide’s adverse side effects began to surface.
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νƒˆλ¦¬λ„λ§ˆμ΄λ“œμ˜ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄ μ„œμ„œνžˆ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
Doctors reported cases of nerve damage in early 1961,
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1961λ…„ μ΄ˆμ—λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ‹ κ²½ 손상 사둀λ₯Ό λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆκ³ 
03:05
and by fall, they’d unmasked a more horrible truth.
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κ·Έ ν•΄ κ°€μ„μ—λŠ” 더 좩격적인 사싀을 λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
Thalidomide, widely used by pregnant women, caused severe birth defects.
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λ§Žμ€ μž„μ‚°λΆ€κ°€ 썼던 이 약이 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ κΈ°ν˜•μ˜ μ›μΈμ΄μ—ˆλ˜ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Thousands of babies died in utero,
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νƒœμ•„ 수천 λͺ…이 μΆœμƒ 전에 μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆκ³ 
03:15
and tens of thousands more were born with extra appendages,
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신생아 수만 λͺ…이 신체 기관을 더 λ‹¬κ±°λ‚˜
03:18
shorter limbs,
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νŒ”λ‹€λ¦¬κ°€ μ§§κ±°λ‚˜
03:20
or no limbs at all.
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μ•„μ˜ˆ μ—†λŠ” μ±„λ‘œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.
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1961λ…„ 11μ›” νƒˆλ¦¬λ„λ§ˆμ΄λ“œλŠ” 독일 μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ ν‡΄μΆœλμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Nonetheless, Merrell continued trying to get it approved in the US
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” μ—¬μ„― 번째 신청을 끝으둜 승인 μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ² νšŒν•˜κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€
03:29
for several months before withdrawing their sixth and final application.
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λͺ‡ 달 λ™μ•ˆμ΄λ‚˜ ν¬κΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›μœΌλ € ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
While Kelsey wasn’t the only scientist to identify the risks of thalidomide,
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μΌˆμ‹œ 말고도 μ•½μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ„ μ•Œμ•˜λ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλŠ” λ§Žμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:37
she sounded the alarm
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κ·Έλ…€λ§Œμ΄ λ‚˜μ„œμ„œ
03:39
that kept it off the multi-billion-dollar American drug market.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ 규λͺ¨ μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ 약이 νŒ”λ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ λ§‰μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
As public awareness of the thalidomide tragedy grew,
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λŒ€μ€‘μ΄ 점차 이 약에 λŒ€ν•œ 경각심을 ν‚€μš°λ©΄μ„œ
03:45
the quiet scientist became a media sensation.
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μ‘°μš©ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžμ˜€λ˜ μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” μ„Έκ°„μ˜ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ ν•œ λͺΈμ— λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Headlines in newspapers and magazines heralded her heroism
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μ‹ λ¬Έκ³Ό μž‘μ§€ ν—€λ“œλΌμΈμ΄ λ‹€ν‰ˆκ°€λ©° κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ˜μ›…μ μΈ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ μ•Œλ Έκ³ 
03:52
while a smiling President John F. Kennedy
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μ‘΄ F. μΌ€λ„€λ”” λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ€ μ›ƒλŠ” μ–Όκ΅΄λ‘œ
03:54
presented her an award on the White House lawn.
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λ°±μ•…κ΄€μ—μ„œ 직접 상을 μˆ˜μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
After the thalidomide scare,
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νƒˆλ¦¬λ„λ§ˆμ΄λ“œ 곡포가 μ§€λ‚˜κ°„ ν›„
03:59
Congress passed laws that expanded the FDA’s authority
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μ˜νšŒλŠ” 법λ₯ μ„ ν†΅κ³Όμ‹œμΌœ FDA κΆŒν•œμ„ κ°•ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
04:02
and toughened requirements for new drug applications.
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μ‹ μ•½ 신청에 ν•„μš”ν•œ 쑰건을 κ²¬κ³ ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
Kelsey was tapped to head the agency’s drug investigation branch.
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μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” FDA 약물연ꡬ뢀문 μƒμž„ κ΄€λ£Œλ‘œ μ„ λ°œλμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Working at the FDA in different capacities into her 90s,
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90λŒ€κΉŒμ§€ FDAμ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 자리λ₯Ό 거치며
04:11
Kelsey was able to witness the changes her actions helped inspire.
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μΌˆμ‹œλŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 행동에 νž˜μž…μ–΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ˜‘λ˜‘νžˆ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
Her visibility may have dimmed since, but her legacy endures.
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이후 μ‹œλ ₯은 λ‚˜λΉ μ‘Œμ„μ§€ λͺ°λΌλ„ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯은 μ—¬μ „ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
Privileging facts over opinions, and patience over shortcuts,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 의견 λŒ€μ‹  사싀을, 그리고 왕도 λŒ€μ‹  인내λ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•œ 덕뢄에
04:23
she made evidence-based medicine the foundation of reforms
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μžλ£Œκ°€ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ κ°œμ„ μ˜ ν† λŒ€λ₯Ό λ§ˆλ ¨ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
04:26
that continue to protect people today.
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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